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The correct OPTION is (b) HALF BREADTH

Explanation: The length of the LONG wall in long wall-short wall method is determined after adding half breadth to its centre line length at each end. While the length of the short wall is determined by subtracting half breadth at each end from its centre line length.

Right option is (d) Area of lofts

The EXPLANATION: As per IS 3861-1966, the AREAS which should be included while calculating the PLINTH area of a building are PORCHES of non-cantilever type, area of BARSATI at terrace level, area of walls at floor level, etc. However, the area of lofts should not be included.

Right CHOICE is (a) NUMBERS

To EXPLAIN: Single UNITS work such as doors and windows are expressed in numbers. The units of measurement are generally classified BASIS on their nature, size and shape.

The CORRECT option is (a) m^2

The explanation is: Works LIKE whitewashing and plastering are MEASURED in m^2. These works consist of areal surface measurements and involve area and HENCE these are measured in square metres.

The correct choice is (b) RUNNING metres

Best explanation: WORK CONSISTING of linear measurements like fencing which involve lengths is measured in running metres. Other works which involve length are cornice, handrail, ETC.

The correct option is (a) EXTERNAL walls

To elaborate: Partly CENTRE line and partly cross WALL method is adopted when the external wall has one thickness and the internal walls have DIFFERENT thicknesses. In such a method, the centre line method is applied to the external walls and the long wall-short wall method is applied to the internal walls.

The correct choice is (c) LOCAL CUBIC rate

The BEST I can explain: The cost of a STRUCTURE in the cubical contents method is determined by the multiplication of TOTAL cubic contents with the local cubic rate. Therefore, the cost of the building is calculated by multiplying the volume of buildings with the rate per unit volume.

The correct choice is (a) 18.24 m^3

Easy explanation: The ratio 1:3:6 is for cement, sand and COARSE aggregate. Therefore, the QUANTITY of coarse aggregate REQUIRED for RCC (1:3:6) for 20 CUBIC METRES of work is [6/(1+3+6)] x 1.52 x 20 m^3 i.e. 18.24 m^3.

The CORRECT option is (a) 50

The best I can explain: The WEIGHT of ONE cement bag is 50 kg. THEREFORE, the number of cement bags required for 2500 kg of cement is 2500/50 i.e. 50 bags.

The CORRECT answer is (b) False

Easiest EXPLANATION: In long wall-short wall method, the LENGTH of the long wall generally increases from earthwork to brickwork in the superstructure. HOWEVER, that of the short wall DECREASES.

Correct CHOICE is (d) Board of Chief Engineers

For explanation I WOULD say: The Board of Chief Engineers approves the rates of MATERIALS USED for government works. However, every year, these are fixed by the Superintendent ENGINEER.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Four

To explain: In earthwork calculations, the unit of lift is 2 metres for the FIRST lift and one extra lift for every 1 METRE. Therefore, when the earth is to be lifted for 4.5 metres, four lifts are to be paid to the contractor. For the first 2 metres, one lift is needed and for the rest 2.5 metres, three more lifts are REQUIRED which sums up to a total four lifts.

The correct choice is (a) True

To explain: For the preparation of approximate estimates, CUBICAL contents METHOD is more ACCURATE than the UNIT base method and plinth area method. Cubical contents method is usually USED for multi-storeyed buildings.

Correct OPTION is (b) M 15

The explanation: The concrete used for cement concrete roads is of GRADE M 15 using 20 mm HAND broken grade METAL. For base course, concrete of 1:4:8 is used using 40 mm HBG metal.

The correct answer is (b) Similar cross-sections

Easiest EXPLANATION: The centre LINE method is suitable for WALLS having similar cross-sections. The estimates PREPARED using the centre line method are the QUICKEST and accurate.

Right ANSWER is (a) 1-2

Explanation: In the case of works that require some special types of equipment, an amount of 1-2 percent of the estimated cost is given. While PREPARING a detailed estimate, it is also important to select a suitable site of work to REDUCE damage during the loading and unloading of MATERIALS.

The correct answer is (d) Unskilled fourth class

To EXPLAIN I would say: LABOUR is classified into skilled first-class, skilled SECOND class and unskilled. The purpose of analysis of rates is for working out the economical use of materials and the ACTUAL cost of per unit of the items.

Right option is (a) Earthwork excavations, cement CONCRETE for the base course (1:4:8) and cement concrete for wearing course (1:2:8)

To explain I WOULD say: The correct ORDER of STAGES of estimation of concrete roads is earth work excavations, cement concrete for the base course (1:4:8) and cement concrete for wearing course (1:2:8). Cement concrete road is laid over an existing Water Bound MACADAM road.

Right CHOICE is (a) Sqm

Easiest explanation: Unit of MEASUREMENT of ASBESTOS cement sheet ROOFING is sqm and its unit of payment is PER sqm. Unit of measurement of centering and shuttering formwork is also sqm.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (d) Cubic metres

Explanation: Works like earthwork and cement concrete are measured in cubic metres. These works contain CUBICAL contents and involve VOLUMES and hence these are measured in m^3.

The correct answer is (d) Partly CENTRE line and short wall method

To ELABORATE: There are various METHODS that are used to work out quantities like earthwork, foundation CONCRETE, etc. Some of these methods are the long wall-short wall method, partly centre line and short wall method and centre line method.

Correct choice is (d) 6.51 m^3

To EXPLAIN: Approximately 1.52 m^3 of dry concrete is required for 1 m^3 of WET concrete. The quantity of SAND required for RCC (1:2:4) for 15 CUBIC metres of work is [2/(1+2+4)] x 1.52 x 15 m^3 i.e. 6.51 m^3.

Correct answer is (d) Cylindrical base method

The explanation is: There are various methods used for preparing approximate ESTIMATES. These are the PLINTH area method, unit base method and cubical contents method. An approximate ESTIMATE is needed for STUDYING various ASPECTS of the work of the project.

Correct option is (b) Standard Data Book

For explanation: While fixing rate PER unit of an item, the QUANTITY of materials and LABOUR NEEDED for one unit of an item are strictly per the Standard Data Book. However, the rates of labour and materials are OBTAINED from the current standard scheduled of rates.

Right choice is (a) True

For explanation I WOULD say: ESTIMATING is the process of CALCULATING the VARIOUS quantities and their cost in the building CONSTRUCTION. It is needed for controlling the expenditure during the execution of the work.

The correct choice is (c) PLINTH area and plinth area rate

The best explanation: In the plinth area METHOD, the COST of construction is computed by the multiplication of plinth area and plinth area rate. This area is CALCULATED by multiplying the length and the breadth.

The correct OPTION is (C) IS-1200

The EXPLANATION is: The rules for measurement of all ITEMS are described in IS-1200. It is specified that in booking, the order should be in SEQUENCE of length, breadth and height.

Right CHOICE is (d) Quintal

Best explanation: UNIT of MEASUREMENT of iron holdfasts and iron RAILING in steelwork is quintal. However, the unit of measurement of grills in steelwork is sqm.

The correct CHOICE is (a) Sqm

Explanation: Unit of measurement for the damp proof COURSE is sqm. While, the unit of measurement of brickwork in FOUNDATION, PLINTH, superstructure and arches is cum.

Right choice is (b) False

To explain: In long WALL-SHORT wall method, the wall along the length of the room is considered as the long wall. While the short wall is the one which is normal to the long wall.

The correct CHOICE is (c) 0.01 sq m

Easy explanation: As per the RULES for the MEASUREMENT of items, it is SPECIFIED that the areas should be measured to the NEAREST 0.01 sq m. It is also specified that the cubic contents should be measured to the nearest 0.01 cum.

Correct option is (C) Data

The explanation is: The preparation of a detailed estimate comprises of working out quantities of different items of work and then determining the COST of each item. The PROCESS of working out the cost per UNIT of each item is KNOWN as data.

Correct OPTION is (b) False

The best explanation: The UNIT of MEASUREMENT of pointing, painting and varnishing (no. of coats specified) is SQM. The unit of payment is per sqm.

Correct answer is (b) Per cum

Easy EXPLANATION: The UNIT of payment of CEMENT concrete in lintels is per cum. The unit of payment of R.C.C. in the slab is also per cum. Here, per cum stands for per CUBIC METRE.

Correct answer is (c) Masonry items

Best explanation: While preparing an estimate, items other than civil ENGINEERING items are REFERRED to as L.S. items or lumpsum items. Some of the lumpsum items in the estimate are the architectural features, electrical installations, WATER supply and SANITARY arrangements, ETC.

The correct ANSWER is (c) Lead

For explanation I would say: In earthwork calculations, the average horizontal distance between the CENTRE of deposition and the centre of excavation is known as lead. Its UNIT is 50 m.