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Mature functional insulin is obtained by processing of pro-hormone which contains extra peptide called C-peptide. This C-peptide is removed during maturation of proinsulin to insulin

An antigen is a foreign substance that elicits the formation of an antibody. Antibody is a protein that is synthesised in response to an antigen. Antigen and antibody show high degree of specificity in binding each other Two diagnostic kits based on antigen-antibody interaction are. 

a. ELISA for HIV. 

b. Pregnancy test kits.

Mature functional insulin is obtained by processing of pro-hormone which contains extra peptide called C-peptide. This C-peptide is removed during maturation of proinsulin to insulin.

Yes. One can use antibody against the enzyme (that is responsible for the metabolism of phenylalanine) to develop ELISA based diagnostic technique. The patient where the enzyme protein is absent would give negative result in ELISA when compared to normal individual.

(a) Aestivation
The term ‘aestivation’ refers to the mode in which sepals or petals are arranged in a floral bud with respect to other floral members. There are four types of aestivation in plants i.e., valvate, twisted, imbricate, and vexillary.
(b) Placentation
The term ‘placentation’ refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary of a flower. It is primarily of five types, namely marginal, basal, parietal, axile, and free central.
(c) Actinomorphic
Actinomorphic flowers can be divided into two radial halves by any radial plane passing through its centre. Examples of these flowers include chilly and mustard. (d)Zygomorphic
Zygomorphic flowers are those flowers which can be divided into two similar halves by a single vertical plane. Examples of these flowers include pea and beans.
(e) Superior ovary
Superior ovary flowers are those flowers in which the gynoecium is present at the highest position, while other floral parts are arranged below it. A flower with this arrangement is described as hypogynous. Examples include brinjal and mustard.
(f) Perigynous flower
In perigynous flowers, the gynoecium is present in the centre and the rest of the floral parts are arranged at the rim of the thalamus at the same level. Examples include plum and rose.
(g) Epipetalous Stamen
Epipetalous stamens are stamens attached to the petals. They are found in brinjal.

Phyllotaxy refers to the pattern or arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch of a plant. It is of three types, alternate, opposite, and whorled phyllotaxy.
In alternate phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises from the node of a branch. This type of phyllotaxy is observed in the sunflower, mustard, and peepal. Plants with opposite phyllotaxy have two leaves arising from the node in opposite directions. It is found in guava and jamun plants. Plants with whorled phyllotaxy have three or more leaves arising from the node. It is found in Alstonia.

i. warm-blooded 

ii. cold-blooded 

iii. ectothermic 

iv. reptiles 

v. amphibians 

vi. fishes 

vii. endothermic 

viii. mammals.

Biopesticide is a pesticide which is

 a. not chemical in nature

 b. more specific in action against the pest

 c. safer for environment than chemical pesticides

A popularly known bio-pesticide is Bt toxin, which is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt toxin gene has been cloned from this bacterium and expressed in plants. Bt toxin protein when ingested by the insect, gets converted to its active form due to the alkaline pH of the gut. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually kills the insect.

(a) Reduction in primary productivity. No biomass available for consumption by higher trophic levels/heterotrophs

(b) Increase in primary productivity and biomass of producers. Carnivores population will subsequently dwindle due to food shortage.

(c) Increase in number of herbivores, Overgrazing by herbivores, Desertification

Each species has a specific position or functional role within the community, called niche. According to the Gausses principle, no two species can live in the same niche. In this case, two herbivorous species are living in the same niche and feeding on phytoplanktons. It may be because of the availability of sufficient phytoplanktons/and or less number of individuals of the fish species. of the two species might have occurred. And though neither of the species have been eliminated, niche overlapping may effect the growth and development of individuals of the species.

Biopesticide is a pesticide which is

 a. not chemical in nature

 b. more specific in action against the pest

 c. safer for environment than chemical pesticides

A popularly known bio-pesticide is Bt toxin, which is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt toxin gene has been cloned from this bacterium and expressed in plants. Bt toxin protein when ingested by the insect, gets converted to its active form due to the alkaline pH of the gut. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually kills the insect.

Each species has a specific position or functional role within the community, called niche. According to the Gausses principle, no two species can live in the same niche. In this case, two herbivorous species are living in the same niche and feeding on phytoplanktons. It may be because of the availability of sufficient phytoplanktons/and or less number of individuals of the fish species. of the two species might have occurred. And though neither of the species have been eliminated, niche overlapping may effect the growth and development of individuals of the species.

i. Restriction endonucleases: for cutting the desired DNA at desired places
ii. Gel electrophoresis: for separating the desired DNA fragments
iii. Ligase enzyme: for creating recombinant DNA molecule.
iv. DNA delivery system: like electroporation, microinjection, gene gun method.
v. Competant host (usually bacteria / yeast): to take up recombinant DNA.

i. Restriction endonucleases: for cutting the desired DNA at desired places

 ii. Gel electrophoresis: for separating the desired DNA fragments

 iii. Ligase enzyme: for creating recombinant DNA molecule.

 iv. DNA delivery system: like electroporation, microinjection, gene gun method.

 v. Competant host (usually bacteria / yeast): to take up recombinant DNA

The follicles that are growing after menses secrete estrogen. These hormones act upon the uterus stimulating the thickening of the endometrium (the internal mucosa of the uterus).

Centrioles are tiny cylindrical structures made of nine microtubule triplets. They appear in pairs in the cell. Centrioles participate in the making of the cytoskeleton and of cilia and flagella. In cell division, they play a role in the formation of the aster fibres.

Centrioles are structures present in animal cells, in most protists and in some primitive fungi. There are no centrioles in cells of superior plants and in general, it is considered that plant cells do not have centrioles (although this is not entirely correct since some plants have centriole-containing cells).

The region where the centrioles are located is called the centrosome of the cell. 

The final mitotic phase is telophase. In telophase the following events occur: decondensation of chromosomes, each set located in opposite cell poles; Kotecha formation around each set of chromosomes forming two nuclei; destruction of the mitotic apparatus; reappearing of the nucleoli; beginning of cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm to ultimately separate the new cells).

The first mitotic period is prophase. During prophase the following events occur: migration of each centriole pair (centrioles were duplicated in interphase) to opposite cell poles; aster formation around the centriole pairs; formation of the spindle fibres between the two centriole pairs; end of chromosome condensation; the disintegration of the nucleolus; breaking of the karyotheca; dispersion of condensed chromosomes in the cytoplasm; binding of chromosomes to the spindle fibres.

Mitotic apparatus is the set of aster fibres, radial structures around each centriole pair, plus the spindle fibres, fibres that extend across the cell between the two centriole pairs located in opposite cell poles. The mitotic apparatus appears in prophase and has an important role in the orientation and gripping of chromosomes and other cellular elements causing them to separate and migrate to opposite cell poles.

Substances that disallow the formation of the mitotic apparatus, like colchicine, a molecule that binds to tubulin molecules and prevents the synthesis of microtubules interrupt cell division. Colchicine is used to study chromosomes since it paralyzes mitosis when chromosomes are condensed and so are more easily viewed under the microscope.

1. a. Projective Technique

2. c. Its interpretation is objective

3. b. Thematic Apperception test

4. a. i,ii

5. d. It is an indirect measure of assessment.

6. d. Picture Cards

(B) I, III, IV, II

The problem of overcrowded, congested and insufficient infrastructure of urban areas results in accumulation of huge urban waste. There are two sources of urban waste. Household or domestic sources and industrial or commercial sources. The mismanagement of urban waste disposal is a serious problem in big cities.

Tons of waste come out daily in metropolitan cities and are burnt. The smoke released from the waste pollutes the air. Lack of sewers or other means to dispose of human excretes safely and the inadequacy of garbage collection sources adds to water pollution.

The concentration of industrial units in and around urban centres gives rise to a series of environmental problems.

Dumping of industrial waste into rivers is the major cause of water pollution. The solid waste generation continues to increase in both absolute and per capita in cities.

This improper disposal of solid waste attracts rodents and flies which spread diseases. The thermal plants release a lot of smoke and ash in the air. For example, a plant producing 500mw electricity releases 2000 tons of ash which is difficult to manage.

For becoming colourblind, the female must have the allele for it in both her X-chromosomes; but males develop colourblindness when their solex-chromosome has the allele for it.

For becoming colour blind, females must have allele for it in both her X chromosomes. But males develop colour blindness when their sole X chromosome has the allele for it.

Correct answer is (A) i.e α(1→6)

(i) Electronic configuration: All the elements in group 15 have 5 valence electrons. Their general electronic configuration is ns² np³.
(ii) Oxidation states: All these elements have 5 valence electrons and require three
more electrons to complete their octets. However, gaining electrons is very difficult
as the nucleus will have to attract three more electrons. This can take place only with
nitrogen as it is the smallest in size and the distance between the nucleus and the
valence shell is relatively small. The remaining elements of this group show a formal oxidation state of −3 in their covalent compounds. In addition to the −3 state, N and P also show −1 and −2 oxidation states.
All the elements present in this group show +3 and +5 oxidation states. However, the
stability of +5 oxidation state decreases down a group, whereas the stability of +3
oxidation state increases. This happens because of the inert pair effect.

(iii) Ionization energy and electronegativity

First ionization decreases on moving down a group. This is because of increasing atomic
sizes. As we move down a group, electronegativity decreases, owing to an increase in size.
(iv) Atomic size: On moving down a group, the atomic size increases. This increase in
the atomic size is attributed to an increase in the number of shells.

Nitrogen is chemically less reactive. This is because of the high stability of its molecule,
N2. In N₂, the two nitrogen atoms form a triple bond. This triple bond has very high bond strength, which is very difficult to break. It is because of nitrogen’s small size that it is able to form pπ−pπ bonds with itself. This property is not exhibited by atoms such as phosphorus. Thus, phosphorus is more reactive than nitrogen

Catenation is much more common in phosphorous compounds than in nitrogencompounds. This is because of the relative weakness of the N−N single bond as compared to the P−P single bond. Since nitrogen atom is smaller, there is greater repulsion of electron density of two nitrogen atoms, thereby weakening the N−N single bond.

(1) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Answer is (d) existence of alpha and beta forms of glucose.

Correct option is (A) 34.04%

Mass of organic compound = 0.45 gm

Mass of AgBr obtained = 0.36 gm 

∴ Moles of AgBr = \(\frac{0.36}{188}\)

∴ Mass of Bromine = \(\frac{0.36}{188}\) x 80 = 0.1532 gm

∴ % Br in compound = \(\frac{0.1532}{0.45}\) x 100 = 34.04%

c) All of the above 

c) Saquinavir

(b) Multiplication of number of slip planes and number of slip direction

The stress required for dislocation to move increases exponentially with the length of the Burgers vector and decreases exponentially withthe interplanar spacing of the slip planes.

Edge dislocations of opposite sign and lying on the same slip plane exert an attractive force on each other.

Two edge dislocations of the same sign and lying on the same slip plane exert a repulsive force on each other . 

(d) the stress to move a dislocation in it is low

The strength of a material with no dislocations is 20-100 times greater than the strength of a material with a high dislocation density. 

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both statement I & statement II are correct.

Density of high density polythene is about 0.95 gm/c.c.

Density of alumina is nearly g/cc.