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The market supply curve is a horizontal summation of all the supply curves of individual firms in the market. If the number of firms in a market increases, then the market supply curve will shift rightward as there will be more number of firms supplying more amount of output.

False: It is a part of private final consumption expenditure.

Excluded

Reason: As it is outside the domestic territory of our country.

False: Such rent will be included in domestic income of India as building is located within the domestic territory of India.

b.NNP at factor cost

b. Undistributed profits

c. tertiary sector

B.RS 10,000/- won in a lottery

Staining is meant to highlight the structures. Once glycerine is poured, it forms a protective layer that keeps it moistened. This is why first the peel is stained then glycerine is put over.

Diagram II is correct because in it all the Yeast cells have nucleus whereas in diagram I, nucleus is missing in one of the Yeast cells.

A sharp image is formed at focus. A slightly blurred larger image is formed beyond the focus and a slightly blurred smaller image is formed before the focus.

Therefore, f₃ < f₁< f₂.

Range of voltmeter, VR = 0.5 V 

Number of divisions in voltmeter, VN = 20 

Least count of voltmeter = V_R /  V _N  = 0.5 /  20 = 0.025 V

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

\(\int_0^x\mathrm{t }{sint}\,\mathrm{d}t\)

f'(x) = x sin x 

The three steps to achieve the aim to exploit natural resources of Vietnam were : 

(i) The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong Delta to increase cultivation. As a result of irrigation works, the rice production increased. Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

(ii) Trans Indo-China rail network was constructed. It linked the Northern and Southern parts of Vietnam and China. Another line linking Vietnam to Siam (Thailand), via the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh was also built. 

(iii) To ensure higher level of profits, French pressurized the government to develop infrastructure. 

Let a² – 2a = x 

(a² – 2d)² – 23 (a² – 2d) + 120 = x² – 23x + 120 

= x² – 15x – 8x + 120 

= x(x – 15) – 8(x – 15) 

= (x – 15)(x – 8) 

= (a² – 2a – 15)(a² – 2a – 8) [Put x = a² – 2a] 

= (a² – 5a + 3a – 15) (a² – 4a + 2a – 8) 

= [a(a – 5) + 3(a – 5)] x [a(a – 4) + 2(a – 4)] 

= (a – 5) (a + 3) x (a – 4) (a + 2) 

= (a + 2) (a + 3) (a – 4) (a – 5)

Abscissa means x-axis (points on xx’ or x-axis) and ordinate means y-axis (points on yy’ or y-axis) 

(i) If ordinate is 5 and abscissa is – 3 

=> It represents the point (- 3, 5) 

=> Which is in II quadrant. 

(ii) If abscissa is -5 and ordinate is – 3 

=> It represents the point (-5, – 3) = III quadrant. 

(iii) If abscissa is – 5 and ordinate is 3 

=> It represents the point (- 5, 3) = II quadrant.

The chemical and physical properties of elements are depend upon atomic number that is number of electrons.

Therefore atomic number is considered to be more appropriate parameter for classification.

1. On moving from left to right in a period, the metallic character decreases. This is due to an increase in nuclear charge which tends to pull the electrons closer to the nucleus and reduces the size of the atom.
2. On moving from top to bottom in a group, metallic character increases. This is because new shells are being added as we go down the group. This increases the distance between the valence shell and the nucleus.

The magnetic field lines emerge from north pole and merge at the south pole.

Limitations of Rutherford’s model 

1. It could not explain the stability of atom: According to law of electrodynamics, a revolving electron should emit radiation and thus loose energy continuously due to which it should drift towards nucleus and ultimately fall into the nucleus thereby collapsing the atom.But it is known that atom is stable. 

2. This model could not explain the origin of line spectra of atoms.

In 1911, Rutherford showed that Thomson's model was "wrong": the distribution of positive and negative particles was not uniform. Rutherford showed that the atom contains a small, massive, positively charged nucleus. He also agreed with Nagaoka that the electrons move in circular orbits outside the nucleus.

(a) Concept- Goal setting 

(b) Importance of goal setting: 

• Goal Setting is an important exercise for ensuring the appropriate performance. 
• Goal setting ensures clarity of vision, alignment to the organisational goals, clarity of purpose and higher probability of achieving the goals. 
• Goal setting allows us to be proactive, instead of just being reactive. 

(c) Rules for goal setting: 

• Business goals need to be relevant. Business owners sometimes make the mistake of choosing business goals that are pointless. To be relevant, a business goal has to be profitable in some fashion. That's not to say that every business goal has to be measurable in rupees, but it does have to possess a clear advantage or benefit to the specific business. 
• Business goals need to be actionable. An even more common mistake when setting business goals is to choose business goals that are too vague or abstract. When you're setting business goals, be sure that you have developed them from general statements, such as in the example above, to specific actions that can be performed and evaluated. Goals without action plans are just pretty words.
• Business goals need to be achievable stretches. The purpose of business goals is to move the businesses forward. So we have to position the bar very carefully when we're setting business goals. If the bar is set too high, we set ourselves up for failure and disappointment and many of us, recognising this in advance, will just stop trying.

The business of partnership can be carried on by all partners or any one of them acting for all.

The benefits of understanding the relevant environment of business are: 

• Identification of opportunities to get first mover advantage: By keeping in touch with the changes in the external environment, an enterprise can identify opportunities and find strategies to capitalise on the opportunities at the earliest. 
• Formulation of strategies and policies: It helps in identifying threats and opportunities in the market. These can serve as the basis of formulation of strategies to counter threats and capitalise on opportunities in the market. 
• Tapping useful resources: If the company has a thorough knowledge of the external environment, it can tap raw materials, technology and even financial resources from the market at economical prices, at the right time. 
• Better performance: Proper understanding of the various elements of the external environment is necessary to take timely action to deal with threats and avail opportunities for the purpose of improvement in the performance of the firm. 
• Sensitisation of entrepreneurs to cope up with rapid changes: A keen watch on the trends in the environment would help sensitise the entrepreneur to changing technology, competition, government policies and changing needs of the customers. 
• Image building: If a company is sensitive to the external environment, it will come out with new products and services to meet the requirements of the customers. This would build the image or reputation of the firm in the eyes of the general public.

NABARD-National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

Vertical merger.

Definition :

Bank is an financial institution which deals in money and credit. It accepts deposits from the public and grants loans and advances to those who are in need of funds for various purposes.  

Types of Banks :

1. Central Bank : Central Bank plays an important role in country. It provides guidance to other banks. It holds control and guides over other banks in country. It is known as bankers bank. Reserve Bank of India is central bank of India. The main function of this bank is to maintain economic stability of the country.

2. Commercial Bank : Commercial Banks accept the deposits from public and provide short-term loans to traders, manufacturers and businessmen by way of cash credits, overdraft, etc. There are three types of commercial banks such as public sector banks, private sector banks and foreign banks.

3. Development Bank : Development Bank provides loan to business for the purpose of development of business. Such loans may be required for purchase of machinery, expanding business activities, research expenses, etc. Example of Development banks are Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) State Financial Corporation.

4. Co-operative Banks : Co-operative banks are financial institution registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. The main objective of a co-operative bank is to give credit to economically backward people. There are three types of Co-operative banks such as Primary Credit Societies, at village level; Central Co-operative Bank, at district level; State Co-operative Banks and Rural Co-operative Banks at state level.

5. Specialised Banks : There are some banks which cater to the requirements of specific sectors and provide overall support for setting up business in specific areas. Exim Bank, SIDBI and NABARD are examples of such banks.

6. Regional Rural Banks : These banks were established in 1975 to enhance the banking facilities in the rural areas. In these banks, the features of commercial and co-operative banks are found. These banks are sponsored by some commercial banks. 50% of their capital is provided by the central Government 35% by the Commercial bank concerned and 15% by the state government concerned. The main functions performed by these banks are to provide loans to small traders, small farmers and for the development of agricultural activities.

7. Exchange Banks : Exchange banks are mainly concerned with financing foreign trade. Main functions of Exchange bank are remitting money from one country to another country, discounting of foreign bills, helping import and export trade, etc. Bank of Tokyo, Bank of America are the examples of exchange banks working in India.

8. Indigenous Bankers : In India, Indigenous or native/domestic bankers have been carrying on banking functions for generations before properly organized commercial and other banks started functioning. They mainly deal in “hundis” and promissory notes. They charge a very high rate of interest on loan. Hundis are regarded as native Bills of Exchange.

9. Savings Bank : This bank accepts small savings from public who have fixed income. It creates the saving habit among people. In India, post office saving bank is one of the saving banks. Commercial bank and Cooperative Bank also play a role of saving bank. 

a. Period 

b. Horizon

Product extension merger.

Manufacturing franchise opportunity: It provides an organization with the right to manufacture a product and sell it in the public, using the franchisor’s name and trademark. 

(i) Penetration Pricing: Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market share or sales volume, rather than to make profit in the short term. The price will be raised later once this market share is gained.

(ii) The advantages of penetration pricing to the firm are:

(a) It can result in fast diffusion and adoption. This can achieve high market rates quickly. This can take the competitors by surprise, not giving them time to react. 

(b) It can create goodwill among the early adopters segment. This can create more trade by word of mouth.

(c) It creates cost control and cost reduction pressures from the start, leading to greater efficiency.

(d) It discourages the entry of competitors. Low prices act as a barrier to entry

(e) It can create high stock turnover throughout the distribution channel

(f) This can create critically important enthusiasm and support in the channel.

Disadvantages or penetrating price method :

(a) The main disadvantage with penetration pricing is that it establishes long–term price expectations for the product and image preconceptions for the brand and company. This makes it difficult to eventually raise prices.

(b) Another potential disadvantage is that the low profit margins may not be sustainable long enough for the strategy to be effective.

(iii) Direct level

Service sector ideas : Entrepreneurial opportunities are not only restricted to the manufacturer. Service sector is the most growing field these days, the world over, thanks to emerging knowledge societies and advancements in Information and Technology. So, new opportunities can be identified by understanding the linkages to different business activities.

                     OR

Market driven or demand driven ideas : Market research yields valuable data about trends of supply, demand and consumer preferences. Market research is a key factor to maintain competitiveness over competitors.

                       OR

Creative efforts : Apart from applying creativity to spot and harness opportunities, it can also be applied to develop new products and services.

There are basically five ways in which creative ideas can be generated:

(a) Develop a new product or service.

(b) Improve an existing product or service

(c) Find a new process or resource for manufacturing a product.

(d) Find new markets for existing products or services.

(e) Find a new use of an existing product or service.

A very useful concept to bear in mind is that, most often creative products and services are born as results of problem solving. The child could have written any one of the above options and should not have explained the same option in (b) part.

(b) (i) Natural resources : Ideas can be generated based on natural resources. A product or service may be desired from forest resources, agriculture, horticulture etc.,

(ii) Existing products or services: A great business idea combines skills with imagination and market demand.

(iii) Trading related ideas : Trading these days is not limited to ordinary grocer or distributor outlets. With increasing consumerism, the scope and nature of trade has enlarged; local trade, import and export, ecommerce are all making trading a very wide area of enterprise.

Detailed Answer :

(a) Idea field explored by Dr. Bhim—Natural Resources : An entrepreneur can generate ideas on the basis of natural resources available. He may think about producing the goods or services based on agriculture, mineral, animal husbandry, wind, sun and horticulture etc.

(b) (i) Existing Products or Services :

•  Entrepreneurs play important role in improving the products and services already exist in the market. For example: LCD TV to LED TV, black and white computer screen to colour monitors.
• There are new techniques and strategies being developed in every service like teaching, medicine and management etc.
• An entrepreneur will be called successful only when it finds different ways to make an existing product or service better.
• If there is a constant change in the products or service offered by an entrepreneur, in such a case, entrepreneur must keep an eye on the latest trends adopted by the competitors.
• An entrepreneur must ensure that changes in existing products and services would help in increasing in the sales and revenue.

(ii) Market Driven or Demand Driven Ideas :

• Market research plays important role in generating the business ideas. An entrepreneur must collect the valuable data about the taste and preferences of the customers, latest trends, demand and supply, competition level and market size.
• Market research helps in understanding the environment and gathering valuable information. It also helps in decision making.

(i) Mohan gets marks for four correct questions = 4 x 5 = 20

He gets marks for six incorrect questions          = 6 x (–2) = –12

 Therefore, total scores of Mohan                   = (4 x 5) + [6 x (–2)]

 = 20 – 12 = 8

Thus, Mohan gets 8 marks in a class test.

(ii)

Reshma gets marks for five correct questions = 5 x 5 = 25 

She gets marks for five incorrect questions = 5 x (–2) = –10 

Therefore, total score of Resham = 25 + (–10) = 15 

Thus, Reshma gets 15 marks in a class test.

(iii) Heena gets marks for two correct questions = 2 x 5 = 10 

She gets marks for five incorrect questions = 5 x (–2) = –10

Therefore, total score of Resham = 10 + (–10) = 0 

Thus, Reshma gets 0 marks in a class test. 

The process of change from one state to another at a constant temperature is called the change of phase of substance.

SOCKET AND SPIGOT COTTER JOINT (ASSEMBLY)

(i) FRONT VIEW, UPPER HALF IN SECTION

(a) Drawing the upper half portion of socket and spigot arrangement, clearance on both sides of cotter and 4mm clearance between inner walls

(b) Drawing the lower half portion of socket and spigot arrangement

(c) Drawing the cotter

(d) Drawing the hatching lines

(ii) LEFT SIDE VIEW

(a) Drawing 5 circles

(b) Drawing the hatching lines

(c) Drawing cotter

(d) cutting Plane

DETAILS

(i) Titles

(ii) Scale used

(iii) Projection Symbol

(iv) 6 important dimensions

WOODRUFF KE

(a)  Front view

(b)  Top view

(c)  Side view 1

(d)  Standard dimensions 

UNPROTECTED FLANGE COUPLING (Assembly)

(i) FRONT VIEW (Lower half in section)

(a) Flanges in lower half with extension 5mm & gap 2mm and hatching lines

(b) Hexagonal nut & bolt in lower half 

(c) Rectangular keys & shafts with broken ends

(d) Flanges in upper half

(ii)  SIDE VIEW (from left side)

(a) Five circles including pitch circle diagram of ϕ104 

(b) Hexagonal nut & bolt corresponding to front view

(c) Keys

(d) Hatching as per convention& cutting plane

Printing title(1), scale used (1), projection symbol (1) and six dimensions(3) 

Guided media uses cables to connect computers, whereas unguided media uses waves.

Vegetable oil sodium hydroxide: 

Test: Soaps are basic in nature we can do litmus test to determine the nature of saponification mixture. 

Red litmus will turn to blue.

Entropy change of vaporisation  

∆S_v  = ∆Hv /T  

∆H_v = 41 x 10³ J , T= 373 K  

So S_v = (41 x 10³)/373 = 109.92 JK^-1mol^-1

(a) straight line 

In α-helix structure of proteins, the peptide chains are coiled to form right handed helix involving hydrogen bonding. In β-pleated structure of proteins, the peptide chains lie side by side joined together by inter-molecular hydrogen bonding.

Snails undergo aestivation if they are unable to migrate in order to avoid stressful condition.

His observations were - 

Within a region species richness increased with increasing explored area but only upto a limit. 

The relation between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa is a rectangular hyperbola. 

1. Bring out new products in the market 

2. Increase employment generation

3. Understand the problems and needs of the market.

(a) 5'— AUG GUA AUC CUA—3' 

(b) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, catalyses transcription of mRNA. The strand of DNA with 3' ® 5' polarity acts as the template. The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter site and starts the process of transcription.

(a) When the inducer comes in contact with repressor, repressor is inactivated. 

(b) When lactose is lacking or absent, the transcription of lac mRNA stops. 

(c) b-galactosidase.