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Rapid growth of population creates unemployment because:

1. Jobs are limited and if population is more then some of the people get job opportunities and rest remain unemployed.

2. Increase in population increases the burden on economic infrastructure, such as transport, communication, power, etc. which reduces the production and results in unemployment.
4.4.

Or
When the work available to a worker could not utilise his labour time fully or the income received from the work is not adequate, it is known as underemployment. And this underemployment has an direct relationship with the problem of population growth. Population in India has increased at a rapid rate, but the employment opportunities have not increased to that extent due to slow pace of economic development which leads to underemployment. If rate of growth of population is controlled, then problem of underemployment can also be controlled.

Independence of Judiciary is very much required in the federal system of government because:

(a) Independent Judiciary is one of the key features of a federal system where powers are constitutionally divided between the Centre and the states.

(b) Judiciary guards the very spirit of this division of powers by ensuring that both the central and state governments works within their respective jurisdiction.

(c) It resolves disputes between the central government and state government over the division of powers and any other legal matter.

(d) It also resolves disputes between the states.

(e) Having a fair independent Judiciary, free from executive control allows judiciary to exercise its functions in an unbiased manner. This also ensures that judiciary cannot be arm twisted by the ruling party.

(f) Judiciary interprets the Constitution and upholds the rule of law.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) provides guaranteed 100 days of employment per year for one person in every household in the rural areas who . wants to work as an unskilled worker. It was started in the villages of 200 districts and has now been extended to villages in over 600 districts. One-third of the total work is reserved for women. Thus, it provides employment to rural people in the activities specified under the scheme. Thus, it has helped in reducing the unemployed population of India.

Consumption goods are those goods which satisfy the wants of consumers directly.

Five main features which make India a federal country are given below

(i) Administration of subjects which are of national
importance and require uniformity in administration are given in the hands of the Central Government, while subjects of the local importance or day-to-day administration are given to the states.

(ii) Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of each other. Such a system exists in India, USA etc.

(iii) The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

(iv) The federal system has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity.

(v) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

An Indian working in Indian Embassy in the USA will be treated as normal resident of India.

(a) Without any exchange of goods and services.

‘Federal Government’ is a set of government in which powers are distributed between a central authority and various constitutional units.

The key features of a federal government are as follows:

(i) Two or more levels of Government: In a federal government there are two or more levels of government at the State, provincial and local levels. As an exception in India we have third level of government i.e., at the local level.

(ii) Same Citizens Separate jurisdiction : Different tiers of the government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

(ii) Constitutional Status : Federalism provides constitutional guarantees for the existence and authority of each tier of government. The jurisdiction of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution.

(iv) Rigid Constitution : The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of the government. Such changes require the consent of the both the levels of the government.

(v) Distribution of Powers: In federalism different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

It means that environmental degardation is not limited to a few countries, it is a matter of global concern. The statement says that irrespective of any region the consequences of environmental degradation spread not only to the area where it is degradation happens but also to the near lying areas and also at the world at large. Therefore, safeguarding the environment is an important issue not only for any particular region but for the whole world.

It is true that environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.In other words, we can say that environmental degradation is not confined within a state or a nation. It has international and global affects. Its consequences are felt globally and internationally.

For example, If India is creating air pollution by massive thermal power plant or other sources, the neighbouring countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka are affected. It is so because acid rain, climate change do occur due to air pollution which becomes a transcontinental issue. Similarly, deforestation in Brazil has caused disturbance in rainfall pattern throughout South America.Land degradation and dam burst in India affects Bangladesh a lot as flood increases and there is more siltation.

Environmental degradation is not a nationwide or statewide issue. It is continental and global which needs precaution and protection of the natural environment.

Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:

1. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.

2. Romanticism a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

3. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularized.

4. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterates.

The parallel range of Himalayas are Himadri, Himachal and Shiwaliks.

(i) Himadri: 

(a) The Northern most range is known as the Great or inner Himalayas. 

(b) It is the highest range with an average height of 6000 metres. 

(c) It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks. 

(d) The folds of Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite. 

(ii) Himachal: 

(a) It is known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya. 

(b) It lies to the South of Himadri and forms the most ruggged mountain system. 

(c) The altitude varies between 3700 and 4500 metres and the average width is 50 km. 

(d) This range consist of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and Kullu valley in Himachal Pradesh. 

(iii) Shiwaliks: 

(a) The outermost range of the Himalayas is called Shiwaliks. 

(b) They extend over a width of 10-50 kms and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres. 

(c) These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located further North. 

(d) These valleys are covered with thick gravel and alluvium.

The following measures can he taken to increase employment in rural areas:

(i) Improve irrigation facilities, so that farmers harvest two or three crops in a year. Thus, more people can be employed.

Agricultural sector: Construction of various means of irrigation like dams, canals etc., generates employment in the agricultural sector.

(ii) More dams should be built on rivers, so that more water can be provided to small farmers to increase the number of crops grown annually.

(iii) Transport and other services: Provide better roads and improve transportation and storage, which will benefit small farmers and many people will be employed in these sectors.

(iv) Honey collection centres and vegetable and fruit processing units should be set-up.

(v) More cottage industries and services should be
promoted in rural areas with soft loans and marketing support

(i) The government can spend some money or banks can provide loans to construct wells, etc., which will reduce the dependency of farmers on rains, and they will be able to grow two crops a year. 

(ii) Construction of dams and canals can lead to lot of generation of employment in agricultural sector itself. 

(iii) If government invests some money on transportation and storage of crops or makes better rural roads, it can provide productive employment not just to farmers but also to others who are in services like transport or trade. 

(iv) If local banks give credits at reasonable rates to the small and marginal-farmers, they will be able to buy necessary inputs for their crops in time. 

(v) Another way to solve this problem is to identify, promote and locate industries and services in the semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. Example : Many farmers grow arhar and chickpea, for them a dal-mill to procure and process these and selling in the cities; opening a cold storage will give an opportunity to the farmers to store their produce like potato, and onion and sell them at good price; villagers near forests can start with honey collection, etc. 

(vi) To improve health situation, we need health centres, hospitals and for that doctors, nurses, workers. 

(vii) Similarly to provide education to all children, we would need lots of schools which can also generate employment.

Feminist Movement was a radical movement which demanded equality for women in personal and family life also apart from politics, society and educational field.

The political demands of the Feminist Movements in India were:

(i) More women representatives in local government.

(ii) More political representatives for women by having elected women representatives.

(iii) Reserving at least one-third of the seats in Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for women.

On 19^th March 2003, the US launched its invasion of Iraq under the codename operation Iraqi freedom. More than 40 other countries joined in the US coalition of the willing after the UN refused to give its mandate to the invasion. They did not support the invasion on the following grounds: 

a. After the invasion, no traces Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) were found in Iraq. Even after the death of Saddam Hussein, his links with Al-Qaeda have not been proved. 

b. The US wanted to establish its control over Iraqi Oil fields since Iraq was the second largest oil producing country in the world. It also wanted to establish a puppet regime in Iraq to fulfill its foreign policy objective.

Implications of partition on India

1. In the name of religion, people of one community killed and maimed people of the other community. Cities like Lahore, Calcutta (Kolkata) and Amritsar were titled as communal zones. 

2. People went through social suffering and were also forced to abandon their homes especially minorities, who took shelter in refugee camps. 

3. To preserve the honour of family, many women were killed, even many children were separated from their family and if crossed border, they did not have any house. 

4. The partition did not only divide property, assets or liabilities, but also the government employees and the railways etc.

The formation of linguistic states helped in strengthening the foundation of democracy and the process of national integration in India. One of the most important concerns in the early years was that of unity of the country. It was felt that linguistic states may foster separatism and create pressure on the newly founded nation. 

a. The formation of these states changed the nature of democratic politics and leadership in same basic ways. The path to politics and power was now open to people other than the small English speaking elite. 

b. Linguistic reorganization also gave some uniform basis to the drawing of state boundaries. It did not lead to disintegration of the country as many had feared earlier. On the contrary, it strengthened national unity.

Different arenas of cold war did not convert into a hot war between the two alliances because of the concept of logic of deterrence and logic of restraint exercised by the two Superpowers. It implies that 

1. Even if one of the Super power tries to attack and disable the nuclear weapons of its rivals the other would still be left with enough nuclear weapons to inflict unacceptable destruction. 

2. Both sides have capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate war. 

3. Both superpowers were expected to behave more rationally and in a responsible manner in the sense that they understood the risks in fighting wars which may create a massive destruction. So both the Superpowers exhibited restraint on their actions to prevent the cold war from escalating into a full fledged war.

Cyclohexyl chloride is more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction because C—Cl bond strength is less in cyclohexyl chloride than chlorobenzene. In cyclohexyl chloride chlorine atom is bonded to sp³ hybrid carbon atom while in chlorobenzene chlorine is bonded to sp² hybrid carbon atom that's why C—Cl bond is more strong in chlorobenzene and less reactive toward Nucleophilic substitution. 

Gasoline or petrol is the most common fuel used in light motor vehicles today. 

This specialized fossil fuel is designed for four-stroke engines like the ones found in common cars. Gasoline allows for quick starting, fast acceleration, easy combustion and quiet operation, according to the University of Michigan website on fossil fuels. The hydrocarbons contained in gasoline and its production of carbon dioxide when burned contributes to pollution, smog and global warming. Although it is the most readily available fuel, it is considered to be a temporary source of fuel because of its cost, environmental effects and limited resources.

Diesel is used to drive heavy vehicles.

Kerosene is used as fuel in jet aircraft engines.

(A) 1.01 × 10⁵Pa

The boiling point of the liquids help is comparing the magnitude or strength of the interparticle or intermolecular forces present in them. Greater these forces, more will be the boiling point of the liquid. 

physical state is liquid.

(B) 22.5 × 10⁵J/kg

(a) Molecules of benzoic acid dimerise in benzene, the number of particles are reduced.

(b) The intermolecular interactions between ethanol and acetone are weaker/ the escaping tendency of ethanol and acetone molecules increases on mixing / the vapour pressure increases.

(c) Due to osmosis, a bacterium on fruit loses water, shrivels and dies.

The charge is positive in nature. On applying Fleming's left-hand rule, we find that only positive charge will experience a force pointing vertically outwards due to its interaction with the magnetic field.

(i) Battuta was a Moroccan traveler. Before he come to India, he had made pilgrimage trips to Mecca, and had already travelled extensively in Syria, Iraq, Persia, Yemen, Oman and a few trading ports on the coast of East Africa. Ibn Battuta’s book of travels, called Rihla, written in Arabic 

(ii)

i. The coconut. – Coconut trees looked like date palms. It resembles a man’s head. Inside of it looks like a brain. Its fibre looks like human hair. Its fibre used for making rope which is used for pulling ships. 

ii. The paan- It looked like grape plant. It is grown for the sake its leaves. People chew betel leaves with areca nut and lime. 

iii. Indian cities Ibn Battuta found cities in the subcontinent full of exciting opportunities , resources and skills. They were densely populated and prosperous, except for the occasional disruptions caused by wars and invasions. 

(iii) 

i. account of the cities which he had seen in his travel, and of the interesting events which had clung to his memory, and that he should speak of those whom he had met of the rulers of countries, of their distinguished men of learning, and their pious saints 

ii. Narrative which gave entertainment to the mind and delight to the ears and eyes, with a variety of curious particulars by the exposition of which he gave edification and of marvellous things, by referring to which he aroused interest.

(i)

i. Ekalavya was the Nishadas. 

ii. The Nishadas were jungle tribes and were generally considered to be outcastes. 

iii. was not a Kshatriya, and in those days only Kshatriyas were supposed to get a military education.

(ii)

i. Drona acted in order to protect Arjuna's status as the greatest archer

ii. When Drona demanded his right thumb as his fee, Ekalavya unhesitatingly cut it off and offered it. 

iii. But thereafter, when he shot with his remaining fingers, he was no longer as fast as he had been before.

(iii)

i. Drona kept his promise for Arjuna as Drona had once told his favorite student Arjuna, that he would be unrivalled amongst his pupils 

ii. Drona for keeping his promise for Arjuna compelled Eklavya to cut off his thumb and offer it to himself as guru dakshina and Eklavya acknowledged it and honored him the same.

History of help, humanity & harmony during partition of India 

i. People helped each other 

ii. Stories of caring and sharing were also there. 

iii. New opportunities were there 

iv. Triumph over trauma 

v. Humble efforts of people 

vi. Kindness of people 

vii. Humanity was also shown 

viii. Sharing of food shelter and security  

ix. Numerous stories-examples to be coded

Gandhiji 

i. The repressive attitude of the British Government led Mahatma Gandhi to launch Non-Cooperation Movement against it. 

ii. He knitted popular movement 

iii. He served notice to the Viceroy on 1 July that since the issue of Khilafat and Jallianwala Bagh massacre had not been satisfactorily solved, he would resort to Non-Cooperation Movement 

iv. The Non-Cooperation Movement included Swadeshi as its prime move. 

v. It introduced 20 lakhs of Charkhas in Indian family 

vi. The programme of Non-Cooperation Movement was multidimensional. 

vii. Surrender of all titles and Government posts 

viii. Boycott of Government schools and colleges ix. Boycott of all functions of the British Government 

x. Boycott of law courts,. Non-cooperation with the Act of 1919, Boycott of all foreign articles 

xi. Development of communal harmony 

xii. Use of Swadeshi articles 

xiii. Establishment of national schools 

xiv. End of untouchability and caste-system 

xv. This movement unleashed a surge of popular action against colonial India 

xvi. For a short period, it gave a challenge to the British authority. 

xvii. Any other relevant point

Role of Mughal Panchayats 

i. The village panchayat was an assembly of elders, with hereditary rights 

ii. In mixed-caste villages, the panchayat was usually a heterogeneous body 

iii. The panchayat was headed by a headman known as muqaddam or mandal. ,chosen through the consensus of the elders and zamindar 

iv. Headmen held office as long as they enjoyed the confidence of the village elders. 

v. The chief function of the headman was to supervise the preparation of village accounts, assisted by theaccountant or patwari 

vi. The panchayat derived its funds from common financial pool. 

vii. Expenses for community welfare activities such as digging a canal, tiding over floods were also met from these funds. 

viii. They ensured conduct of the members of the village community. 

ix. Panchayats also had the authority to levy fines and inflict more serious forms of punishment like expulsion from the community. 

x. Caste or jati in the village had its own jati panchayat. 

xi. In Rajasthan Jati Panchayats arbitrated civil disputes between members of different castes.. 

xii. Rajasthan and Maharashtra – contain petitions presented to the panchayat complaining about extortionate taxation 

xiii. Any other relevant point Any eight points to be explained

In an authoritarian state, people have no voice and those in power are not accountable to anyone whereas as a result of a vibrant civil society, the state is kept under watch and forced to obey to obey the law.