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Economic Growth implies a sustainable increase in real GDP of an economy, i.e. an increase in volume of goods and services produced in an economy. Budget can be an effective tool to ensure the economic growth in a country. 

(i) If the government provides tax rebates and other incentives for productive ventures and projects, it can stimulate savings and Investments in an economy. 

(ii) Spending on infrastructure of an economy enhances the production activity in different sectors of an economy.Government expenditure is a major factor that generates demand for different types of goods and services in an economy which induces growth in private sector too. 

However, before planning such expenditure, rebates and subsidies government should check the rate of inflation and tax rates. Also there may be the risk of debt trap if loans are too high to finance the expenditure. 

Externalities refer to those benefits or harms accruing to another for which they are not paid or penalised. Externalities may be positive or negative. Externality occurs when the actions of consumers or producers give rise to negative or positive side effects on third party who are not part of these actions, and whose interests are not taken into consideration.

E.g., introduction of metro rail on one hand has increased the prices of property but has also saved the time and money of general public and has provided safe means of transports.

• National Income by Expenditure Method = Private final consumption expenditure + Government final consumption expenditure + Net domestic capital formation + Net exports + Net factor income from abroad – Net indirect taxes 

= 900 + 400 + 200 + (-) 25 + (-) 10 – 100 

= 1,500- 135 

= ₹ 1,365 Crores

The government through its budget and budgetary Policy. uses to influence the distribution of income by attempting to promote fair and right distribution of income in an economy. This is done through taxation and expenditure policy. On one hand, through its taxation policy, the government taxes the higher income group and on the other hand, through the expenditure policy (subsidies, transfer payments, etc.) it transfers the purchasing power in the hands of the poor sections of society. with the help of these policies, the government aims at fair distribution of income in the society.

Economic growth implies a sustainable increase in real GDP of an economy, i.e., an increase in volume of goods and services produced in an economy. Budget can be an effective tool to ensure the economic growth in a country. 

1. If the government provides tax rebates and other incentives for productive ventures and projects, it can stimulate savings and investments in an economy. 

2. Spending on infrastructure of an economy enhances the production activity in different sectors of an economy. Government expenditure is a major factor that generates demand for different types of goods and services in an economy which induces growth in private sector too. However, before planning such expenditure, rebates and subsidies government should check the rate of inflation and tax rates. Also there may be the risk of debt trap if loans are too high to finance the expenditure.

At equilibrium level of national income, investment and savings are equal. 

Thus Savings = Investment = 800 

Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) + Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) = 1 

MPC + MPS = 1 

MPC = 1 -0.2 = 0.8 

National Income = Consumption + Savings Consumption = National Income – Savings 

= 5,000 – 800 = 4,200 

Consumption = Autonomous consumption + (MPC x National Income) 

Autonomous consumption = Consumption – (MPC x National Income) 

= 4,200 – (0.8 x 5,000) 

= 4,200 – 4,000 = 200

Reverse repo rate is the rate at which central bank of a country borrows money from commercial banks. Reverse repo rate is fixed by the central bank. To control the money supply, central bank makes changes in the reverse repo rate. To reduce money supply central bank will increase reverse repo rate. Increase in reverse repo rate motivates commercial banks to lend to central bank. Increase in reverse repo rate reduces availability of funds with commercial banks and supply of money is curtailed in the economy. Decrease in reverse repo rate will increase availability of funds with the commercial banks and supply of money increases in the economy.

Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI or the Central Bank borrows from the other commercial banks' It plays an effective role in controlling the money supply. For example,.an increase in the reverse repo rate implies that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI on their lendings'.As a result of the.banks will lend more to the RBI and less to the public. Thus, resulting in a decrease in the money supply. Similarly, in case, the RBI decreases the reverse repo rate, The banks will get a lower rate of interest on their borrowings' As a result, they will lend more to the public which will, in turn, increase the money supply.

(i) Real GDP and Nominal GDP is same for year 2014-2015. It is so because 2014- 20 15 is the base year. 

(ii)

The Real GDP declined in the year 2015-2016. It could be due to high rate of inflation or price levels.

The credit creation by commercial banks is determined by amount of initial deposit and the legal reserve ratio. Suppose customer deposits ₹ 1,000 in bank. Bank has to pay interest on this amount for which bank should lend this money to someone. A part of the amount is to be retained with bank to meet its customer’s obligations. Say, if LRR is 20%, the banks will keep 20% of deposits as reserves and will lend remaining 80% i.e., ₹ 800. Those who borrow will spend this money and same ₹ 800 will come back to banks in form of deposits. This raises the total deposits to ₹ 1,800 now. Banks again keep 20% of 800 as reserve and lend ₹ 640 to those who needs. This will further raise the deposits with banks. In this way deposits will go on increasing @ 80% of the last deposit. The number of times the total deposit will become, is determined by money multiplier i.e., 1/LRR = 1/0.2 = 5 times. 

Total deposits will be Initial Deposits x Money Multiplier = ₹ 1,00 x 5 = ₹ 5,000.

Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which Central Bank borrows money funds commercial banks. Increase in Reverse Repo Rate induces banks to transfer more funds to Central Bank and reduces banks’ ability to create credit. 

Open Market Operations refers to buying and selling of government securities by Central Bank from/to public and commercial banks. Sale of such securities reduces the reserve of commercial banks and adversely affects bank’s ability to create credit and hence decreases the money supply in the economy. 

Reverse Repo Rate – Reverse repo rate is the rate at which central bank of a country borrows money from commercial banks. Reverse repo rate is fixed by the central bank of the country. To control the excessive money supply, central bank will increase the reverse repo rate. It motivates the commercial banks to lend to central bank and reduces the availability of funds with the commercial banks to create credit.

Open Market Operations – Open market operations refer to buying and selling of government securities by central bank from/to commercial banks. To control the excessive money supply, central bank of the country sells government securities to the commercial banks. This reduces the reserve of commercial banks and adversely affects commercial banks ability to create credit. As a result, money supply decreases in the economy.

Virus are the programs that can copy itself and can affect the health of the computer system. Viruses can automatically be transferred from one computer to another when its host is taken to the target computer.

(i) Fortan, COBOL processor.

(ii) Quick Heal, Disk Defrag.

(iii) MS Office, Adobe Creative.

(iv) Quick Heal, Norton,

RAM – Random Access Memory.

MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.

(b)  (i) A polypeptide containing 14 different amino acid = 14 x 3 = 42 base pairs. 

(ii) 14 different types of RNA are needed for the synthesis of polypeptide. 

Advantages:-

Inbreeding is necessary if we want to evolve a pure line in any animal.

• It helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes

• Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are to be eliminated by selection.

• Where there is selection at each step, it increases the productivity of inbred population.

Disadvantages:-

• reduces fertility

• decreases productivity.

Marginal Groups:

"Within a society, there are marginal groups who will differ in opinion on some matters, they normally join the majority eventually." 

Challenges to free and fair elections in India are as follows:  

(i) Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents. 

(ii) In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties. 

(iii) Some families tend to dominate the political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from these families. 

(iv) Very often, elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar to each other in their policies and practices. 

(v) Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage as compared to the bigger parties.

Monsoon is the seasonal reversal of wind. India has monsoon type of climate.

It has following characteristics:

(i) Monsoon which comes as South-West monsoon in Indian sub-continent proceeds into two branches after hitting the Southern tip

(a) Bay of Bengal branch

(b) Arabian sea branch

(ii) Monsoon occurs in alteration of dry and wet spells. The intervening dry spells of monsoon is called ‘Breaks’ in monsoon.

(iii) There is variation in intensity, frequency and duration of monsoon. This causes floods in one place and drought in other at the same time.

(iv) Monsoon is often irregular in its arrival and retreat.

The gases have high compressibility. This property is used in the following situation:

(1) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is a fuel which is made up of petroleum gas. On compressing this petroleum gas it forms liquid.

(2) Oxygen cylinders in the hospitals have compressed gas filled in it.

(3) CNG (compressed natural gas) is a natural gas, methane, which is compressed and used as a fuel in vehicles and at home.

The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are:

•  Horizontal Division of Power- It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In this type of power-sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercised different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other.
•  Vertical Division of Power- It is a system of power sharing among governments at different levels. For example, a general government for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional levels. In India, we refer to it as the Central Government, State Governments, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc. The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government.
•  Division of Power among different Social Groups- Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially like different religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this type of power sharing. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
• Division of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups, and Movements- In contemporary democracies such a division takes the form of competition among different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.

The economic development can be achieved even without damaging global environment by following practices: 

1. In June 1992, Earth Summit provided some conservative measures for sustainable growth without damaging environment anymore. 

2. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 covered Global Commons for mutual economic development. 

3. Kyoto Protocol cut greenhouse emissions from industrialised countries to protect environment and to develop industries also. 

4. Resource Geopolitics allocates and distribute natural resources among the nation states of global arena for sustainable development of nations. Hence, the above mentioned practices protect the global environment and even though the states are developing we could achieve this challenge only if we follow the provisions and practices mentioned in all these conferences and summits.

Salutation/origin of Natya/Eulogy of

Natya/Natanabheda/Natyakala/Sabhapati/Sabha/Patra/Kinkini/Ranga/Abhinaya/Shirobheda/

Drishti/Greeva/Hasta/Pada/Mandala/Ulplavara/Bhramari/Chari

Hasta - Asamyuta/Samyuta/Deva/Dashavatara/Jaati/Bandhava/Nritta/Navagraha

Firstly , Judiciary's independence is linked to its role as the watch-dog in a democracy. It monitors and maintains the checks and balances over the other arms of the government. Thus judiciary emerges as a mediator when any organ of the government exercises 'excess power' which tends to violate the larger societal or individual interest. 

Second, in-order to ensure that constitutionally guaranteed freedoms such as freedom to speak in public or peacefully assemble, are interpreted as per the true constitutional philosophy, judiciary has been kept free from any external pressures.

Third, Judiciary acts as a guardian of fundamental rights which are constitutionally granted to every citizen in India. Independence of judiciary was carved out during the formation of Indian Constitution as India was transitioning from a feudal to a democratic order.

Fourth, In the domain of criminal law as well, independence of judiciary is linked to the granting of a fair trial to the accused. This becomes extremely important even when the accused are foreign nationals or persons who have committed crimes against the state,

e.g. terrorists

Nandikeshwara (5th – 4th Century BC)

Natyaveda from Porahma → Bharata → Performance before Shiva → Tandu →Tandav →Parvati → Lasy Banasura’s daughter → Saurashtra → earth

The main reasons for granting an independent status to the judiciary are as follows: 

First, Judiciary's independence is linked to its role as the watchdog in a democracy. It monitors and maintains the checks and balances over the other arms of the government. Thus judiciary emerges as a mediator when any organ of the government exercises 'excess power' which tends to violate the larger societal or individual interest. 

Second, in order to ensure that constitutionally guaranteed freedoms such as freedom to speak in public or peacefully assemble, are interpreted as per the true constitutional philosophy, judiciary has been kept free from any external pressures. 

Third, Judiciary acts as a guardian of fundamental rights which are constitutionally granted to every citizen in India. Our Constitution grants us unique rights such as: Civil and political rights- e.g. the right to life; right to freedom of discrimination 2 based on religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Economic, social and cultural rights- e.g. freedom to practice any religion; protection of interests of minorities. An independent and impartial Judiciary has empowered Indian citizens and performed this role. 

Fourth, in the domain of criminal law as well, independence of judiciary is linked to the granting of a fair trial to the accused. This becomes extremely important even when the accused are foreign nationals or persons who have committed crimes against the state, e.g. terrorists. 

Lastly, independence of judiciary is vital for the respect of due process of law. Due process of law means that the State must respect all the legal rights that are owed to a person and conform to the norms of fairness, liberty, fundamental rights etc. Only an independent judiciary can make this concept operational. 

Therefore independence of judiciary remains a vital and core principle even in the modern democracy.

Sam – First beat or starting point of rhythmic cycle sign – ‘X’/’+’

Khaali – Empty beat : Unaccented part of taal sign - ‘O’

Taali- Clap

Sign – Numbers from ‘2’

(1) Discharge by Breach of Contract- Breach means failure to perform the obligation by a party. When a party to a contract does not perform his part of the obligation due to which the contract becomes broken, the person who suffers because of the breach is entitled to receive compensation or damages from the party who has breached the contract ( Section 73) 

(2) A common remedy for breach of contract is awarding damages to the affected party. Monetary compensation given to the affected party for the loss or injury caused to him due to the breach is called damages. 

(3) The Doctrine of Restitution. The basis of this Doctrine is awarding damages for the pecuniary loss incurred by the party to the contract.

Theka – Support – The signature of a taal special arrangement of rhythmic syllabus or bols – Dhaa/Dhin/Taa/Na/Tin

Pakhawaj bols – Te te ka ta ga di gina

Based on symmetrical structure – Reflects syllabus. Some tal may not be symmetric

Dadra – ^xDha Dhin Na ^oDha tin Na

Rupak - ^oTin Tin Na ²Dhinna ³Dhin na

Law is an exciting and challenging profession. Law graduates in India have various options and opportunities open to them after their graduation. A Law degree, in addition to being a professional degree, is now considered to be training in a discipline which trains the mind to think analytically and communicate systematically. Following are some of the opportunities available (and opted for by law graduates) to graduates after they obtain their degrees in Law. 

• Litigation: Graduates may practice as an advocate in a court of law. 

• Law Firm Practice: Law firms vary in size and practice areas. Law firms may range from boutique law firms specializing in specific areas of law to mid-sized law firms as well as large law firms which are full service law firms with different service groups. 

• Corporate Sector: Large corporations often have in-house legal practice. An in house counsel will give legal advice to the company, have expertise in the business of the company and be responsible for ensuring that the business of the company is being run in compliance with applicable laws. 

• Public Policy: Lawyers have an important role in formulating and advising on public policy. Several organizations employ law graduates for policy making and have institutionalized fellowships where law graduates can be Research Assistants. 

• Legal Research & Academia: Graduates may attach themselves with Research Centers and think tanks. Law graduates may take up teaching and research as a profession. 

• Non – Governmental Organizations: Non – Profit Organizations, especially organizations with social justice orientation have positions for law graduates. 

• Government Institutions: Government departments, statutory authorities, public sector undertaking and regulatory bodies also provide interesting opportunities to lawyers.

• Further Study: Law is an interdisciplinary subject and graduates may opt for further studies in related disciplines such as Business, Economics, Anthropology and sociology. 

• Judicial Services/clerkship: The court system provides several avenues to law graduates. The higher judiciary, that is judges of the High Courts and Supreme Court have law clerks cum research assistants who assist a judge in researching for cases, maintaining paper works etc. 

• Other Avenues: Law graduates may opt for different career paths such as politics, journalism (legal journalism), legal publishing, Fellowships, civil services etc.

Origin –Bhariyi along with grandsons

Rajput rulers patronage

Perf. - Hindu religious themes

-Strong footwork

-Spiritualism

-Highly rhythmic

-Krishna themes

-Strong tradition of kantt toda

-Multiple chakka

-Complex combination of footmark

-Parans etc. strong indicators

a. Prerna shrimali 

b. Rajendra Gangari

Since 1952, the Government of India started addressing the question of legal aid for the poor in various conferences of Law Ministers and Law Commissions. 

The 14th Report of the Law Commission of India mooted the idea of providing free legal aid to the poor by the State. The Report highlighted the responsibility of the legal community to administer legal aid scheme and the State to fund legal representation to the accused in criminal proceedings, appeals and jails. 

In 1960, the Union Government initiated the national legal aid scheme which faced financial shortages and died a natural death. 

In 1973, in the second phase, the Union Government constituted a committee under the chairmanship of Justice Krishna Iyer to develop a legal aid scheme for states. The Committee devised a strategy in a decentralized mode with legal aid committees in every district, state and the centre. 

A committee on judicature was set up under the chairmanship of Justice P N Bhagwati to implement the legal aid scheme. This Committee suggested legal aid camps and nyayalayas in rural areas and recommended the inclusion of free legal aid provision in the Constitution. 

Article 39A of the Constitution - inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976 - Directed the state to provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities to secure justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. Legal aid schemes were floated across states through legal aid boards, societies and law departments thereafter. 

Subsequently, the Parliament enacted the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

Gharana means house

- Upholds tradition

- Signifies authenticity

- Defines guru-shishya parampara

- Identifies performers of same lineage

Jaipur gharana – Bhauji (court of kachchawa kings)

Lucknow gharana- (Nawab of Qudh) (Court of Kachchawa Kings)

Banaras Gharana – Janaki Prasad – (Originally from Bikaner, settled in Varanasi)

India follows the following provisions of law while implementing an International treaty in the domestic terrain:

Article 51 of the Indian Constitution specifically states that the State shall endeavour to 'foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another'. 

• Under Article 253 of the Constitution of India, the Parliament and the Union of India have the power to implement treaties and can even interfere in the powers of the state government in order to give power to provisions of an international treaty.
• In the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharti v. State of Kerala, it was observed that the court must interpret the provisions of the constitution in light of Charter of the United Nations. 
• In the case of Magan Bhai Patel v Union of India, the court held that if a treaty or international agreement restricts the rights of the citizens or modifies the laws of the state it would require to have a legislative measure. 
• In the case of Sheela Barse v Secretary Children's Aid Society, the Supreme Court held that India had ratified conventions regarding the protection of children and this placed an obligation on the State Government to implement these principles. 
• The most revolutionary of these cases was the case of Vishaka v State of Rajasthan, in which the Indian courts used the provisions of the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, (CEDAW), to create legally binding obligations regarding sexual harassment. 

In the current case, where under an International treaty, to which India is a signatory, a species of fish is declared as endangered and restrictions are put on the right to trade of that species by prohibiting the killing of the fish. 

If this treaty is to be enforced in India, the Indian Parliament needs to pass a domestic legislation regarding prohibition of the killing of such species of fish.

Rasa is aesthetics primarily deals with the expression of the nine major sentiments or emotions. The dances estate this experience through bhava or manner of portrayed of these emotions. 

The nine rasas are 

(i) Shrinagar – Radha 

(ii) Hasya – Vidushak 

(iii) Karuna – Dashrath 

(iv) Roudra – Ravan 

(v) Veer-Arjun 

(vi)Bhayanaka – Surpanakha 

(vii) Beebhatsya – Putana 

(viii) Adbhuta – Kaliya daman 

(ix) Shanta – Buddhi

A. Sangeet

- Melodic or harmonic combination of notes – vocal/instrumental

- Technically a collective word including melody & movement

- Commonly – vocal music

- Sangeet Ratnakar – Geetanga Vaadyanga Tatha nityangu Trayanga

- Sangeetamuchyate.

b. Chari

Gait or movement of the feet of eight typeschalana/sankramara/sarana/vegini/kuttana/Lunthita/Lolita/Vishamasanchara

c. Angahara

A combination of two movements of hands and feet known as karanas, combine to make 1 angahara. There are 32 angaharas. It is a major dance posture that combines smaller movements (Karanas)

d. Natyadharmi

Stylistic manner of dance artistic and pleasant presentation of movement and expression. A formal mode of presentation. Oriented towards display/stage. Codified presentation following a recognized grammar of style.

A. A Treaty refers to legally binding, written, agreements in which states agree to act in a particular manner as specified in the agreement.

B. Treaties are binding upon the parties when entered in to in good faith and with intention of creating binding obligations.

C. A state may express its consent to be bound by a particular treaty in certain cases, the most common of which are:

1. Consent by signature- In certain cases, treaties may be given force by way of signatures of representatives who have been given the full powers, i.e. authorization in writing from their state to be able to take decisions on its behalf. 

2. Consent by exchange of Instruments - In some scenarios, consent may be recorded by way of exchanging certain instruments, i.e. documents which contain the terms agreed to by both sides, when these instruments provide that on such exchange they will be in effect. 

3. Consent by Ratification - Ratification is simply understood to be the act by which a State establishes its consent to be bound by a treaty on the international plane. This was initiated as a measure to ensure that the representative who signed a treaty had due authority, by seeing whether the state agrees to 'ratify' the same. Ratification differs from country to country but usually requires a sign that the state consents to follow the provisions of the treaty.

Article 20 of the Indian Constitution provides human rights framework to the criminal justice system. It provides for safeguards to persons who are accused of having committed crimes. 

The rights of persons accused of crimes are: 

1. Article 20 provides that no person can be convicted for the commission or omission of an act that does not amount to an offence by any law in force at the time of such act. 

2. Secondly, it provides that any person who is convicted of a crime should not receive a penalty greater than what is provided in the law in force at the time of the act of offence. 

3. It provides for another important right that “No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.” This means that if someone commits an offence, that person should not be harassed and punished repetitively (more than once) for the same offence. 

4. Further it states that “No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.” This provision safeguards the accused's right against self-incrimination. 

An accused may give information based on own knowledge if he or she chooses to, but cannot be forced to be self-witness against himself or herself. Every accused has a right to fair trial.

It is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organized to accumulate profits within a market system. 

Capitalism in the West emerged out of a complex process of 

• European exploration of the rest of the world. 
• Its plunder of wealth and resources. 
• An unprecedented growth of science and technology. 
• Harnessing of science and technology in agriculture and industries. 

Capitalism was marked by its dynamism, its potential to grow, expand, innovate, use technology and labour in a way best assured to ensure greatest profits. 

Capitalism was also marked by its global nature of being linked to western colonialism. 

• The labour system in Assam was essentially that of indenture by which the labourers went to Assam under contract for a number of years. The government helped the planters by providing for penal sanction in case of non-fulfilment of the contract by the labourers. 
• To bring thousands of people every year from their far-off homes into strange lands, possessing an unhealthy climate and infected with strange fevers, required the provision of financial and other incentives, which the tea-planters of Assam were unwilling to offer. Instead, they had recourse to fraud and coercion.

Development activity of the state and growth of private industry affected caste indirectly through the speeding up of and intensification of economic change. Modern industry created various kinds of jobs for which there were no caste rules. Modern individuals attracted to the liberal ideas of individualism and meritocracy began to abandon the extreme caste practices. In the cultural and domestic sphere, caste remained strong. Endogamy remained unaffected by the modernisation. Similarly, rules regarding food-sharing haven’t been relaxed totally. In the political arena, caste remains central. In elections, caste solidarities are decisive. 

Development activity of the state and growth of private industry affected caste indirectly through the speeding up of and intensification of economic change. Modern industry created various kinds of jobs for which there were no caste rules. Modern individuals attracted to the liberal ideas of individualism and meritocracy began to abandon the extreme caste practices. In the cultural and domestic sphere, caste remained strong. Endogamy remained unaffected by the modernisation. Similarly, rules regarding food-sharing haven’t been relaxed totally. In the political arena, caste remains central. In elections, caste solidarities are decisive.

There are wide-regional variations in the age-structure in India for the following reasons- 

• Literacy is not equally distributed in all the states of our country. Thus, there are some states that are more aware and educated compared to others. Hence, in such states, the fertility levels are low. They, thus, experience a favourable age-structure. 
• Certain states have a strong belief in social preference for a male child. These people thus raise the fertility levels in the desire for a male child. 
• Since development level in all states is not equal, if the death rate is high for lack of infrastructure, the birth rates tend to be high to compensate for the high death rates. This also creates for an unfavourable age structure. 
• Thus, we have states like Kerala which exhibits age-structure similar to a developed nation compared with Uttar Pradesh which has very high proportions of younger age groups.

Isolation: 

• The isolationist side argued that tribals needed protection from traders, moneylenders and Hindu and Christain missionaries, all of whom were intent on reducing tribals to detribalised landless labour. 

 Integration- 

• This side argued that tribes were essentially backward Hindus and their problems had to be addressed within the same framework as other backward classes. 
• This led to debates and deliberations which resulted in various welfare schemes for the tribes such as tribal welfare blocks, five year plans, tribal sub-plans, tribal welfare blocks, special multipurpose area schemes. Thus, tribes needed to be looked at in the same framework as the Hindus. This is because there have been various instances where tribes, since times immemorial, have been in contact with the mainstream. 
• Gond kingdoms in central India such as that of Garha Mandia or Chanda. 
• Many of the Rajput kingdoms of central and western India emerged through a process of stratification among adivasi communities themselves. 
• Adivasis often exercised dominance over the plains people through their capacity to raid them and through their services as local militias. 
• They also occupied a special trade niche, trading forest produce, salts and elephants. 
• The capitalist economy’s drive to exploit forest resources and minerals and to recruit cheap labour has brought tribal societies in contact with mainstream society a long time ago. 
• But integration in this manner neglects the desires and wishes of the tribes and puts the agenda of development ahead of their needs. Thus, this kind of integration happens at the cost of the interest of the tribes. 

Common features of the public perceptions of disability are- 

Disability is understood as a biological given. 

Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from his/her impairment. 

The disabled person is seen as a victim. 

Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception. 

The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.

After independence, the government took over the commanding heights of the economy’. 

This involved defence, transport, and communication, power, mining, and other projects which only government had the power to do, and which was also necessary for private industry to flourish. 

• In India’s mixed economy policy, some sectors were reserved for government, while others were open to private sector. But within that, the government tried to ensure, through its licensing policy, that industries were spread over different regions. This was because before independence, industries were located mainly in the port cities like Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. But since then, due to government efforts, we see that places like Baroda, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Pune, Faridabad and Rajkot have become industrial centres. 
• Government also tried to encourage small scale sectors through special incentives and assistance. Many items like paper and wood products, stationery, glass and ceramics were reserved for the small scale sector. 
• The Government did not open up the Indian economy to the world because immediately after independence, the economy was in a very vulnerable position and needed to get back on its feet before it could compete in the world market.

The mix of ideas – 

• Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati on the basis of both appeals to humanitarian and natural rights doctrines as well as Hindu shastras. 
• Ranade’s writings entitled The Texts of the Hindu Law on the Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows and Vedic Authorities for Widow Marriage elaborated the shastric sanction for remarriage of widows. 
• The content of new education was modernising and liberal. The literary content of the courses in the humanities and social sciences was drawn from the literature of the European Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. Its themes were humanistic, secular and liberal. 
• Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan’s interpretation of Islam emphasised the validity of free enquiry (ijtihad) and the alleged similarities between Koranic revelations and the laws of nature discovered by modern science. 
• Kandukiri Viresalingam’s The Sources of Knowledge reflected his familiarity with navya-nyaya logic. At the same time he translated Julius Huxley.

The Brickyards are owned by upper castes like Parsis and Desais. 

• Members of the potter caste are also acquiring brickyards as an extension of their traditional business of mud work. 
• the workers are usually local or migrant Dalits. they are employed by contractors and work in gangs of nine to eleven members. 
• while the men knead the mud and mould the brick, the little children carry each brick to the place where they are dried. 
• a gang of women and girls then carry the bricks to the kiln where they are fired by men, and from there again to the trucks where the bricks are loaded. 
• from the age of six, children are woken during the night to carry the fresh bricks made by their fathers. When they turn nine, they are promoted to carry two bricks. 
• Thus, the division of labour is based on age and sex. 

1. No, the industrial pollution has gone down deeper into the city of Delhi. 

2. An NGO has identified 18 potential pollution hotspots in the capital. 

3. Unsafe methods of the e-waste dismantling, dyeing and lead acid battery recycling have given rise to health and environmental concerns. 

4. The researchers assessed 51 industrial areas on the given parameters — industrial processes, chemicals used, emissions, disposal technique and occupational health hazard. 

5. A large amount of waste at Seelampur where e-waste is recycled, comes from the US and Europe. 

6. The landfills at Ghazipur, Bhalswa and Okhla contaminate air and ground water making it toxic. 

7. The report highlighted the need to address toxic smoke and dust from open dumping, burning and spilling of chemicals. 

8. The Najafgarh drain and the industrial areas contribute to over 50% of the wastewater discharged into the river.

• There is an important debate in Sociology about whether industrialisation and the shift to services and knowledge-based work like IT leads to greater skills in society or does it create for de-skilling. 
• There is no comparison between the skills of a software engineer and that of a farmer. They are both skilled in their own ways. 
• The issue that increasing mechanisation is de-skilling people i.e. the work that could be earlier done using manual labour is being done by machines de-skilling workers in the process. 
• But, for any developing nation industrialisation is crucial to its growth but the questions is the price that needs to paid for this growth.