Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The cancerous cells are sloughed from the tumours and reach distant sites through blood, and whenever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumour there. This property called metastasis is the most feared property of malignant tumours.

(i) In the members of family Asteraceae, seeds develop without fertilisation. This process is called apomixis. 

(ii) Two ways by which seeds develop without fertilisation: 

(a) In some species, the diploid (2n) egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into embryo without fertilisation.

(b) In many varieties of Citrus and Mango fruits some of the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac starts dividing, protrudes into the embryo sac and develops into embryos.

(a) The molecule ‘X’ is repressor. It gets inactivated when lactose (inducer) binds with the repressor molecule. 

(b) z gene codes for b-galactosidase. 

(c) Transcription of this gene stops when lactose is absent and thus repressor is free to bind with the operator.

The hnRNA undergoes the following processes to form mRNA: 

(i) Capping: Addition of methyl guanosine triphosphate at 5'-end. 

(ii) Tailing: Addition of 200-300 adenylate residues at 3'-end. 

(iii) Splicing: Removal of introns and joining of exons.

Megagametogenesis: 

The formation of female gametophyte (embryo sac) is called megagametogenesis. 

(i) Megaspore is the first cell of the female gametophyte. 

(ii) The megaspore increase in size and its nucleus divides mitotically into two nuclei which move apart to opposite poles. Thus a 2-nucleate embryo sac is formed. 

(iii) Two daughter nuclei undergo another mitotic division giving rise to the 4-nucleate stage. 

(iv) The third mitotic division, which gives 8-nucleate embryo sac comprises of a micropylar and chalazal end with 4 nuclei at each end. 

 (v) One nuclei from each end proceeds towards the centre of the embryo sac and are called the polar nuclei. 

(vi) The three nuclei remaining at the micropylar region form the egg apparatus, without any cellular wall. 

(vii) In the egg apparatus, the middle one is the largest called oosphere/egg/ovum, while other two naked cells adjoining the egg cell are called synergids. 

(viii) The three remaining nuclei at the chalazal end are surrounded by mass of cytoplasm and cellular wall and are called antipodal cells. 

(ix) The above mentioned method of female gametophyte formation is known as normal 8-nucleate type, because 8 nuclei contribute in the formation of gametophyte and it is very common among angiosperms.

(i) They help in the breakdown of organic matter or biomass of dead plants and animals into simple inorganic raw materials such as CO₂, H₂O and nutrients. 

(ii) They help in the natural replenishment of soil. They help in keeping the environment clean.

(a) Eight nuclei in mature Embryo sac
- Three cell form an egg apparatus , consisting of one egg cell and two synergids 
- Three cells at chalazal end called antipodals 
- A large central cell with two polar nuclei
(b) After entering a synergid, pollen releases two male gametes into the cytoplasm 
- one male gamete fuses with egg nucleus and completes syngamy resulting in zygote 
- other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei located in the central cell to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus this is called triple fusion 
- since two types of fusions take place ---> double fertilisastion 

The existence of decomposers is essential in a biosphere because they breakdown complex organic substances into simpler inorganic substances that can be absorbed by the plants. Thus, decomposers : 

(a) replenish the soil naturally. 

(b) helps in removing the biodegradable waste. 

Change of frequency of allele in a population will result in natural selection leading to the evolution.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

When the boy encounters a pathogen for the first time, his body produces antibodies which develop memory of the first encounter to protect the body in future.

E = hc /λ = 6.6. x 10^-34 x 3 x 10⁸ / 620 x 10^-9 

= 3.2 x 10^-19 J 

= 3.2 x 10^-19 / 1.6 x 10^-19 = 2 eV 

This corresponds to the transition "D"

Corrective exercises for flatfoot deformity.

1. Jumping on toes 

2. Rope skipping 

3. Standing on toes or heels 

4. Walking on toes 

5. Sit properly

(d) Flatfoot 

(c) Knock-knees 

The importance of communication in management can be judged from the following points: 

(i) Acts as basis of coordination: It provides coordination among departments, activities and persons in the organization. Such coordination is provided by explaining about organizational goals, the mode of their achievement and interrelationships between different individuals etc. 

(ii) Acts as basis of decision making: Communication provides needed information for decision making. In its absence, it may not be possible for the managers to take any meaningful decision. 

(iv) Increases managerial efficiency: Communication is essential for quick and effective performance of managerial functions. 

(v) Promotes cooperation and industrial peace: The two way communication promotes cooperation and mutual understanding between the management and workers. 

(vi) Establishes effective leadership: Communication is the basis of leadership. Effective communication helps to influence subordinates. 

(vii) Boosts morale and provides motivation: An efficient system of communication enables management to motivate, influence and satisfy the subordinates. Communication helps to boost morale of employees and managers. 

(a) Trikonasana

(i) Methane (CH₄) 

(ii) By anaerobic decomposition of biomass in the presence of micro-organisms. 

(iii) It is a clean fuel It burns without smoke It leaves no residue Its heat capacity/calorific value is high Safe and efficient

(i) No, the images of letters of different colours will be raised by slightly different heights.

(ii) The letter V, corresponding to the violet colour will be raised to the maximum. This is  because, Apparent depth = real depth/n Now, n is maximum for the violet colour. Its apparent depth would, therefore, be the least. Hence, the violet colour (letter V) would be raised to the maximum.

In ascending power of frequencies: radiowaves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays. Uses of Electromagnetic Spectrum 

(i) γ-rays are highly penetrating, they can penetrate thick iron blocks. Due to high energy, they are used to produce nuclear reactions. g-rays are produced in nuclear reactions. In medicine, they are used to destroy cancer cells. 

(ii) X-rays are used in medical diagnostics to detect fractures in bones, tuberculosis of lungs, presence of stone in gallbladder and kidney. They are used in engineering to check flaws in bridges. In physics X-rays are used to study crystal structure. 

(iii) Radiowaves are used for broadcasting programmes to distant places. According to frequency range, they are divided into following groups 

(1) Medium frequency band or medium waves 0·3 to 3MHz 

(2) Short waves or short frequency band 3 MHz — 30MHz 

(3) Very high frequency (VHF) band 30MHz to 300MHz 

(4) Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band 300MHz to 3000MHz 

(iv) Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely; klystrons, magnetrons and gunn diodes. Their frequency range is 3GHz to 300Ghz. They are used in radar systems used in air craft navigation and microwave users in houses.

The objective of a telescope have large focal length and large aperture so as to have :

(i) large magnification as M= - f₀/f_e

(ii) bright and sharp image as the amount of light entering depends on aperture size.

(i) ‘a’ depicts conformers 

(ii) Response of the regulators

(iii) 

(iv) Regulators

Three measures to control the vehicular air pollution are

1. Reducing the use of fossil fuels.
2. Use of catalytic converters, electrostatic precipitators and other control devices.
3. Plantation of more trees especially the ones which accumulate pollutants and filters the air.

(i) Wider sections of people started having an easy access to books.

(ii) books were printed in large numbers with greater ease.

(iii) the prices fell and they became affordable for large public.

(iv) The hearing public and reading public became intermingled.

Children were prevented from reading novels because:

(i) Children would get carried away from their real surroundings into an imaginary world.

(ii) It was feared that children would stray away from normal, disciplined life and would become rebels.

(iii) The novel would have immoral influences on children and they would become corrupt.

Definition : Rancidity is the process of slow oxidation of oil and fat present in the food materials resulting in the production of foul odour and taste in them. 

When fats and oils are oxidised, the food becomes rancid i.e. their smell and taste changes. The type of chemical reaction is oxidation.

Three physical properties of carbon compounds are: 

(i) Catenation property. 

(ii) Low melting and boiling point compared to ionic compound. 

(iii) Poor conductor of electricity.

(i) Mendel choose garden pea for his experiments because :
(a) Pea plant is small and easy to grow
(b) A large number of true breeding varieties of pea plant are available.
(c) Short life cycle.
(d) Both self and cross pollination can be made possible. (Any two) 
(ii) Contrasting characters :
(a) Round/ Wrinkled seeds
(b) Tall/ Short plants 
(iii) When Mendel crossed two pea plants with a pair of contrasting characters only one character appeared in all the members of F₁ progeny, the other remains hidden.
On selfing F₁, the hidden characters reappeared in just 25% of the offsprings and the other 75% shared the characters expressed in F1. Mendel concluded that the character which expresses itself
in F₁ and in 75% of the individuals of F₂ is dominating while the other is recessive. 
 

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acid (carboxylic acid) that have cleaning action in water. Detergents are sodium salt of long chain benzene sulphonic acids.
Cleansing action of Soap : When soap is dissolved in water, it forms a colloidal suspension. In this, the soap molecules cluster together to form micelles. When a dirty cloth is dipped into a soap solution, its non-polar hydrocarbon end of micelles attach to the grease or oil present in dirt and polar end remains in water layer. The mechanical action of rubbing subsequently, dislodges the oily layer from the dirty surface shaping it into small globules, which can now be readily washed with water. Soap does not give froth easily with hard water, which contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soap first reacts with the calcium ions and magnesia ions to from insoluble precipitates of calcium and magnesium Salts of fatty acid.
Two problem arises due to the use of detergents :
(i) Detergents are non-biodegradable i.e. they cannot be decomposed by microorganisms.
(ii) Detergents have strong cleaning action.

Carbon is a versatile element because it forms covalent bonds with large number of elements and has catenation capacity to form compounds by chain of bonds with itself.

Pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin helps to lower the blood glucose level. When it is secreted in less amount, the body suffers from diabetes, as more and more glucose accumulates in the body. So, to reduce the level of glucose in the blood of the diabetic patients, they are provided with insulin injections.

The color of your eyes depends on how much of the pigment melanin you have in your iris- the colored part of your eyes.

Ciliated columnar epithelium is mostly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tube. The beating of cilia helps to keep the unwanted particles from entering into the lungs. Cilia also help in pushing the ovum in oviduct.

Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca)

Levis-Strauss- to reinforce the seams on work pants.

Two types- rivet like nail heads and rhinestones.

• Straight grain line 
• Crosswise grain line 
• Bias grain line

Self-protection, indication of social status, wealth, age and occupation.

Set in sleeve- as the name suggest this sleeve is actually set into the armhole edge or cap.

Little cap-garments are designed with wider than usual shoulder width that drops over the shoulder.

Halter- narrow shoulder

Interlining.

Interlining is applied to a garment to supply warmth during wear. Interlinings can be soft, thick, or flexible. Some are designed to be fused, while others are intended to be sewn to one or both layers of textiles. So depending upon the basic characteristic of the interlining it can either serve as purpose of good winter wear or great one.

Externalities occur because economic agents have effects on third parties that are not parts of market transactions. Examples are: factories emitting smoke and did, jet plains waking up people, or loudspeakers generating noise. These activities are all having a direct effect on the well-being of others that is outside direct market channels.

Negative externalities occur when production and/or consumption impose external costs on third parties outside of the market for which no appropriate compensation is paid.  

• Smokers ignore the harmful impact of toxic 'passive smoking' on non-smokers 
• Air pollution from road use and traffic congestion and the impact of road fumes on lungs 
• External costs of scraping the seabed for supplies of gravel 
• The external cost of food waste 
• The external costs of cleaning up from litter and the dropping of chewing gum 
• The external costs of the miles that food travels from producer to the final consumer 
• The externalities linked to the oil sands project in the Canadian wilderness

It refers to minimum level of consumption (i.e., C) , which is needed for survival, i.e., consumption at zero level of national income.

Challenge of language policy was adopted by the Indian federalism in the following way: 

(i) A second test for Indian federalism is the language policy. 

(ii) Our constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. 

(iii) Hindi was identified as the official language. 

(iv) But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. 

(v) Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as scheduled languages by the constitution. 

(vi) A candidate in the examination conducted for the central government positions may opt to take the examination in any one of these languages. 

(vii) States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned state.

As the businessmen in India were gaining momentum, they accumulated money by the means of exporting things to China and also exporting raw cotton material to England.

The Company employed many Indians as junior players in this trade. Having earned some wealth businessmen had vision of developing industries in India.
In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata accumulated initial wealth partly from exports to China and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. Capital was also accumulated through other trade networks.

Alluvial soil is deficient in organic and nitrogenous materials. Fertility of the soil affects the population in distribution.

For example :

(i) Alluvial soil of the northern plains supports high density of population.

(ii) Areas of mountain soil and desert soil like Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan are sparsely populated.

The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954 - 1968) refers to the social movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against Black Americans and restoring voting rights to them.

The emergence of the Black Power Movement, (BPM) which lasted roughly from 1966 to 1975, enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement (CRM) to include racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency and freedom from oppression by White Americans.

The movement was characterised by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of non-violent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities.
Federal, state and local governments, businesses and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African-Americans. Martin Luther King Junior was the most prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He thought that Black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans should be compensated for historical wrortgs.

Federalism has succeeded in India due to the nature of democratic policies in our country. 

The policies adopted by India to ensure this success : 

(i) Linguistic States : After independence, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. 

(ii) Language Policy : The second test for the Indian federation is the language policy. The Indian Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one of the language. 

(iii) Centre-State Relations : Restructuring the centre-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. 

(iv) Decentralisation of Power : Power in India has been decentralised to the local government. The local government includes Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas.

(i) Area-wise Belgium is a small country in Europe. It is smaller in area than that of Haryana in India. It has a borders with Netherlands, France and Germany.

(ii) Regarding population it has a population of over one crore, about half the population of Haryana.

(iii) Besides, it has a very complex ethnic composition comprising various language speaking communites than India which is a secular and integrated country.