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Correct option is (B) prestige of business enterprise

On the basis of expected rate of return, average profit method means capitalisation of profit method.

For monopoly or less competitive type business, the value of goodwill is more.

The return which an investor would expect to receive by investing his money in that business is known as expected rate of return.

Correct option is (D) Maintainable Profit of Business

Correct option is (A) Simple average profit method

In Partnership Firm development of business depends upon continuous hard work, honesty, ability to take business risk and perception of partners. Because of these, firm creates different status or prestige in the market. Due to of this prestige or reputation, firm possesses to earn more profit than a common firm, specific and stable customer, special relationships. Monetary value of this prestige or reputation is called goodwill. The valuation of goodwill depend on the earning capacity of a firm. Generally the question of valuation of goodwill will be arise at the time of reconstruction of partnership. In this chapter we will study the meaning of goodwill, factors affecting to its valuation and different methods for its valuation

Correct option is (C) ₹ 38,000

Correct option is (C) ₹ 90,000

Correct option is (C) ₹ 94,000

i. Real

ii. Single Entry

iii. Real

iv. Nominal

v. Two Fold

Correct option is (b) Profit & Loss Account

Given,

MP of the fan = Rs.1250

Discount = 10%

So,

Discount = \(\frac{10}{100}\)x 1250 = Rs. 125

We know that,

SP = MP – Discount = Rs.(1250 – 125) = Rs.1125

Now,

SP of fan = Rs.1125

Profit = 25%

CP = \([\frac{100}{100+profit\%}\times S.P.]\) = \(\frac{100}{125}\)x 1125 = Rs. 900

The cost price of fan = Rs. 900

Given,

Earnings are bought at 25% discount

Profit of seller = 16%

\(\frac{16}{100}\) = \(\frac{profit}{C.P.}\)

C.P. = \(\frac{48\times 100}{16}\)

C.P. = 200

Cost price of ear ring = 300/-

And profit = 48

S.P. – C.P. = 48

S.P. = C.P. + 48

S.P. = 348

And given discount = 25%

\(\frac{25}{100}\) = \(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\)

S.P. = \(\frac{75}{100}\)M.P.

M.P. = \(\frac{100\times 348}{75}\) = 464

So, marked price = 464/-

Given,

Saree is sold for Rs 720 = S.P.

Discount = 20%

\(\frac{20}{100}\) = \(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\)

\(\frac{20}{100}\)M.P. = M.P. - 720

720 = \(\frac{80}{100}\)M.P.

M.P. = \(\frac{720\times 100}{80}\) = 900

M.P. = 900

Given,

CP of pair of shoes = Rs.1470

Gain = 12%

Discount = 16%

So,

SP = Rs. \(\frac{100+gain\%}{100}\)x C.P. = Rs. \(\frac{112}{100}\)x 1200 = Rs. 1344

Now,

Selling price = Rs.1344

Discount = 16%

So,

MP = Rs.  \(\frac{100\times S.P.}{100-discount\%}\) = Rs. \(\frac{100\times 1344}{100-16}\) = Rs. 1600

Aslam should sell the pair of shoes = Rs.1600

Given,

M.P. = 500

Discount = 20%

Discount = \(\frac{20}{100}\) = \(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\)

S.P. = \(\frac{80}{100}\)M.P.

S.P. = \(\frac{80}{100}\)x 500 = 400

He gets the profit of 25%

\(\frac{25}{100}\) = \(\frac{S.P.-C.P.}{C.P.}\)

\(\frac{20}{100}\)C.P. = S.P.

C.P. = \(\frac{100}{125}\)x 400

C.P. = 320

So, he gets the article for Rs 320/-

Given,

S.P. of item by Rohit = 660

10% profit

\(\frac{110}{100}\) = \(\frac{S.P.-C.P.}{C.P.}\)x 100

\(\frac{110}{100}\)C.P. = S.P.

C.P. = \(\frac{100}{110}\)X 660 = 600

Rohit bought that item for Rs 600/- at 25% discount.

This is the selling price for shopkeeper

He offers 25% discount

\(\frac{25}{100}\) = \(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\)

 \(\frac{25}{100}\) = \(\frac{M.P.-600}{M.P.}\)

\((\frac{25}{100})\)M.P. = (M.P. - 600)

600 = \(\frac{75}{100}\)M.P.

M.P. = 600 x \(\frac{100}{75}\)

MP = 800/-

Given,

List price of table fan = Rs 480

M.P. = 480

Retailer buys it at discount 25%

Cost price for the retailer is \((\frac{75}{100})\)x 480

C.P. = \((\frac{75}{100})\)x 480

C.P. = 36

Retails sells it to get 15%

15% =   \(\frac{S.P.-C.P.}{C.P.}\)x 100

S.P. =   \(\frac{115}{100}\)C.P.

S.P. = \(\frac{115}{100}\)X 360 = 414

S.P. = 414

Retailer should sell it for Rs 414 to get 15% gain

Given,

C.P. of the article = 170 Rs.

Profit = 20%

\(\frac{20}{100}\) = \(\frac{S.P.-C.P.}{C.P.}\)

S.P. = \(\frac{120}{100}\) x C.P.

S.P. =   \(\frac{120}{100}\) x 170

S.P. = 204

And discount = 15%

\(\frac{15}{100}\) = \(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\)

\(\frac{15}{100}\)M.P. = M.P. - S.P.

S.P. = \(\frac{85}{100}\)M.P.

M.P. = \(\frac{100\times204}{85}\) = 240

M.P. = 240/-

Let the cost price of article = Rs. x

Profit% = 25%

Selling price of article = \(x+x\times \frac{25}{100}\) = \(x+\frac{x}{4}\) = Rs. \(\frac{5x}{4}\)

If CP of article is 20% less (given)

Now CP becomes = \(x-x\times \frac{20}{100}\) = Rs. \(\frac{4x}{5}\)

Now SP = \(\frac{5x}{4}\) - 36.75

Profit % = 30%

By formula,

= Gain% = \(\frac{gain}{cost\,price}\)x 100

= 30 = \(\cfrac{[(\frac{5x}{4}-36.75)-\frac{4x}{5}}{\frac{4x}{5}}\)x 100

= \(\frac{30}{100}\) x \(\frac{5}{4x}\) = \(\frac{5x-147}{4}\) - \(\frac{4x}{5}\)

= \(\frac{3}{8x}\) = \(\frac{25x-588-16x}{20}\) = x = 175

Cost price of article = Rs.175

(i) Given,

M.P. = 1300

Discount = 10%

\(\frac{discount}{M.P.}\)x 100

\(\frac{10}{100}\) = \(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\)

\(\frac{10}{100}M.P.=M.P.-S.P.\)

\(S.P.=M.P.-\frac{10}{100}M.P.\)

\(S.P. = \frac{90}{100}\times 1300=1170/-\)

(ii) Given,

M.P. = 500

Discount = 15%

 \(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\)x 100 = 15

\(S.P.=\frac{-15}{100}M.P.+M.P.\)

\(S.P.=M.P.(1-\frac{15}{100})\)

\(S.P. =500\times \frac{85}{100}\) = 425/ -

She bought 16 dozen ball pen

Loss for 16 dozen pen = SP of 8 ball pen

Let CP of each pen = Rs. x

CP of 16 dozen ball pen = 16 ×12 × x

= loss = 8 SP

= 16 ×12 × x = 16×12× SP = 8 SP

= 16 ×12 × x = 200 SP

= SP = \(\frac{192}{200}x\)

Loss% = \(\cfrac{x-\frac{192}{200}x}{x}\) = \(\frac{8}{2}\) = 4%

If CP of 16 dozen ball pen = Rs. 576

= 16 ×12 × x = 576

= x = \(\frac{576}{16\times 12}\)

Selling price of one pen = \(\frac{192}{200}x\)

Selling price of dozen pen = 12 x \(\frac{192}{200}\) x \(\frac{576}{16\times 12}\) = Rs. 34.56

Cost price of two boxes = Rs. 1300

Let cost price of one box = Rs. x

∴ Cost price of other box = Rs. 1300 – x

Selling price of first box = \(x +x\times \frac{20}{100}=x+\frac{x}{5}=Rs.\frac{6x}{5}\)

Selling price of second box = (1300 - x) -(1300 - x) x \(\frac{12}{100}\) = Rs. \(\frac{28600-22x}{25}\)

We have,

= \(\frac{6x}{5}\) = \(\frac{28600-22x}{25}\)

= 150x = 28600 x 5 - 110x

= x = \(\frac{28600-5}{260}\) = 550

Hence,

Cost price of first box = Rs. 550

Cost price of second box = 1300 – 550 = Rs. 750

Given,

Cost of refrigerator inclusive VAT = Rs.13750

Rate of VAT = 10%

So,

= \(x+\frac{10x}{100}\) = 13750

= \((\frac{11}{10})x\) = 13750

= x = \(\frac{13750\times 10}{11}\) = Rs. 12500

Hence,

Original cost of furniture = Rs.12500

Given,

Cost of radio = Rs.2568

Rate of VAT = 7%

Let the reduced price, excluding VAT of the radio = Rs.x

= VAT = 7 % of Rs. x = Rs. \(\frac{7x}{100}\)

Hence,

Selling price of radio = Rs. \(x+\frac{7x}{100}\) = \(\frac{107x}{100}\)

Selling price = Rs.2568… Given

So,

= \(\frac{107x}{100}\) = 2568

= x = \(\frac{2568\times 100}{107}\) = Rs. 2400

Reduction needed in price of radio = Rs.( 2568 – 2400) = Rs.168

Given,

Marked price = Rs 210000

Discount = 5%

\(\frac{M.P.-S.P.}{M.P.}\) = \(\frac{5}{100}\)

S.P. = M.P.\((1-\frac{5}{100})\)

S.P. = \(\frac{95}{100}\)x 210000

S.P. = 199500

VAT = 10% on S.P.

= \(\frac{10}{100}\)x 199500 = 19950

Total cost Shikha has to pay for purchasing the Car = 199500 + 19950 = 219450 Rs

Given,

Cost of TV including VAT = RS.13440

Original cost = Rs.12000

Let rate of VAT = x%

So,

= x% of 12000 + 12000 = 13440

= 120x = 13440 - 12000 = 1440

= x = \(\frac{1440}{120}\) =12

Hence,

Rate of VAT = 12%

Cost price of 2 tables = Rs.3120

Let CP of first table = Rs. x

Then, CP of second table would be = Rs. 3120 – x

Let first table is sold at a gain and second at loss.

Selling price of first table = \(x+x\times \frac{36}{100}\) = \(x+\frac{9x}{25}\) = Rs. \(\frac{34x}{25}\)

Selling price of second table = (3120 - x) x \(\frac{85}{100}\) = Rs. \(\frac{85\times 3120-85x}{100}\)

We have,

= \(\frac{34x}{25}\) = \(\frac{85\times 3120-85x}{100}\)

= 221x = 85 × 3120

= x = \(\frac{85\times 3120}{221}\) = 1920

Cost price of first table = Rs.1920

Cost price of second table = 3120 – 1920 = Rs.1200

Let × be the CP. 

In case of 10% loss, SP will be (x - x/10) = 9x/10 

In case of 10% profit, SP will be ( × + x/10) = 11x/10 

Difference when item is sold between profit and loss = Rs.940 

11x/10 – 9x/10 = 940 

2x/10 = 940 

× = (940 × 10) / 2 

= Rs.4700 

So, Cost Price of table is Rs.4700.

(i) Let × be the CP of Camera. 

SP of Camera = x + 1x/8 = 1080 

× + x/8 = 1080 

9x/8 = 1080 

x = (1080 × 8) / 9 

= 960. 

So, the Cost Price (CP) of camera is Rs.960.

(ii) Gain = SP – CP 

= 1080 – 960 

= 120

\(Gain\%=\frac{Gain\times100}{CP}\)

\(=\frac{120\times100}{960}\)

= 12.5%

Cost Price = Rs.1080 

Gain = 25%

Selling Price = \(\frac{100\,+\,Gain\%%}{100}\times CP\)

\(=\frac{100\,+\,25}{100}\times 1080\)

= Rs.1350

Discount = 25% 

Let x be the market price. 

Market Price – Discount = Selling Price 

x – 25% of x = 1350 

x – 25x/100 = 1350 

75x/100 = 1350 

X = (1350 × 100) / 75 

= Rs.1800 

So, Market Price of Fan is Rs.1800

Depolarization and Repolarization:

1. When cardiac cells are at rest, they are polarized, meaning no electrical activity takes place. 

2. The cell membrane of the cardiac muscle cell separates different concentrations of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. This is called the resting potential. 

3. Electrical impulses are generated by specialized cardiac cells automatically. 

4. Once an electrical cell generates an electrical impulse, this electrical impulse causes the ions to cross the cell membrane and causes the action potential, also called depolarization. 

5. The movement of ions across the cell membrane through sodium, potassium and calcium channels, is the drive that causes contraction of the cardiac cells/muscle.

6. Depolarization with corresponding contraction of myocardial muscle moves as a wave through the heart. Depolarization thus corresponds with contraction of heart. 

7. Repolarization is the return of the ions to their previous resting state, which corresponds with relaxation of the myocardial muscle. Repolarization thus corresponds with relaxation of heart. 

8. Depolarization and repolarization are electrical activities which cause muscular activity. 

9. The electrical changes in the myocardial cell during the depolarization – repolarization cycle is detected on ECG.

1. A pair of adrenal or suprarenal glands are located just on the upper border of kidneys. 

2. The adrenal gland shows two distinct regions, viz. thicker outer cortex and thinner inner medulla. 

3. The adrenal cortex consists of three distinct regions. The outer zona glomerulosa, the middle zona fasciculata and inner zona reticularis. 

4. Adrenal cortex produces corticoids. Corticoids is a collective term for many hormones, such as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and steroid sex hormones. 

5. Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine.

(i) Spinal cord is protected with the help of the vertebral column.

(ii) Brain is protected due to presence of a bony cavity which we call as skull in which brain is placed. This bony cavity is filled with a fluid which absorbs the shock and thus prevents the damage that may be caused to brain.

Differs between Nervous control and Hormonal control:

1. (i) TRUE

2. (ii) FALSE

3. (ii) Endocrine

4. (i) TRUE

5. (i) TRUE

1. (i) TRUE

2. (i) TRUE

3. (ii) Thigmotropism

4. (i) TRUE

5. (ii) Positively

1. (ii) FALSE

2. (i) TRUE

3. (i) TRUE

4. (i) Largest

5. (i) TRUE

1. (ii) FALSE

2. (i) Largest

3. (ii) Very quickley

4. (i) Can

5. (i) TRUE

1. (iii) Option A and B

2. (i)  TRUE

3. (ii) Collect

4. (i) TRUE

5. (ii) NO

Reflex action: It is defined as an unconscious, automatic and involuntary response of effectors, i.e. muscles and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through the spinal cord.

Significance: It protects us from any sudden stimulus which may harm us.

(i) The significance of the reflex arcs is their efficiency that they exhibit during quick responses. Reflex arc work as a very efficient method whenever we lack the true thinking processes. 

(ii) The significance of reflex action is the protection that we get due to reflex action against any stimulus. Reflex actions are quick responses that we give against any stimulus which can cause harm to us. If we don’t have such quick responses we may get armed badly. For example- If someone touches a flame and does not exhibit any quick response due to reflex action then that particular person will definitely get burnt as thinking processes and then giving a response are not so fast processes and provide enough time for harm. 

(iii) Adrenaline hormone is the stress hormone. Due to the release of this hormone our heart starts beating faster due to which more blood is supplied to the muscles, Supply of blood is diverted from digestive system, skin to the muscles, breathing rate is also increased. Due to all this our body gets prepared to deal with that stressful situation and help us to decide whether we are going to fight the situation with the complete energy or will flight from there utilizing the energy produced due to release of stress hormone. 

Basically, we can say that this hormone helps us to deal to difficult stressed situations.

Reflex action enables the animal to respond quickly and relieves the brain from excess work.

1. (i) TRUE

2. (i) TRUE

3. (i) TRUE

4. (ii) FALSE

5. (ii) FALSE

Correct answer is (d) cholinesterase

Significance of reflex action :

1. Reflex action helps the animals to adjust quickly to the changing environment. 

2. Reflex action is for quick actions necessary for survival. The life may have been in danger in the absence of reflex action. 

3. Most of the reflexes are spinal reflexes, i.e. reflexes controlled by spinal cord. Thus the brain is not involved in these actions. This prevents overloading of the brain and brain fatigue. 

4. Some reflexes are inborn and hence training or learning is not required for these.

Correct answer is (c) receptor organ

1. (i) TRUE

2. (i) TRUE

3. (i) Reflex arc

4. (ii) FALSE

5. (i) TRUE

No reflex action is not only function of spinal cord; it is function of central nervous system which consists of spinal cord and brain.