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In Uttar Pradesh.

Hindi is the mother tongue of 40.22% people in India.

After the partition of India – Pakistan, the percentage of the Hindu population and the Muslim population was respectively 84.1 and 9.8 of the total population in India.

India is the birth place of four religions of the world – Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.

Mongoloid race predominantly inhabits the north-eastern states of India (except Assam).

The ratio of the population of people of different age groups is called Age Structure. In terms of age-group, 

there are the following 3 age groups in the census of India:

1. Child – age group (0 – 14 years age – group): In 2011, the child – age group was 29.5% of total population in India. This age – group is a dependent age – group. 

2. Adult – age group (15 – 59 years age – group): In 2011, the adult-age group was 62.5% of total population in India. This age group is the working age group. More the population will be in this age group, the more the nation will be oriented towards progress. 

3. Old – age group (age group of 60 years and above): In 2011, the old – age group was 8% of total population in India. This age group is also a dependent age group. More of this type of population hinders development of the nation.

Leading states in terms of number of villages – In 2011, number of total villages in the country was 6,40,867. Following are the leading states in terms of number of villages in India – Uttar Pradesh (1,06,704), Madhya Pradesh (54,903), Odisha (51,313), Bihar (44,874), Rajasthan (44,672), Maharashtra (43,663) and West Bengal (40,203).

States having high percentage of rural population in total population of the state – Himachal Pradesh (89.96), Bihar (88.70), Assam (85.92), Odisha (83.32), Meghalaya (79.92), Uttar Pradesh (77.72), Arunachal Pradesh (77.33) etc.

The symptoms of Proto – Australoid race are as follows: 

1. This race is considered to be inhabited in the central regions of India. 

2. The presence of this race is found in the mountainous forests of Central and Southern India. 

3. Their hair is curly and lips twisted. 

4. The height of these people is short and the body complexion is dark brown. 

5. This race has played an important role in the development of the Indian culture. 

6. Malayalis, Mundas, Santhals and Kols are the descendants of this race in India.

The races that are found in India are Negrito, Proto – Australoid, Mongoloid, Mediterranean, Nordic and Broad – Headed Western Race.

On the basis of the average literacy rate in India (74.04%), Indian states have been classified into two groups:

1. States with higher literacy rate than the national average: In this category, Kerala holds the first place with a literacy rate of 93.91%. Lakshadweep holds the second place (92.2%) and Mizoram holds the third place (91.58%). In the male literacy rate, Lakshadweep holds the first place (96.11%) and Kerala holds the second place (96.10%). The highest female literacy rate has been recorded in Kerala (92%). 

2. States with lower literacy rate than the national average: The literacy rate in Bihar is 63.82% which is the lowest in the states. The other states with lower literacy than the national average include Jammu-Kashmir (68.74%), Rajasthan (67.06%), Madhya Pradesh (70.63%), Uttar Pradesh (69.72%), Jharkhand (67.63%), Odisha (73.45%), Arunachal Pradesh (67%) and Assam (73.18%). The lowest male literacy rate has also been recorded in Bihar (73.5%) and in Arunachal Pradesh (73.69%). While, the lowest female literacy rate has been recorded in Rajasthan (52.70%) and in Bihar (53.30%).

The symptoms of Negrito race are as follows: 

1. They are known as India’s first indigenous tribals. 

2. The height of the people of this race is very short. 

3. The head of the people of this race is small but their forehead is erected. 

4. They are black in complexion. 

5. They have beautiful and wool – like hair. 

6. The texture of their head is round and moderate. 

7. Their face is small and nose is flat and broad. 

8. Angami Naga and Badgish tribes found in India belong to this race

India is a country of linguistic diversity. According to a scholar named Grierson, as per the survey conducted in India from 1903 to 1928, about 197 languages and 544 dialects are spoken in the country. In 1961, according to the Census Department of India, there are 1018 different languages and dialects in the country, while, 22 languages are scheduled in the Indian Constitution. On the basis of their dialects and origin, 

the languages of India can be divided into the following 4 language families:

1. Indo – European Language Family: The languages of this family are spoken by about 73% population of the country. Hindi is the main language of this family, which is spoken prominently by about 40% of population of the country in the states of North India. The other languages of this family are Kashmiri, Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Bengali, Assamese, Chhattisgarhi, Nepali and Pahari. The country’s 8.3% population speaks Bengali, 7.5% population speaks Marathi, 5.2% population speaks Urdu, 4.9% population speaks Gujarati, 3.3% population speaks Oriya, 2.8% population speaks Punjabi and 1.6% population speaks Assamese language. 

2. Dravidian Language Family: The main Indian languages of this language family are Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada, which are spoken prominently in Peninsular India. Telugu language is spoken by the country’s 7.9% population, Tamil by the country’s 6.3% population, Kannada by the country’s 3.9% population and Malayalam language is spoken by the country’s 3.6% population. Thus, about 20% population of the country speaks Dravidian languages. Dravidian languages have a dominating presence in different states, like – Telegu in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil in Tamil Nadu, Kannada in Karnataka and Malayalam language in Kerala are the most popular. 

3. Sino – Tibetan Language Family: In India, this is a small language family, in which the languages which are prominently included are Ladakhi in Jammu – Kashmir, Kinnauri and Lepcha in Himachal Pradesh, Dapla, Abor, Bodo, Naga, Myanmari, Kukichin languages in north – eastern states of India. 

4. Austro – Asiatic Language Family: In India, this is also a small language family, in which Santhali, Mandari and Ho languages are spoken in Jharkhand and Western Satpura region, Khasi language is spoken in Meghalaya and Nicobari language is spoken in Nicobar Island.

Sex ratio is less in India as compared to developed nations of the world. Major factors responsible for this are as follows:

1. Priority to the birth of son: Due to the influence of many social, economic and religious reasons in India, priority is given to the birth of son as compared to daughter. Still today, there is no shortage of such couples in India, who verify the gender of child before birth due to the desire for a son and do, not hesitate in commiting female foeticide. Due to this reason, more male babies are born than female babies in the country and sex ratio remains less. 

2. Death of young girls during delivery period due to child marriage: Even today, child marriage is practiced in the economically backward societies of India. Due to child marriage, many girls at an early age have to bear the burden of motherhood, in which many of these young girls die untimely during childbirth. In this case, the sex ratio decreases due to the decrease in the number of females in the society. 

3. Economic dependence of women: In most parts of India, women are financially dependent on men. Generally, most women lead their lives in poverty. They also have to live in the absence of adequate health and medical facilities, also bearing family worries, due to which they die earlier. As a result, the number of women is decreasing in the society. 

4. Lack of female education: Lack of girls education is prevalent in India, due to which, they cannot become financially independent. Being economically weak, most of the girls and women cannot protest against mental, physical and social injustice or atrocities and exploitation done to them. 

5. Increasing urbanisation: On one hand, the urban population is growing steadily in India. While on the other hand, the percentage of urban population in total population of India is declining steadily. This trend reduces the sex ratio in both rural and urban areas.

In 2011, the urban population percent was 31.2% of the total population in India. There are substantial variations in this percentage of urban population in the states/union territories, on the basis of which, 

India can be divided into 5 categories:

1. States/union territories with more than 50% urban population: In 2011, the states included, in this category are Goa (62.2%) and Mizoram (52.1%) and the union territories are Delhi (97.5%), Chandigarh (97.3%), Lakshadweep (78.1%), Daman and Diu (75.2%), and Puducherry (68.3%).

2. States/union territories with 40% to 50% urban population: In 201 1, the states included in this category are Tamil Nadu (48.4%), Kerala (47.7%), Maharashtra (45.2%) and Gujarat (42.6%) and the union territory is Dadra – Nagar Haveli (46.7%).

3. States/union territories with 30% to 40% urban population: In 2011, the states included in this category are Karnataka (38.7%), Punjab (37.5%), Haryana (34.9%), Andhra Pradesh (33.4%), Manipur (32.5%), West Bengal (31.9%) and Uttarakhand (30.2%), and the union territory included is Andaman – Nicobar Islands group.

4. States with 20% to 30% urban population: In 2011, the states included in this category are Nagaland (28.9%), Madhya Pradesh (27.6%), Jammu – Kashmir (27.4%), Tripura (26.2%), Sikkim (25.2%), Rajasthan (24.9%), Jharkhand (24%), Chhattisgarh (23.2%), Arunachal Pradesh (22.9%), Uttar Pradesh (22.3%) and Meghalaya (20.1%).

5. States with less than 20% urban population: In 2011, the states included in this category are Odisha (16.7%), Assam (14.1%), Bihar (11.3%) and Himachal Pradesh (10%).

Any statement/matter has two sides i.e., positive and negative. Same way keeping aged parents in a ‘Home for the aged’ can have positive and negative sides. 

(i) First, we see the positive side:

• In the 21st century, couples both go to work in that case to get the proper care they prefer ‘Home for the aged’ 
• In these old age homes, elderly people meet many people of their age, this allows them to make new friends with whom they can talk and do various group activities. 
• Old age home provides food on time and health care facility also.

(ii) Negative side: 

• The materialist world and individualistic approach force people to depend on Home for Aged for taking care of their aging parents, depriving them of their responsibilities towards them. 
• It’s the youngster’s duty to care for our old people and handle their needs. 
• Most of the old age homes are lack basic amenities, so instead of caring for elderly persons, they may get face vulnerability in old age homes.

Aging is an inevitable and irreversible biological process. Role of the Government – The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has the responsibility to formulate policies and implement programmes for the care of the aged.

POLICY – The National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) envisages support from the state government towards older persons’ care via. the provisions of shelter, support, healthcare facilities, etc. 

Role of organizations/NGOs – NGOs HAVE contributed significantly towards helping the problem of the aged in India. For example, in Help Age India, Harmony India Today there are online communities that can lend support.

Role of Education – Schools can help through community service projects, outreach programmes, socially useful productive work and NSS create awareness about the problems of the elderly, aged, and senior which can inculcate values of caring for them. 

Role of Family – Parents, and relatives can play a major role in creating a suitable atmosphere within the involving them in activities. 

Above are the measures which we can implement to tackle the problem of aging.

Beed district: In the sugarcane cutter community, menstrual periods are considered a problem and they think surgery is the only option to get rid of it. Women in Vanjarwadi village said, 50% of women who have had hysterectomies say that it is the norm in villages to remove the uterus after having two or three children.

The (Mukadam) contractor is keen to have women without wombs in his group of cane cutters. As per the contractors, menstrual periods make the cutting process slow, so there is no question of taking leave for a day or two, and work is halted. A contractor cannot afford to lose even a rupee.

Due to the removal of the uterus, there is a serious impact on the health of women, such as hormonal imbalance, mental health issues, gain weight, etc.

Action- of government: Maharashtra government has decided to make health check-up compulsory for them before and after the sugar cane cutting season.

As per the Census of India definition, the productive category refers to people within the ages of 15-59 years.

Many ages persons are fully or partially dependent for financial support on their families.

Sample of a survey/questionnaire 

Topic-Research on unemployment 

Gender……. 

Age………. 

No of members in family…… 

Yes/No Questions

• Are you working? 
• Are you unemployed by choice? 
• Is there a minimum level of wage below which you will not work? 
• Are you trying to establish your own business? 
• Are all the educated adults in your house employed? 
• Is the market scenario difficult to get a well-paid job?

According to NSSO, an unemployed person is one who puts in less than 14 hours of paid work in a week

An unemployed adult population unable to add value to the economy becomes a burden on the working population.

In the world, the biggest platform to influence people is none other than television. Television has been used in society for awareness campaigns such as for Polio, Literacy, Covid-19, etc., but as we know every coin has two sides. Similarly, this platform is misused by many companies for their vested interests.

Example: In the advertisement of a fairness cream, it implies that only fair women are beautiful and only they can climb the ladder of success, and if they are dark or brown then you won’t be successful and aren’t considered beautiful.

Simply for the sale of their product, these companies resort to blatant racism and age-old gender stereotypes, indirectly stressing that women should be fair.

Some examples of advertisements that do not present gender stereotypes are Sasa detergent powder, Rambandhu papad masala, Bajaj LED bulbs, etc.

Addiction means, a situation of psychological and physical dependence on alcohol, drugs, the internet, or mobiles. 

The psychological effect on the individual: Addiction leads to a dependency on alcohol, narcotic drugs, medicinal drugs, the internet, social media, and even mobile phone. There could emerge a need for validation for every single image that is uploaded

Impact on family: Alcohol addiction problems pose a threat to stable family life resulting in domestic violence. Addiction to mobiles can lead to loneliness within the family because of a lack of communication.

Impact on health: The levels of stress, anxiety, and aggression can take their toll on the physical, mental and emotional well-being of addicts as well as others in the family.

Impact on work: it can adversely affect levels of commitment, efficiency, an increase in instances of sexual harassment, exploitation of vulnerable people, inability to focus on any activity, increased absenteeism, etc.

People feel the need for collection action to solve the social problem.

NGOs are helping to solve the problem of the aged in India.

The term Unemployment means, People who are jobless, actively seeking work and available to take a job.

Gutka is chewing tobacco known as a carcinogen and is highly addictive.

Narcotics are types of drugs that have the potential to be addictive.

(b) Seasonal shift – Agriculture

(i) Individual problem

(ii) Social problem

(iii) Higher longevity

(iv) Chronological age

(v) NPCP

The deadly effects of tobacco addiction are mouth, throat and lung cancer.

(d) Due to mechanical lifestyle – Lack of empathy

(i) Domestic violence

(ii) Verbal spats and physical assault

(iii) Domestic violence

(iv) NGOs

(v) Substance addiction

(i) Inadequate Skills

(ii) Switching job

(iii) Unemployment crises

(iv) 15-59 years

(v) Unutilised human resources

(d) Productive of age group – 15 to 59 years

(i) Dowry is a social evil.

(ii) Unemployed means “people who are jobless.”

(iii) The periodic industrial recession is one of the causes of unemployment.

(iv) Typing skills on the age-old manual typewriter have very limited use in present times.

(v) Ageing is intrinsic to the organism.

(i) Human intervention has led to an increased population.

(ii) The impoverished farmers live a life steeped in debt.

(iii) The psychological burden of farmers being indebted passes on to the next generation.

(iv) Bt cotton seeds are more expensive.

(v) The seeds obtained from BT crops cannot be used for the next sowing.

(i) Startup

(ii) Educational change

(iii) Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan

(iv) Environmental deterioration

(v) Multi cropping

(a) Multi-cropping – Polyculture

(d) Large landholdings – Zamindars

(i) Internet/mobile phones are open Pandora’s box of possibilities

(ii) Domestic violence refers to abuse within the family

(iii) In a patriarchal context; there is the unwritten acceptance of male authority.

(iv) Farmers are a significant percentage of the agrarian workforce.

(v) Farmer’s suicide is a serious social problem.

(i) Nicotine

(ii) Cannabis, heroin

(iii) Internet

(iv) Internet addiction

(v) Mobile addiction

(i) Smoking in public places is banned.

(ii) The minimum age of buying tobacco products is 18 years of age.

(iii) Alcohol is a drink that contains ethanol.

(iv) An addict will try to access the substance or object at any cost to which he/she is addicted

(v) Addiction can also lead to anti-social behaviour and depression.

(c) For distressed farmers and crop failure – Life and Crop insurance

(i) Tobacco addiction refers to habituated tobacco chewing or smoking.

(ii) The deadly effects of tobacco addiction are mouth, throat, and lung cancer.

(iii) Narcotics are types of drugs that have the potential to be addictive.

(iv) Codeine-based cough syrups continue to be diverted from the domestic market for drug abuse

(v) Excessive use of the internet diminishes the value of interpersonal relationships.

The problems are a two-way process.

(i) Higher longevity and lower mortality have resulted in an increase in the ageing population in India.

(ii) The loss of a spouse or loved one can cause much loneliness.

(iii) Anxiety and depression are significant among the aged.

(iv) NGOs have contributed significantly towards helping the problem of the aged in India.

(v) Individual problem is experienced by an individual.

The problems are a two-way process.