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Gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide, emitted from various production activities of different industries, together with water vapour, through the process of precipitation, falls in the form of rain, which is called Acid Rain.

Population distribution represents the manner in which the human-beings are distributed in a given place. Thus, population distribution is related to the place, whereas population density is related to the people living in a given place in the area of per square kilometre.

According to the 2011 census, India is at the second place after China in terms of population in the world.

The geographical factors that affect the population distribution and density in India include the following: 

1. Climate. 

2. Geographical terrain. 

3. Availability of water. 

4. Condition of soil.

Malaysia and Thailand are two member countries of ASEAN.

Problems faced by the aging population 

• Economic dependence 
• Lack of emotional empthy 
• Isolation / loneliness
• Difficulty in accepting the aging problem

The resources which can be renewed or re – established after use are called renewable or unlimited resources. Due to their re – establishment, their reserves would never end. That is why these are called renewable resources.

The resources that cannot be re – created after use are called limited resources. Due to continuous use of these resources, they end quickly and are non – renewable.

These are divided into two parts – Non – renewable or ending and renewable or unending resources

The resources which are used as raw material in manufacturing industries.

The resources which have been put to use recently.

The factors affecting literacy include spread of economy, level of urbanization, standard of living, racial structure, condition of women in society, price mechanism, availability of educational facilities, development of modes of transport and communication, level of technology and public policies.

There are 1018 languages and dialects in India as per 1961 Indian census.

OPEC was established in 1949.

1. Thailand. 

2. Singapore.

1. ASEAN. 

2. C.I.S. 

3. OPEC 

4. SAFTA.

Correct Answer is: (c) China

Correct Answer is: (c) Nordic

Preference to the birth of sons, child marriage, lower level of women in society and prime importance to men in society are main factors responsible for decreasing sex ratio in India.

In 2011, in terms of number of villages, the leading states are Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar and Rajasthan.

(c) Uttar Pradesh

According to 2011 census, a large rural population is found in the following states of India: 

1. Himachal Pradesh 89.96% 

2. Bihar 88.70% 

3. Assam 85.92% 

4. Odisha 83.32% 

5. Meghalaya 79.92% 

6. Uttar Pradesh 77.72% 

7. Arunachal Pradesh 77.33%

In India, in terms of number of cities, the leading states are Tamil Nadu (721), Uttar Pradesh (648), Madhya Pradesh (364), Maharashtra (256), Karnataka (220), Gujarat (195) and Rajasthan (185).

The population is divided into three categories in terms of age group – Juvenile group (0 – 14 age group), Adult group (15 – 59 years) and Old-age group (60 years and above).

In terms of the percentage of child – age population in total population, leading states are Meghalaya (18.75%), Bihar (17.90%), Jammu – Kashmir (16.01%), Jharkhand (15.89%), Rajasthan (15.31%), Mizoram (15.17%) and Uttar Pradesh (14.90%).

(a) Uttar Pradesh

Correct Answer is: (c) 29.5

Population Composition presents social characteristics of the population living in an area. Under this, the study of age, gender, place of residence, human race symptoms, tribes, languages, religion, marital status, literacy, education and occupational features are included.

Lack of employment opportunities in rural areas, more amenities in urban areas as compared to rural areas, attraction of cities, better education system in cities, industrialisation, development of modes of transport and communication in cities, low agriculture profitability in rural areas, closure of small scale and cottage industries in rural areas are the factors primarily responsible for increase in urban population in India.

The average sex ratio of India is 940, while the average sex ratio of the world is 948.

Man creates the resources that is why he is called the Father of Resources. In other words, man transforms physical materials into resources in reference to the utility for him. Thus, man is called the Father of Resources.

The ratio of the population of the people of different age groups is called Age Structure.

The materials by using which man fulfills his needs are called resources.

(a) Excess use of conventional energy

(a) Solar energy

(a) Solar energy

(d) Petroleum

Because they do not have reproduction capacity and are exhausted once used.

Correct Answer is : (a) Forest

To maintain the continuity of the use of resources, their conservation is quite necessary.

Meaning of sustainable development: The balanced, prudent, thrifty, recycling – abled, adaptable and destructionless consumption of environmental resources, drives sustainable development. Through sustainable development and the work done for continuous development, future and present needs of man can be fulfilled. In sustainable development, stress is given on thrift and recycling and conservation.

Economic development of man has abnormally exploited the resources and this is causing imbalance and great crises of abiotic and biotic inter – relations in environment. Environmental imbalance is a result of pollution, and along with excessive exploitation of resources, it has become difficult to maintain continuous pace of development.

Thus, in future, in place of temporary development it is necessary to adopt sustainable development so that environmental defects can be avoided. Due to the concept of continuous development constant development can be said to be the sustainable development.

Population Growth and Sustainable Development: Development is directly associated with per capita income, industrial and agricultural development, advanced transportation, information technology, pure air, fresh drinking water, comfortable residence, necessary clothing, healthy food, modern medical facilities and the availability of amusement facilities.

In the human development index of the world, Norway (0.944), Australia (0.935) and Switzerland are on first, second and third place respectively, while India with 0.609 human development index is on the 130th place. Thus, the countries having high human development index have prudently exploited the natural and human resources and increasing national income has made the life of citizens smooth and prosperous.

To maintain harmony of population growth with economic development, it is necessary that production should be done on local level by the industrial units based on local raw material so that with the use of raw material on local level, opportunity of employment would be there for local people, production cost would decrease and society and nation would move towards self dependence.

In the developing countries of the world, due to high population and lack of export business, low living standard is seen and a large part of population is found in a state of poverty and starvation. In these countries, there is shortage of capital and advanced technology for establishment of big industries. Thus, in these countries, medium – sized industries are preferred.

The country like India, with surplus manpower, labour – based industry would be more useful. On the other hand, in developed countries due to less population and growing exports business, progress and prosperity is seen and therefore high standard of living is found.

(b) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation

(c) Continuous use of resources

Correct Answer is : (a) Coal

(c) Pasture land

1. Increasing human needs due to population explosion. 

2. Rapid growth in industrialisation, urbanisation and transportation due to scientific inventions. 

3. Tendency of maximum consumption of resources due to the rampant growth of western consumerism culture. 

4. Thrust for rapid development.

Mainly these ten methods are important for conservation of resources:

1. Effective control on population growth: When populations increases more than the availability of resources then the speed of resources exploitation increases. In such situation, due to excessive exploitation, the non – renewable resources quickly get exhausted. So, for resource conservation in a country, effective control on population growth is necessary.

2. Holistic view in planning: Proper use and conservation of different environmental factors is called holistic view in planning. The different environment factors are inter related. The shortage of a single factor of environment causes imbalance. Thus, in making development plans, it is necessary to keep in mind the holistic view. In doing so, help is obtained in maintaining environmental balance, and on the other hand, there is a contribution in conservation of resources. 

3. Maintaining biotic balance: For the existence of man, water, air, vegetation and animals are considered the biotic basis. Thus for sustained development and for resource conservation, it is necessary to keep in mind the biotic balance at the time of execution of economic planning. Biotic imbalance creates problems of environmental pollution and ecological imbalance, and as a result, in place of economic development, the possibility of disasters increase. 

4. Maximum use of non – conventional resources of energy: For the conservation of resources, the use of solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and thermal energy is necessary. This helps in conservation of petroleum, coal, atomic minerals, and along with it the problem of environmental pollution can also be reduced. 

5. Search of alternative energy resources: There are limited reserves of non – renewable resources in the world, so it is necessary to discover and utilises such alternative resources so that non – renewable energy resources remain available to the coming generations. For example, by developing alternative energy resources like solar/wind energy, petroleum resources can be conserved. 

6. Use of priority bases: In nature, the limited and exhaustible resources should be used only for urgent need in activities of national interest and the alternatives of such resources should be used more.

7. Recycling: In this method, after using once, a product is reused by melting it. It is an important method of resource conservation. 

8. Use of artificial things: In place of using natural resources, use of artificial things is an alternative. It can help the availability of natural resources to be maintained for long time. For example: the use of plastic articles in place of wooden articles. 

9. Advanced and sophisticated technology: While using natural resources, if advanced and sophisticated technology is used then energy and other resources can be saved. For example: land resources can be saved by making multistoreyed buildings. 

10. Multipurpose use of resources: When several purposes are fulfilled in the execution of a single project, it is called a multipurpose project. Such projects help in conservation of resources – for example several aims are fulfilled by making dams on the rivers for irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectricity production, fisheries, flood control, forest development, soil conservation, supplementation of underground water, water transportation, etc.

Correct Answer is : (d) Mineral

(c) It can be renewed quickly

Through this method, scraps of metal are melted and made reused. This helps to conserve metallic minerals for the future.