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The planned, prudent, thrifty, recycled – based and non – destructive use of resources is called the conservation of resources. It never means to use the resources in a miserly way or not using them. All resources of the world should be used in such a manner, so that they may be conserved for future generations.

All types of stable and lifeless factors are abiotic, resources.

Difference between renewable and non-renewable resources: 

1. Renewable resources can be renewed or re – established after using them once. While non – renewable resources cannot be renewed or re – established after being once used, that is why these are called limited resources. 

2. Due to the re – establishment of renewable sources, their reserves never end, such as- Man, animal, forest and water, wind as well as solar, tidal and geothermal energy. While the non – renewable energy sources are on the verge of exhaustion due to their regular use and non-regeneration such as Iron, coal and petroleum, etc.

(d) Prudent and long – time use

All those natural and human factors which man uses for the fulfilment of his needs, are called resources. It is clear that any natural thing becomes a resource when man uses it for his own benefit. That is why, it is said that resources are not present; they are created. According to Jimmerman, “The meaning of resources is to achieve the aim. This aim fulfills the needs and social aims of man”. 

Following conditions are necessary for a thing to remain in the category of resources:

1. The use of a thing is possible for human needs. 

2. Such things that can be transformed into valuable and useful. 

3. Such things having capacity to fulfil certain needs. 

4. The human resources exploiting these resources should be prosperous. 

5. Necessary capital should be there for sustainable growth in the form of resources. Because man creates resources, that is why, he is called the Father of Resources.

Need of Resources Conservation:

At present, the need of resource conservation is given in the points below:

1. Conservation of resources is necessary for sustained development of man and for long time use. 

2. The speed with which destructive consumption of resources is being done, the crises of their complete exhaustion is imminent. For our coming generations, maintaining the resources availability and their proper conservation is a must. 

3. Due to rapid population growth, increasing urbanisation, industrialisation and deforestation on large scale, resources are getting exhausted quickly, and on the other hand, it has caused ecological imbalance and environmental pollution. The resources conservation is necessary to solve these problems, maintaining sustained development and environment quality.

Problem of Resource Conservation: The fast economic development by man has increased the scale of exploitation in resources. Renewable resources can be re – established to a certain limit, while on the other hand, due to low speed of renewable in non – renewable resources, crises of their exhaustion has arisen. In lack of resources, coming human generations will be deprived of expected development.

Four factors are jointly responsible for causing problems of the conservation of resources: 

1. Increasing human needs due to population explosion. 

2. Rapid growth in industrialisation, urbanisation and transportation due to scientific inventions. 

3. From widespread expansion of western culture, tendency of consumerism, maximum use of resources. 

4. Tendency of maximum development.

Types of Resources:

The classification of resources can be done on following four bases:

1. On production basis there are two classes of resources:

• Biotic resources 
• Abiotic resources 

2. On aim basis, there are two classes of resources:

• Energy resources – conventional and non – conventional are its two sub – classes. 
• Non – energy resources. 

3. On the basis of continuous use there are following two classes of resources:

• Non – renewable or ending resources. 
• Renewable or unending resources. 

4. On ownership basis, it is of three classes:

• Individual resources 
• National resources 
• International resources

Following are the differences:

1. All biotic resorces are unending due to being renewable by increasing their number through reproduction, while all non – renewable sources due to incapability of reproduction are non – renewable and ending. 

2. Biotic resources can be inactive or active while the abiotic resources are only inactive.

Human, animals, pasturelands and natural vegetation are the four examples of biotic resources.

Correct Answer is : (b) Animal

Mari and other animals have movement. Hence, they are moving biotic resources.

The meaning of resources is to obtain an aim, this aim fulfils the needs and social goals of man.

Coal, petroleum and iron.

India is in the third stage of demographic transition.

The states with a higher sex ratio than the national average include Kerala (1084), Tamil Nadu (995), Andhra Pradesh (992), Chhattisgarh (991), Manipur (987), Meghalaya (986), Odisha (978), Himachal Pradesh (974), Karnataka (968), Tripura (961) and in Puducherry (1035) and Lakshadweep (946) union territories.

(c) Himachal Pradesh

Correct Answer is: (b) 74.04%

(b) Primitive Australoid

Unless man discoveres, processes and utilises resources, they are of no use. Thus, resources are not there, these are made.

Because they are capable to increase their numbers by reproduction.

Forest, underground water, human.

The resources which are being used since ancient time.

According to 2011 census, the percentage of child – aged group and old – aged group in India are 29.5 and 8.0 respectively. While, the percentage of Adult group is 62.5, which indicates high dependency ratio. Also, it indicates a high working population in the region.

The age pyramid of India has a wide base and a sharp peak, which indicates the mobility of the population.

Correct Answer is: (b) Kerala

Correct Answer is: (a) Tamil Nadu

As per 2011 census, the national average of urban population in India is 31.20%.

In India, Bihar is the state with the lowest literacy rate (63.82%) in the year 2011.

Correct Answer is: (d) Haryana

Correct Answer is: (a) Kerala

According to 2011 census, in India, Kerala has the highest sex ratio (1084).

1. Tamil Nadu (9.56%). 

2. Goa (9.57%). 

3. Kerala (9.95%).

In India, the states with high urban population percentage are Tamil Nadu (48.45%), Kerala (47.72%), Maharashtra (45.23%), Gujarat (42.58%), Karnataka (38.57%) and Punjab (37.49%).

Correct Answer is: (d) 31.2

As per census of 2011, the highest percentage of rural population in India is in Uttar Pradesh (18.6%). While, the highest percentage of rural population in the total population of the state was in Mizoram (48.5%).

Correct Answer is: (b) Mizoram

Correct Answer is: (a) Puducherry

22 languages are notified in Indian Constitution.

Correct Answer is: (b) 833 million

These are divided into two parts – Energy resources and non – energy resources.

These are classified into two parts – biotic and non – biotic resources.

Establishment of schools in different areas and increasing public awareness towards education are the main reasons for increase in literacy in India after independence. Besides this, rapid increase in female literacy compared to male literacy has made a significant contribution in enhancing the literacy level in India. Social media and government policies also have encouraged general people towards providing educational facilities to their children.

In India, out of the population of more than 7 years of age, such percentage of population that can read and write and has the ability to perform simple arithmetical calculations, is called Literacy.

Literacy is considered to be the criteria for the development of any civilised society. Literacy is an indicator of the economy of a country, urbanisation, standard of living, caste composition, condition of women in society, educational facilities, development of modes of transport and technological development, etc.

Nature of literacy in India: In 2011, the literacy rate in India was 74.04%. Since 1961, there has been a rapid increase in the average literacy rate of India. But literacy rate of India has increased unevenly at the regional level. At present (in 2011), on the basis of variations found in literacy rates, the states of India can be categorized into the following groups:

1. States / union territories With literacy rate of more than 80%: In 2011, the states/ union territories with literacy rate of more than 80% were as follows:

Kerala (93.91%), Lakshadweep (92.28%), Mizoram ( 91.58%), Tripura (87.75%), Goa (87.40%), Daman and Diu (87.07%), Puducherry (86.55%), Chandigarh (86.43%), Chhattisgarh (86.40%), Delhi (86.34%), Andaman – Nicobar (86.27%), Himachal Pradesh (83.78%), Maharashtra (82.91%), Sikkim (82.28%), Tamil Nadu (80.33%) and Nagaland (80.11%).

2. States / union territories with literacy rate between 70% and 80%: In 2011, this group includes the following 10 states and one union territory in India: Manipur (79.85%), Uttarakhand (79.63%), Gujarat (79.31%), Dadra-Nagar Haveli (77.65%), West Bengal (77.08%), Punjab (76.68%), Haryana (76.64%), Karnataka (75.60%), Meghalaya (75.48%), Odisha (73.45%), Assam (73.18%) and Madhya Pradesh (70.63%).

3. States with literacy rate less than 70%: In 2011, the states with literacy rate of 65% to 70% include Uttar Pradesh (69.72%), Jammu – Kashmir (68.74%), Andhra Pradesh (67.70%), Jharkhand (67.63%), Rajasthan (67.06%), Arunachal Pradesh (670 %), and Bihar (63.82%).

The states with a lower sex ratio than the national average include Haryana (877), Bihar (916), Jammu – Kashmir (883), Sikkim (889), Punjab (893), Uttar Pradesh (908). Gujarat (918), Rajasthan (926), Arunachal Pradesh (920), Nagaland (931), Madhya Pradesh (930) and Maharashtra (925). While, the union – territories in this context include Daman and Diu (618), Dadra – Nagar Haveli (775) and Chandigarh (818).

During the decade 2001 – 2011, the sex ratio decreased in the states of Bihar, Jammu – Kashmir and Gujarat ; and in the union – territories of Daman – Diu, Dadra – Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep.

Urban environment, sex ratio and urban community facilities are adversely affected by the increasing urbanisation in India.

The combined study of the age, gender, place of residence, human race symptoms, language, religion, literacy, tribe, rural – urban status etc. of the population living in an area is known as the Population Composition. On this basis, the composition of population of India has been analyzed under the following titles:

1. Rural – urban population. 

2. Sex ratio.

3. Age structure. 

4. Literacy. 

5. Language Composition. 

6. Religious Structure. 

7. Racial Struture.

1. Rural – urban Population: In the year 2011, total population of India was 121.02 crore, in which 83.31 crore population (68.8% of the total population) was rural, while 37.71 crore population (31.20% of the total population) was urban. In India, the highest concentration of rural population (percentage of rural population in the total population of the state) is found in the states – Himachal Pradesh (89.96%), Bihar (88.70%), Assam (85.92%), Odisha (83.32%), Meghalaya (79.92%), Uttar Pradesh (77.72%) and Arunachal Pradesh (77.33%). In India, the highest concentration of urban population (percentage of urban population in the total population of the state) is found in the states – Tamil Nadu (48.45%), Kerala (47.72%), Maharashtra (45.23%), Gujarat (42.58%), Karnataka (38.57%) and Punjab (37.49%)

2. Sex – Ratio: In the year 2011, the average sex-ratio in India was 940. In 2011, the states having a higher sex-ratio than the average sex – ratio of India were Kerala (1084), Tamil Nadu (995), Andhra Pradesh (992), and the union territories like Puducherry (1031) and Lakshadweep (945), whereas, the states having the lowest sex ratio were Haryana (877), Jammu – Kashmir (883), Sikkim (889), and the union territories like Daman and Diu (618), Dadra and Nagar Haveli (775) and Chandigarh (818).

3. Age Structure: The study of the percentage of the population of people of different age – groups of a country comes under the category of age structure. As per 2011 census, 29.5% of the total population of India consists of juvenile group (0 – 14 age group), 62.5% consists of adult group (15 – 59 years) and 8% consists of old – age group (60 years and above).

4. Literacy: In 2011, the literacy rate in the country was 74.04%. The states/union territories with higher literacy than the average include Kerala (93.91%), Lakshadweep (92.2%) and Mizoram (91.58%) whereas, the states with lowest literacy rate include Bihar (63.82%), Rajasthan (67.06%), Jammu – Kashmir (68.74%), Uttar Pradesh (69.72%) and Madhya Pradesh (70.63%).

5. Language Composition: According to the 2011 census, Hindi is the mother-tongue of 48.69 crore people in the country (40.22% of the total population). The other major languages of the country include Bengali (8.3% of the total population), Telugu (7.87%), Marathi (7.45%), Tamil (6.32%), Urdu (5.18%) and Gujarati (4.85%). The other languages spoken in the country include Kannada (3.91%), Malayalam (3.62%), Oriya (3.35%), Punjabi (2.79%) and Assamese (1.56%).

6. Religious Structure: In 2011, the followers of the Hindu religion constitute 79.56% of the total population of India. Whereas, the percentage of the followers of the Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain religion is respectively 14.31, 2.36, 1.74, 0.77 and 0.41 percent of the total population of the country. In India, the highest percentage of the Hindu population at the state level is in Himachal Pradesh (95.43%) and the lowest percentage is in Mizoram (3.55%). The highest percentage of the Muslim population is found in Lakshadweep (94.92%) and the lowest percentage is in Mizoram (1.14%). In terms of population-size, the states with highest Muslim population include Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar.

7. Racial structure: The Races found in India include Negrito, Proto – Australoid, Mongoloid, Mediterranean, Broad. Headed Western Races and Nordic Races. Negrito race is found primarily in the states like Nagaland and Jharkhand. Proto – Australoid race is found mainly in Central India and in the mountainous forest areas of South India. Mongoloid tribe resides in north – eastern states, Sikkim, Lahaul – Spiti and in areas of Ladakh. Nordic Race lives in north – western – parts of India. Mediterranean and broad – headed western Race are found residing in different regions of India.

Giving preference to the birth of sons over daughters, child marriage, low level of women in society, lack of education for girls, prime importance to men in society, increasing urbanisation, etc. are main reasons for low sex ratio in India.

(c) Indo – Aryan (Indo – European)

These are classified into three parts – individual resources, national resources and international resources.

Indian languages have been divided into four groups on the basis of their dialect and origin – Indo – European, Dravidian, Sino Tibetan and AustroAsiatic.