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Yes, I would like to have a career in Army/Navy/Air Force.
I would like to join the Army so that I can get a chance to protect the borders my country.
I would like to join the Navy so that I can protect the coastline of the country. What a thrill it would be to sail in the middle of the sea or in a submarine !
I would like to join the Air Force to experience the thrill of flying high up in the skies and fighting the enemy. Air Force is a great support to the Navy and the Air Force.

Correct answer is 2 km

Correct answer is 2 km

1 brother and 1 sister

1. A bat measures 3 cm to 180 cm (1.2 inch to 7.1 inch).

2. A bat weighs 2 gram to 1000 gram.

3. The top speed of a bat is 40 km / h.

4. There 1100 species of the bat.

5. A bat lives for 10 years to 30 years.

6. Bats are found in 3 colours -brown, black and grey.

7. A bat eats 3 different kinds of food-mice, frogs and fruits.

8. 3 species drink blood.

1. Kukee carries his helmet, oxygen mask and lead set to the service station.

2. Before the final take off, Kukee s checks the plane for leaks, loose panels and pins.

3. Kukee examines the forms certifying that every part in the plane has been checked.

4. If he pulls the cord, the seat with a parachute will rocket 200 metres out of the aircraft in less than a second.

5. After sitting in the plane, Kukee connects his oxygen supply and radio.

1. A rhinoceros measures 1.3 m to 2.2 m.

2. A rhinoceros weighs 800 kg to 3500 kg.

3. The top speed of a rhinoceros is 48 km/h.

4. A rhinoceros lives for 35 years to 50 years.

5. Rhinoceros are found in 3 colours -brown, grey and black.

6.A rhinoceros eats 3 different kinds of food-grass, leaves and fruits.

7. The longest horn measured 4 feet and 9 inches.

1. 321 refers to the squadron commanded by Kukee

2. Wing Commander K. S. Suresh goes to the air base of India’s western sector.

3. K. S. Suresh is called Kukee.

4. The guard recognizes Suresh and salutes him smartly.

1. Tyagi is flying a MiG-21, a single- seater fighter plane.

2. They lift off at 360 kph.

1. Tyagi is called ‘Bundle’.

2. In the flight planning room, Kukee takes out a map from the shelf and chalks outs the path and speed of the plane.

3. After the mission is planned, Kukee goes to another room and discusses the target with an army officer.

4. It takes one hour to plan the mission.

5. On this mission, Tyagi is Kukee’s wingman.

1. The Command Headquarters has assigned the mission.

2. Kukee calls the Meteorological Officer to get the weather report.

3. On that day, there were thick clouds at 550 metres, visibility 5 kilometres, a haze at 400 metres, west wind at 15 kph and slight air disturbance.

1. At 5.20 a.m. K. S. Suresh is in the flight planning room.

2. On that day, the order for Kukee is an air strike at Batala, Punjab at 7 a.m.

3. Kukee will lead a two plane formation against ‘enemy’-17th Armoured Brigade of a hostile country.

4. There are maps and identification charts on the walls of the planning room.

1. There are six members in my family.

2. I have one sister.

3. I have 3 vehicles – a car, a scooter and a bicycle.

4. My school is about 2 km away from my house.

5. It takes 15 minutes to reach school.

6. I have been in this school for 8 years.

7. There are 35 students in my class.

8. There are 15 girls in my class.

9. There are 20 boys in my class.

10. I have 4 friends.

11. I drink 2 glasses of milk every day.

12. I study for 2 hours.

13. I play for 1 hour.

14. I watch TV for 1 hour.

15. There are about 13 trees around my house.

16. The garden is about 1 km away from my house.
My friend’s name is Nita. There are six members in her family. She has 1 sister. She has 3 vehicles a car, a scooter and a bicycle. Nita’s house is 2 km away from her school.

It takes 15 minutes to reach school. Nita has been in this school for 8 years. There are 35 students in her class. There are 15 girls and 20 boys in the class. Nita has 4 friends.

She drinks 2 glasses of milk every day. Nita studies for 2 hours. She plays for 1 hour and watches TV for 1 hour. There are about 13 trees around her house. The garden is about 1 km away from her house.

Correct answer is 2 hours

a. 

i. AUG—Methionine 

ii. UUU—Phenylalanine 

iii. UAG—No amino acid is coded as it is a stop codon. 

b. TAC, AAA, ATC.

(a) By binding an amino acid at its 3′ end the tRNA transports the amino acid to the site of protein synthesis.

(b) It binds to the codon on mRNA through hydrogen bonds with its anticodon as it is recognised by the codon of the amino acid it carries, it is to release the amino acid at the correct site for polypeptide elongation.

tRNA binds to aminoacid and mRNA to decode the information on mRNA is in the form of sequence of amino acid in a polypeptide .

The synaptic vesicles of the synaptic knob are filled with Neurotransmitters.

Abscisic acid is a mildly acidic growth hormone, which functions as a general growth inhibitor by counteracting other hormones or reactions mediated by them. Abscisic acid is also called as stress hormone because the synthesis of abscisic acid is stimulated by drought, water logging and other adverse environmental conditions. It is produced in many parts of the plants but more abundantly inside the chloroplasts of green cells.

It inhibits the shoot growth and promotes growth of root system. This character protect the plants from water stress. Hence, ABA is called as stress hormone.

(d) Napthalene Acetic Acid

Uses of Ethylene: 

(i) Ethylene is used for colour development and ripening of certain fleshy fruits. 

(ii) Application of ethephon in cucumber increases the number of female flowers and hen fruits 

(iii) The sprouting of storage organs such as rhizomes, corms, tubers can be enhanced by exposing them to ethylene. 

Uses of Abscissic acid: 

(i) ABA can be used as anti-transpirant. Application of minute quantity of ABA to leaves reduces transpiration to a great extent through partial closure of stomata. 

(ii) Abscisic acid can be used to promote rooting in many stem cuttings. 

(iii) The dormancy of buds, seeds and storage organs can be prolonged by the application of ABA.

(i) Gibberellins: Stem elongation. 

Abscissic acid: Acts as a growth inhibitor. 

(ii) Cytokinin: Counteract the dominance of apical buds. 

Ethylene : Causes apical dominance and fruit ripening. 

(iii) Auxin: It inhibits the above functions. 

Ethylene: It breaks seed and bud dormancy and induces respiration rate during fruit ripening.

Fruit ripening, formation of arenchyma and latex cells.

a. Universal genetic code means that the specific codon codes for same amino acid in all living organisms, e.g. codon AUG always specifies amino acid methionine.

b. Genetic code is called non-ambiguous because, each codon specifies a particular amino acid.

1. Each single base is a part of only one codon. 

2. Adjacent codons do not overlap. 

3. If it had been overlapping type, with 6 bases, there would be 4 amino acid molecules in a chain. 

4. Experimental evidence favours nonoverlapping nature of genetic code.

1. M. Nirenberg and Matthaei synthesized artificial poly-U m-RNA. 

2. Using this synthetic poly-U m-RNA and cell free system of protein synthesis, a small polypeptide consisting of only amino acid phenylalanine was obtained. 

3. It suggested that UUU codes for phenylalanine. 

4. Dr. Har Gobind Khorana devised a technique for synthesis of artificial mRNA with repeated sequences of known nucleotides. 

5. He synthesized artificial RNA consisting of known repeated sequences of two or three nucleotides. E.g. CUC, UCU, CUC, UCU, by using synthetic DNA. 

6. This resulted in formation of polypeptide chain consisting of alternate amino acids leucine and serine. 

7. Synthetic RNA consisting of CUA, CUA, CUA, CUA repeats gave polypeptide chain with only one amino acid – leucine. 

8. Severo Ochoa established that the enzyme (polynucleotide phosphorylase) also helps in polymerizing RNA of defined sequences in a template-independent manner (i.e. enzymatic synthesis of RNA). 

9. Thus all the 64 codons in the dictionary of genetic code were deciphered.

Genetic code is always read in 5′ → 3’ direction. This is called polarity of genetic code.

Gibberella fujikuroi

Characteristics of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs): 

(i) PGRs are small, simple molecules of diverse chemical structure occurring in plants. 

(ii) They are indole compounds (indole-3- acetic acid, IAA) adenine derivatives N⁶ - furfurylamino purine, kinetin, the derivatives of carotenoids and the fatty acids (abscisic acid, ABA); terpenes (gibberellic acid, GA₃) or gases (ethylene, C₂H₄).

Ethylene is used in following ways: 

(i) Ethephon hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes and apples. 

(ii) Increase in number of fruits. 

(iii) Sprouting of storage organs such as rhizomes, corms, tubers can be enhanced by exposing them to ethylene. 

(iv) Ethylene accelerates abscission in flowers and fruits and is used for thinning of fruits like cotton, cherry etc.

(i) Functions of Gibberellin:

(a) Stimulates stem elongation and leaf expansions. 

(b) Breaks seed dormancy. 

(ii) Functions of Cytokinin: 

(a) Stimulates cell division. 

(b) Help overcome apical dominance.

(b) Adenosine deaminase

It involves in the sex determination of an individual.

Henking first observed ‘X’ chromosome.

Gap junction: Facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells for rapid transfer of ions, and molecules. 

Tight junctions: Plasma membranes of adjacent cells are fused at intervals. They help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.

It will code for 19 amino acids because, the last codon on mRNA will be a terminating codon, which will not code for any amino acid.

Peptide bond

Charging of tRNA: The amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP and linked to their cognate tRNA. This process is called charging of tRNA or amino-acylation of tRNA. When two such charged tRNAs are brought close enough, the formation of peptide bond between the corresponding amino acids would be favoured energetically. The presence of a catalyst would enhance the rate of peptide bond formation.

a. Polarity from a to a' is 5'→ 3'. No more amino acid will be added to this polypeptide chain. 

b. TCA; anticodon is UCA. 

c. The untranslated sequence of bases are required for efficient translation process. They are present before the start codon at the 5'-end and after the stop codon at 3'-end.

(i) (a) It aimed at sequencing 3 billion bases that make up human DNA. 

(b) It involved the identification of all genes in human DNA. 

(c) The cost of the project was estimated to be approx. 9 billion US dollars which is a huge cost for the project.

(d) Enormous amount of data were expected to generate. 

It is therefore the HGP was called the mega project 

(ii) Goals are : 

(a) To identify the 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA. 

(b) To store all the information in databases. 

(c) To develop the computer based analysis of the data obtained 

(d) To improve the tools for data analysis. 

(e) To transfer the technologies to other sectors. 

(f) To find out the solution of the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

(i) No. such discrimination of people is not at all correct because all the people have the same genetic material. 

(ii) Only less then 2% of human genome codes for proteins. 

(iii) Chromosome-1 has the most number of genes. It has about 2968 genes and chromosome Y has the least number of genes. It has only 231 genes.

The three main goals of HGP are- 

(i) To determine the sequences of 3 billion base pairs that make up the human DNA. 

(ii) To identify all the estimated genes in human DNA. 

(iii) To store this information in databases.

Sequencing of genes, DNA finger printing, tracing human history, chromosomal location for disease associated sequences.

Y = Yeast

B = Bacterial 

Used as vector for cloning foreign DNA

Detailed answer:

YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes) and BAC (Bacterial Artificial chromosomes) are cloning vectors. They are used in Human genome project for cloning or amplification of human DNA fragments.

 (<) 2% , (<) 50%

Detailed answer:

Total number of genes (coding for protein) in the human genome is 30,000 which is less than 2% of the total genome and almost 50% of the discovered genes have known functions.