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Central Part inner to endodermis is called stele. It includes pericycle and vascular system.

1. Epidermis protects the inner tissues. 

2. Stomata helps in transpiration.

3. Root hairs help in absorption of water and minerals.

1. It is the source of all our food and fuel,

2. It drives all other process of biological and a biological world, 

3. It is responsible for the growth and sustenance of our biosphere.

Photosynthetic pigments other than chlorophyll ‘a’ are generally I called accessory pigments. 

Eg: Chlorophyll ‘A’- Carotenoids and Xanthophyll.

If the number of proto xylem points are four, the xylem is called tetrarch.

Eg: Dicot root

In dicot leaf, the mesophyll is differentiated into palisade parenchyma on the upper side and spongy parenchyma on the lower side. A leaf showing this differentiation is mesophyll is designated as dorsiventral. 

Eg: Dicot leaf.

In monocot leaf, the mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma (i.e., made of only spongy or palisade parenchyma) is called isobilateral leaf. 

Eg: Grass (Monocot leaf)

The Goldilock zone for life is the zone having a right mass to retain an atmosphere and have an orbit at the right distance from its star that allows liquid water to exist and the distance need to be neither too hot or cold. In our solar system – Earth is the only planet in the Goldilock zone.

The atherosclerosis is the condition, where the arteries become narrowed and hardened, due to the build-up of plaque (fatty streak to a fibrous form) around the artery wall and leads to the narrowing of blood vessels. It leads to Ischemia (deficient blood supply to the heart muscle) and myocardial infarction (death of the heart muscle tissue) occur. This disease disrupts the flow of blood around the body, posing the risk of serious complications.

In adult-onset diabetes, insulin production by the pancreas is normal and target cells do not respond to insulin.

(b) Diabetes mellitus

1. Get them involved in Planning healthy meals shopping. 

2. Make them to understand the risk factors of eating junk food. 

3. Understand the importance of eating low caloric food and to avoid junk food as junk food and soft drinks have high calorie. 

4. To maintain the correct BMI

It is difficult to get rid of the habit because they feel a strong urge to keep taking a drug or alcohol are dependent. It reaches the brain through the bloodstream. The persons fully dependent on drug or alcohol and they cannot live without drugs, which we call drug dependence.

(d) Central nervous system.

(b) Cirrhosis of liver

1. False – Insulin administration is necessary for Type-1 diabetes. 

2. True 

3. False – International Day against drug abuse and Illicit trafficking is on June 26,h

(c) Helper-t-Lymphocytes

1. False – AIDS is an pandemic disease .2. True

3. False – Obesity is characterized by cancer formation. 

4. False – In leukemia only WBC increases in number. 

5. True 

6. True 

7. False – Type 1 diabetes mellitus results due to insulin deficiency. 

8. True 

9. False – Nicotine is a stimulant. 

10. False – Cirrhosis is associated with liver disorder.

(a) Many people are ignorant and not ready to discuss about the sexually transmitted disease like AIDS. 

(b) Awareness to be created on the dreadful effects of AIDS and HIV.

Two major problems which hamper the effective working of Village Panchayats are as follows:

1. Domination of Upper Caste Landed Aristocracy.

2. Ignorance, Illiteracy and Poverty of the People.

Two major problems which hamper the effective working of Village Panchayats are as follows:

1. Domination of Upper Caste Landed Aristocracy.

2. Ignorance, Illiteracy, and Poverty of the People.

Two features of the new Panchayati Raj Act are:

1. There shall be a three-tier system of Panchayats at village, intermediate and district level.

2. In the event of dissolution, elections will be compulsorily held within six months.

Two Supervisory-functions of a Zila Parishad are:

1. The Zila Parishad supervises the activities of a Panchayat Samitis and Gram Panchayats.

2. It coordinates the developmental plans prepared by the Panchayat Samitis in the District.

Two Civic and Welfare functions of a Zila Parishad are:

1. Construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges, and culverts.

2. Construction of parks.

‘Gram Sabha’ is a body of all the adult members registered as voters in the Panchayat area.

With regard to the Zila Parishad, the given questions are answered as under: 

(a) The civic and the welfare functions of Zila Parishad are 

1. construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges and culverts, 

2. to develop the land, water and human resources of the area, 

3. to establish libraries, educational institutions and dispensaries, 

4. to promote the welfare of weaker sections of society, and 

5. to provide relief in times of distress, drought and scarcity. 

6. Construction of parks 

7. To implement programmes concerning agriculture. 

(b) The Zila Parishad supervises the activities of the Panchayat Samitis.and the Gram Panchayats. The Zila Parishad examines and approves the budgets of the Panchayat Samities. The government promoted e-governance in order to monitor Panchayat Samiti’s functioning, including budgeting and accounting, etc.

Diet, hypoglycemic drugs, insulin injection and exercise are the management options based on the type and severity of the condition. The overall goal of diabetes management is to maintain normal blood glucose level.

• Prolonged use of alcohol depresses the nervous system, by acting as a sedative and analgesic substance.
• Nerve cell damage, causing mental or physical disturbances.
• Lack of Co-ordination of body organs.
• Blurred or reduced vision, results in road accidents.
• Dilation of blood vessels, which affect the functioning of the heart.
• Liver damage, resulting in fatty liver which leads to cirrhosis and formation of fibrous tissues.
• Body loses its control and consciousness leading to health complications.

Sexually abused children show symptoms of genital injury, abdominal pain, frequent urinary infection and behavioural problems.

Physical abuse of a child is defined as those acts that cause physical harm such as the threatening, beating, kicking and hitting the child. Child abuse constitutes all forms of physical or emotional ill – treatment, sexual abuse, exploitation resulting in child’s ill health, survival and development.

(a) Pulmonary tuberculosis and emphysema are caused by tobacco. 

(b) Proper Counselling and medical assistance help to give up the habit.

Cancer causing agents are called carcinogens. They are physical, chemical agents, ionizing radiations and biological agents.

Physical Irritant : Heavy smoking causes lung cancer and cancers of oral cavity, pharynx (throat) and larynx. Betel and tobacco chewing causes oral cancer. Excessive exposure to sunlight may cause skin cancer.

Chemical agents : Nicotine, caffeine, products of combustion of coal and oil, pesticides, asbestos, nickel, certain dyes and artificial sweetners induce cancer.

Radiations : Ionizing radiations like X-rays, gamma-rays, radioactive substances and non-ionising radiations like UV rays cause DNA damage leading to cancer.

Biological agents : Cancer causing viruses are called oncogenic viruses.

Knowing the dangers of smoking and chewing tobacco adolescents and the old people need to avoid these habits. Proper counselling and medical assistance can help an addict to give up the habit of smoking.

(a) Drug Dependence: Persons who consume psychotropic drugs become fully dependent on them, they cannot live without drugs. This condition is referred to as Drug Dependence. The dependence maybe

• Physical and mental dependence: Dependence on the drug for normal condition of well being and to maintain physiological state.
• Psychological dependence is a feel that drugs help them to reduce stress.

(b) Behavioural Changes of Drug Users:

• Drop-in Academic performance, absence from school or college.
• Lack of interest in personal hygiene, isolation, depression, fatigue and aggressive behaviour.
• Deteriorating relationship with family and friends.
• Change in food and sleeping habits.
• Fluctuation in body weight and appetite.
• Always looking for an easy way to get money for obtaining drugs.
• Prone to infections like AIDS and Hepatitis – B.

(c) Drug De-addiction:

• Detoxification: The drug is stopped gradually and the addict is helped to overcome the withdrawal symptoms. The addict undergoes severe physical and emotional disturbance. This is taken care of by specific medication.
• Psychotherapy: Individual and group counselling is given by psychologists and counsellors. The treatment includes efforts to reduce the addict’s stress, taught new ways to solve everyday’s problems, adequate diet, rest and relaxation.
• Counselling to family members: Social workers counsel family members in order to change the attitude of rejection. So that the addict is accepted by the family and society.
• Rehabilitation: They are given proper vocational training so that they can lead a healthy life and become useful members of society.

Adverse effects of drug use among adolescents are: 

1. Drop in academic performance, absence from school or college. 

2. Lack of interest in personal hygiene,isolation, depression, fatigue and aggressive behaviour. 

3. Deteriorating relationship with family and friends.

4. Change in food and sleeping habits. 

5. Fluctuation in body weight and appetite. 

6. Always looking out for an easy way to get money for obtaining drugs. 

7. Prone to infections like AIDS and Hepatitis-B.

(a) AIDS transmitted by sexual contact with infected person or by infected blood transfusion. 

(b) Advocating safe sex screening of blood from blood banks for HIV before transfusion.

(a) Peer Pressure and mood swing 

(b) Creating awareness and proper counselling

Nyaya Panchayat also called Panchayati Adalat is set up for every three or four Gram Panchayats. These Panchayats exist only in some States and perform judicial functions.

The chief functions of Nyaya Panchayats are the following:

1. They ensure quick and inexpensive justice to villagers.

2. They can impose a fine of up to Rs. 100.

Chairperson is the head of local government at the district level.

Panchayati Raj System at the block or middle level is called Panchayat Samiti.

The head of the Panchayat Samiti is called Chairman. He is appointed by his own members.

Local self-government in villages as Panchayat and in urban areas as Municipal Board provides basic leadership qualities promotion and direct and easy solutions of the local problems.

The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act. 1992 relating to Panchayats and Part IX A relating to Municipalities provide for among other things a uniform and fixed term of 5 years for both the rural and urban local bodies.

1. Parties that secured more than 15 Assembly seats. 

1.  TRS 
2.  Congress Party 
3.  T.D.P

2. TRS secured more seats in 2014 elections because it played a key role in Telangana agitation.

73rd amendment : The 73rd constitutional amendment created institutions of local self government at the village level and so Gram Panchayat, Mandal Parishad and Zilla Parishad are formed.

In Andhra Pradesh, the frequent change of Chief Ministers by the central Congress leadership and the imposition of leaders from above created a bad taste.

Correct option is A) Punjab

a) 73rd Constitutional Amendment created institutions of local self-governments for villages. 

b) According to 74th Constitutional Amendment general elections were conducted in towns/cities. 

c) 1/3 seats were reserved for women in local self-government elections.