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The sources of livelihood of the people in Thar region is animal rearing, agriculture, labour (mannual work), handicraft and seasonal agriculture during rains for only a few months.

Drass is one of the coldest inhabited places in the world is True.

Leh is the capital of Ladakh is True.

The finest cricket bats are made from the wood of willow trees is True.

The area of Laddakh has many passes. Trade route between Kashmir and Karakoram goes through Karakoram pass. Transport facility is very less. Only trails

and unmetalled roads are here for travelling, Mules is used to carry loads. Leh, the capital of Laddakh, is about 434 km from Srinagar by road. The National Highway 1A connects Leh to the Kashmir Valley through the Zojila pass. Two main towns Leh and Kargil are connected by air services.

Mostly the medium of exchange is barter (goods) instead of currency.

Shiyok, Indus, Zaskar, Markha, Vakachea, Dras, Dada, etc., are some of the rivers found in Laddakh.

The word Laddakh is made up of two words, La means, mountain pass and Dak meaning country.

Yak is found in Thar desert is flase.

The maximum portion of Thar desert lies in Rajasthan. It is extended in the west to Pakistan.

Physical Conditions : The whole region of the Thar desert is sandy and have sand dunes all over. Aravali ranges lies east to it. The climate is very dry and sandy storm is commonly seen in summer. The days are very hot while nights are cooler.

This region receives very less rainfall, which occurs to monsoon winds. Rainfall is unfixed and irregular. Evaporation rate is very high due to high temperature. Because of uncertain rains, sometimes flood can occur.

In 2006 in Banner district and in 2015 in Jalor district are examples of flood due to irregular rains. Because of low rainfall, drought occurs. Underground water is at more depth which is usually salty,but in Lathi Series region in Jaisalmer fresh underground water is available.

In Laddakh, people live in small villages in the valleys of the mountains. Stone and brick houses can be seen in some fertile plots called Khangpa in local language. The flat roof of the houses is used to collect fodder for cattle. Mostly the people of Laddakh wear woollen clothes throughout the year. Due to extreme cold the people drink a not beverage called Chang to keep their body warm. All the rivers of Laddakh freeze in winter and become a path to move for the people. But today people are adopting new lifestyles and are moving towards urban cities.

Yak is found in Thar desert is Flase.

Drass is one of the coldest inhabited places in the world is True.

The fields of new alluvial soil spread by rivers in the northern plains of India are known as Khadar, while on the same land the fields created by spreading of old alluvial soil by rivers are called Bangar.

The eastern and western coastal plains of Indian peninsula is classified into following: 

(a) Western Coastal Plain : 1

1. Kathiawar Coast 

2. Konkan Coast 

3. Kannad Coast 

4. Malabar Coast. 

(b) Eastern Coastal Plain : 

1. Northern Circar Coast 

2. Coromandal Coast.

The main occupations of people in coastal plains are as follows: 

• Agriculture is the main occupation; almost half of the total population in this region is engaged in farming. 
• Most of the people in this region work in tea, coffee and rubber plantations.
• Because of living in close vicinity of the sea, most of the population is engaged in fishing occupation.
• Apart from the above, some people are also engaged in industries, transportation, etc.

The word ‘Khadar’ is related to  plains

1. lagoon 

2. Coconut 

3. Alluvial 

4. Bangar.

The object lying on the fork road looked like a bundle of white clothing. On the narrator’s reaching near the object, it turned out to be an elderly Indian lying quite still with his face covered with blood.

बँटी हुई सड़क पर पड़ी चीज़ सफेद कपड़े की गठरी सी दिखती थी। वर्णनकर्ता के वस्तु के पास पहुँचने पर, वह खून से लथपथ चेहरे वाला पूर्णतः शान्त एक वृद्ध भारतीय निकला।

The entertainment show was organised at the Sapper Camp at Begumpet in Hyderabad state. It was organised on the night before the narrator was due to leave to the General Headquarters at New-Delhi, the place of his new posting.

मनोरंजन वाला प्रदर्शन हैदराबाद राज्य में बेगम पेट में सैपर कैम्प में किया गया था। जिस दिन वर्णनकर्ता को नयी दिल्ली स्थित मुख्यालय, अपने नयी नियुक्ति के स्थान, के लिए प्रस्थान करना था उससे पूर्व की रात्रि को यह प्रदर्शन आयोजित किया गया था।

The southern coast of western coastal plains is Malabar coast.

khadar  is most suitable region for agriculture.

Western cyclones brings rainfall during winter season in Ganga Yamuna plains

The main harbours of Malabar coast are as follows :

• Kozhikode or Calicut 
• Kochi 
• Alleppey 
• Thiruvananthapuram.

Dense evergreen forests are found in this region. Coconut, Sagwan, Cinchona, Sal, Rubber, Eboni and Rosewood, etc. trees are found.

Patriarchal system exists in Indian society, therefore after the death of the male head of the family, his property gets divided among his male successors and henceforth the size of farms also get reduced.

Natural Vegetation is not a mammade landscape

coromandal not a part of western coastal plain

Almost half of population in Malabar coast is engaged in agricultural activities. The fertile soil alluvial is useful for growing many crops in this region. Farming of spices is important. Black pepper, dove, cardamom, etc. are grown in this region. In plains coconut, betel and cashew nut, etc. are grown. In the semi-mountainous region of Western Ghats, tea, coffee and rubber plantation is done. Therefore, the Malabar coast is rich in agriculture.

The Migration from villages to cities is divided into two parts :

1. Daily Migration : In search of better livelihood, people do daily migration to cities and return back to their homes in the evening, such kind of migration is called daily migration. 

2. Permanent or long-term Migration : In this category people in search of higher education or better amenities do permanent or long-term migration to cities.

Landscapes are of two types : 

• Natural Landscapes
• Manmade Landscapes Natural landscapes include those landscapes which are made by nature like snow laden mountains, rifts, valley etc. Manmade landscapes are made by man. Humans make changes to natural landscape and create manmade landscapes like villages, dams, ports, factories, etc.

1. plywood 

2. higher education 

3. Goa 

4. Malayalam, English.

The first feat was the bending of an iron bar in a U-shape pressed against the neck of the troupe leader, Professor Rao. Next, a five-ton truck was driven across his chest. The last one was a walk through the fire by an elderly gentleman.

पहली करतब था- लोहे की एक छड़ को दल के नेता प्रोफेसर राव के गले पर दबाकर U आकार में मोड़ना। दूसरा था- उसके सीने से पाँच टन वजनी ट्रक का गुजरना। आखिरी करतब था- एक वृद्ध व्यक्ति द्वारा आग में होकर चलना।

The first meeting between the narrator and the injured old man took place one evening when he was driving back from Secunderabad to his Sapper Camp at Begumpet in Hyderabad. At one place, he saw something lying on the road in the headlights. It turned out to be an elderly Indian lying still with his face covered with blood. Clearly, he was severely beaten. The narrator cleaned the blood with his pocket handkerchief. The injured man thanked him in perfect English for his timely intervention and told him about his assailants. The narrator gave him a lift in his truck and dropped him at his destination. The old man thanked him again. He promised to return his washed handkerchief on their next meeting and he disappeared into the darkness of the night.

वर्णनकर्ता और घायल वृद्ध की पहली मुलाकात तब हुई थी जब वह एक शाम सिकन्दराबाद से ट्रक में हैदराबाद में बेगमपेट में अपने सैपर कैम्प को वापस जा रहा था। एक जगह ट्रक की रोशनी में उसने सड़क पर कोई चीज़ देखी। वह खून से लथपथ चेहरे वाला शान्त एवं वृद्ध भारतीय निकला। स्पष्ट रूप से उसे बुरी तरह से पीटा गया था, वर्णनकर्ता ने उसका खून अपने रूमाल से साफ किया। घायल व्यक्ति ने उसे उसके सही समय पर आने के लिए शुद्ध अंग्रेजी में धन्यवाद दिया। वर्णनकर्ता ने उसे अपने ट्रक में बिठाया और उसके गन्तव्य स्थान पर छोड़ दिया। वृद्ध ने उसे फिर धन्यवाद दिया। उसने उसका धुला हुआ रूमाल उनकी अगली मुलाकात के समय लौटाने का वचन दिया और वह रात के अन्धेरे में गायब हो गया।

Professor Rao was the leader of a troupe of Indians. He visited the Sapper Camp at Begumpet to perform amazing feats of strength. In his first great feat, Prof. Rao pressed a twelve feet long iron bar horizontally against his throat. He arranged six volunteers each on either side of him. They pushed the bar with all their might and the iron-bar was bent into a U-shape around his neck. In his second and un-forgettable feat, of strength, he lay down under a five-ton army truck with men crowded into it. His chest was placed in line with one of the rear wheels. An old railway sleeper was placed alongside his chest to form a ramp. Then the truck was driven quickly on the sleeper and across the professor’s chest.

प्रोफेसर राव भारतीयों के दल के प्रमुख थे। वह बेगमपेट में सैपर कैम्प में शक्ति के आश्चर्यजनक रतब दिखाने आए थे। अपने पहले बड़े करतब में, प्रोफेसर राव ने एक बारह फुट लम्बी लोहे की छड़ को अपने गले पर समानान्तर रूप में रखा। उन्होंने अपने दोनों तरफ छः छः स्वयंसेवकों को लगाया। उन्होंने (स्वयंसेवकों ने) लोहे की छड़ को पूरी ताकत से धकेला और वह लोहे की छड़ उनके (प्रोफेसर राव के) गले के चारों ओर यू आकार में मोड़ दी गई। शक्ति के अपने दूसरे और अविस्मरणीय करतब में, वे लोगों से भरे हुए पाँच टन वजनी सैनिक ट्रक के नीचे लेट गए। उनका सीना पिछले पहियों में से एक की सीध में रखा गया। एक पुराना रेलवे का तख्ता उनके सीने के सहारे सटाकर ढलान बनाने के रूप में रखा गया। फिर ट्रक को तेजी से तख्ते पर और प्रोफेसर के सीने पर चलाया गया।

The next meeting of the author and the old man takes place at the Sapper Camp at Begampet a few weeks after their first meeting. He was a member of the troupe of Indians visiting the camp for a show of amazing feats of strength. During the show, the author saw an elderly gentleman digging up a shallow trench. He then filled it with red-hot coals. He splashed water on his feet and walked over the coals along the whole length of the trench and back the same way. He squatted on the ground and invited others to inspect his feet. As the author knelt down beside him to check his feet, he felt something thrust into his hand. It was the same handkerchief which was used to clean the face of the wounded old man. It was then the author recognised him.

लेखक और उस वृद्ध व्यक्ति की अगली भेंट उनकी पहली भेंट के कुछ हफ्ते बाद बेगमपेट में सैपर कैम्प में होती है। वह कैम्प में शक्ति के आश्चर्यजनक करतब दिखाने आये भारतीयों के दल का एक सदस्य था। प्रदर्शन के दौरान, लेखक ने वृद्ध व्यक्ति को उथली खाई खोदते हुए देखा। उसने फिर उसे लाल गर्म अंगारों से भर दिया। उसने पैरों पर पानी छिड़का और खाई की पूरी लम्बाई पार की और उसी तरह वापस अंगारों पर चला। वह जमीन पर बैठ गया और दूसरों को अपने पैरों की जाँच करने के लिए आमंत्रित किया। जब लेखक उसके पैरों की जाँच करने के लिए उसके पास बैठने के लिए झुका, उसे अपने हाथ में कुछ थमा देने जैसा महसूस हुआ। यह वही रूमाल था जिसे घायल वृद्ध के चेहरे को साफ करने के काम में लिया गया था। तब लेखक ने उसे पहचाना।

The author describes his experience of witnessing and then performing the walk through the fire as incredible because there was nothing unreal about trench filled with red-hot coals. The heat from the coals was intense and the people around the trench could see low flames licking around the old man’s bare feet. He walked the whole length of the trench and back without a blister on his feet nor any burn mark left by the fire on his body. When the author himself walked through the fire with the old man, he experienced such a mysterious state of mind as he had never before nor since ever achieved. His mind was wonderfully and completely at rest. It was an ‘incredible’ experience.

लेखक आग में होकर चलने (के प्रदर्शन) को देखने और बाद में स्वयं उसे करने के अनुभव को अविश्वसनीय कहता है क्योंकि लाल-लाल अंगारों से भरी खाई के बारे में कुछ भी अवास्तविक नहीं था। कोयलों की आग बड़ी तेज थी और खाई के चारों ओर खड़े लोग नीची लपटों को उस वृद्ध व्यक्ति के नंगे पैरों को स्पर्श करते देख रहे थे। वह खाई की पूरी लम्बाई तक और वापस चला अपने पैरों पर बिना किसी फफोले के और ने शरीर पर आग द्वारा छोड़े गए किसी चिह्न के। जब लेखक स्वयं उस वृद्ध के साथ आग में होकर चला, उसे ऐसी रहस्यमयी मानसिक अवस्था का अनुभव हुआ जैसा न कभी पहले और न बाद में ही उसने उसे अवस्था को प्राप्त किया। उसका मस्तिष्क आश्चर्यजनक रूप से और पूरी तरह शान्त था। यह एक अविश्वसनीय’ अनुभव था।

Ganga and Yamuna plains are flat lands where good facilities of transportation are available. Since it is a densely populated region therefore all kinds of craftsmen and labour are easily available. Hence industries have sufficiently developed in this region.

 Small, medium and large industries have developed in this region. Woollen and khadi clothes, sugar production, glass, carpet production, leather products, plastic and chemical production and sports goods production industries have developed. The main industrial centres are Kanpur, Agra, Aligarh, Meerut, Moradabad, Firozabad and Saharanpur, etc.

Regur soil is formed due to denudation of lava rocks. Its four important properties are as follows. 

i. It is self-irrigatory 

ii. It is a deep fine grained soil 

iii. It is dark in colour 

iv. It is rich in lime, iron and potash. 

a. Black soils are widely spread over the Deccan Plateau, comprising large areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. 

b. They vary in colour from deep black to chestnut brown. 

c. They are rich in iron contents and, hence, are black in colour. 

d. During rains, they become sticky and during dry days, they develop cracks. Hence they are difficult to cultivate. 

e. They hold moisture which is released to the plants during the dry period. 

f. These soils are best-suited for cotton and sugarcane cultivation. 

g. They are rich in lime, iron, magnesium, calcium carbonate, alumina and potash (LIMCAP), but deficient in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter. 

h. They are also known as Regur soils in Maharashtra and Black Cotton soils in Peninsular India

Alluvial soil.

Ganga-Yamuna plains are divided into following four parts : 

• Bhabar Region : The lower part of Himalayas where stones and gravel are found more is called Bhabar.
• Terai Region : The swampy area found close to Bhabar area is called Terai region.
• Bangar Region : The land of old alluvial soil spread by rivers is called Bangar. 
• Khadar Region : The land formed by new , alluvial soil brought by rivers is called Khadar.

Ganga-Yamuna plain is located between Himalayas in the north and Indian peninsular plateau in the south.

‘The next meeting’ between the old man and the narrator was a big surprise to the narrator because the old man was the same person whom he had found wounded by the roadside. This meeting happened at the Sapper Camp.

उस वृद्ध व्यक्ति और वर्णनकर्ता का अगला मिलन वर्णनकर्ता के लिए बड़ा आश्चर्य था क्योंकि यह वृद्ध वही व्यक्ति था जिसे उसने घायल अवस्था में सड़क के किनारे पाया था। यह मिलन सैपर कैम्प में हुआ।

The first surprise that the old man gave to the author that evening was that he stood up while the author was left squatting on the ground. The second surprise was when he thanked the author in perfect English for his timely intervention.

पहला आश्चर्य जो उस वृद्ध ने लेखक को उस शाम दिया वह था कि वह एकदम खड़ा हो गया जबकि लेखक जमीन पर बैठा रह गया। दूसरा आश्चर्य था जब उसने लेखक को समय रहते बीच में आने के लिए शुद्ध अंग्रेजी में धन्यवाद दिया।

When the author asked the old man how he had known that he would come to his rescue, he said, “Some things are known to all, Sahib, others to only a few.” The old man meant to say that everybody on the earth has ordinary sensory powers but only a few have extraordinary powers like prescience. When the author wanted to know about his excellent English, the old man said, “How the body is covered is of no importance compared with how the mind behaves.” He meant to say that probably the author was deceived by his outward appearance. The old man must have been an educated person who had renounced worldly things to lead the life of an ascetic.

जब लेखक ने उस वृद्ध व्यक्ति से पूछा कि उसे कैसे को पता था कि वह उसे बचाने के लिए आएगा तो उसने कहा, “कुछ बातें सबको पता होती हैं, साहब, दूसरी कुछ ही को पता होती हैं।” वृद्ध व्यक्ति के कहने का अर्थ था कि सामान्य संवेदी शक्तियाँ पृथ्वी पर सबके पास होती हैं लेकिन असामान्य शक्तियाँ, जैसे पूर्वबोध, कुछ ही लोगों के पास होती हैं। जब लेखक ने उसकी अच्छी अंग्रेजी के बारे में जानना चाहा तो वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने कहा, ‘शरीर कैसे ढका है यह उतना महत्वपूर्ण नहीं है जितना कि मस्तिष्क कैसे काम करता है।” उसके कहने का अर्थ था कि शायद लेखक उसके बाहरी आवरण को देखकर धोखा खा गया है। वह वृद्ध व्यक्ति शिक्षित रहा होगा जिसने एक तपस्वी का जीवन जीने के लिए सांसारिक बातों को त्याग दिया था।

Before walking through the fire, the narrator felt ice-cold with fear even at the very thought of it. But during the walk with closed eyes, he concentrated hard on green fields in England. He felt that he was walking along the Rockfield Road just outside Monmouth near Hendre Park. There were green fields on either side of him. The scene was infinitely peaceful. It was a lovely summer day. He could feel the warmth of the sun-rays through his clothing. His mind was wonderfully and completely at rest. After the walk, he felt himself suddenly go cold as though the sun had disappeared behind the clouds. He opened his eyes and found himself standing with his back to the fire trench. In this act of fire walking, he felt a mysterious state of mind full of divine peace and joy.

आग में होकर चलने से पहले, वर्णनकर्ता ने उसके विचार-मात्र से ही डर के मारे बर्फ समान ठंडा महसूस किया। लेकिन आँख बन्द करके (आग में) चलने के दौरान उसने इंग्लैण्ड में हरे-भरे खेतों पर ध्यान केन्द्रित किया। उसे लगा कि वह हेन्डर पार्क के पास मोनमाउथ के ठीक बाहर रोचफील्ड की सड़क पर चल रहा हो। उसके दोनों तरफ हरे-भरे खेत थे। दृश्य असीमित रूप से शान्तिपूर्ण था। यह ग्रीष्मकाल का सुन्दर दिन था। उसे कपड़ों के अन्दर सूरज की किरणों की गर्मी महसूस हो रही थी। उसका मस्तिष्क आश्चर्यजनक रूप से और पूरी तरह शान्त था। आग में से चलने के बाद उसे अचानक ठंडक महसूस हुई जैसे सूरज बादलों के पीछे छिप गया हो। उसने आँखें खोलीं और अपने आपको आग वाली खाई की ओर पीठ किये खड़ा हुआ पाया। आग पर चलने के इसे करतब में उसने एक रहस्यपूर्ण मानसिक अवस्था का अनुभव किया जो दिव्य शांति और आनंद से पूर्ण थी।

In Karnataka, laterite soil is suitable for growing coffee.  

The soil of the Ganga-Yamuna has been deposited by the sediments brought by rivers. This soil is rich in potash but poor in nitrogen, whereas the soil of central Maharashtra is black soil which contains lime, iron, magnesium, calcium carbonate, alumina and potash. The soil of the Ganga-Yamuna plain is loamy while the soil of central Maharashtra is clayey.