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The daughter of lltutmish and the first woman ruler of Delhi.

In the beginning of the 13th century, in 1206 A.D.

• After the death of lltutmish, his daughter Raziya Sultan ascended the throne of Delhi in 1236 A.D.
• This efficient and capable Queen was the first woman ruler of Delhi.
• Raziya wore outfits of males in the court.
• She even got her name engraved on stones and coins.
• She was an ambitious Queen.
• According to a historian named Minhas-e-Siraj, “’Raziya was more capable and efficient ruler ‘ than her brother. But being a woman, she was not accepted as a ruler.”
• Some conventional and orthodox people of Delhi could not digest the idea of a woman ruling over them.
• The Amir Umraos disliked her and so they ended her rule in Delhi.
• Thus, a powerful and efficient Queen became the victim of the male-dominated society.
• For a period of six years, after her death, there was a complete disorder in Delhi.

Correct option is (A) Babar

Correct option is (A) 4

• Gulam dynasty ended with the death of Giyas-ud-din Balban.
• So, after four years, Khilji dynasty established its power in Delhi.
• Khiljis are people of the Turk community.
• They came from Khalja region of Afghanistan.

A. Jalaluddin Khilji:

• Jalaluddin Khilji brought an end to the Gulam dynasty.
• He founded the Khilji dynasty in India.

B. Alauddin Khilji:

• Alauddin Khilji was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji.
• In 1296 A.D., he snatched away Delhi from Jalaluddin and became the ruler of Delhi.
• He was a powerful and an ambitious King.
• His kingdom was totally distorted after his death.
• The Tughlaqs took advantage of this and established their dynasty in Delhi.
• Thus, the Khilji dynasty ended with the death of Alauddin Khilji.

(D) Vidyaranya

Correct option is (B) Bahiol

Correct option is (A) Khijra Khan

Correct option is (A) Khilji

Correct option is (C) Jadav

1. 1206

2. Hindu, Muslim

3. Qutub-ud-din Aibak

4. Raziya Sultan

5. Raziya Sultan

6. Minhas-e-Siraj

7. Amir Umraos

8. 6

9. 20

10. Giyas-ud-din Balban

Correct option is (B) Delhi

His loyal commander and slave took control of Delhi in his hands.

Because he fought many battles, won them, and integrated many kingdoms of India in the Delhi Sultanate.

A. Appointment and authority of the Governor:

• Each state of India has a Governor.
• The Governor is the Constitutional head of the state.
• All the administration of the state is done in the name of the Governor.
• A Governor to the state is what a President is to the nation.
• Thus, the Governor holds a very important place in the state.
• The President of the nation appoints the Governor of the state after consulting the Prime Minister.
• The term of the office of the Governor is 5 years.
• The Governor is appointed so that the state government functions according to the rules of the Constitution.

B. Functions of the Governor:

Following are the chief functions of the Governor:

(i) Invite the leader of the majority party to form the government
(ii) Appoint the Chief Minister
(iii) Ask Chief Minister and his Cabinet to take oath to be responsible and loyal and maintain secrecy towards Constitution
(iv) Call and adjourn meetings
(v) Pass bills in the Legislative Assembly
(vi) Pass financial bills
(vii) Sign bills passed by the Legislative Assembly so that bill becomes law (viii) Pass ordinance in case of emergency
(ix) Elect judges of all the courts under the High Court
(x) Inform about the working of the state to the Central government

1. Balban

2. Andhra Pradesh

3. lltutmish

4. 1262, 1289

5. Didi

6. Khalja

7. Jalaluddin Khilji

8. Nephew and son-in-law

9. Tughlaq

10. 4

Qutub-ud- din Aibak was the founder of the slave dynasty. The early rulers of this dynasty were called the ‘Mamluk’ Sultans. The word Mamluk is an Arabic word that means ‘owned.’ Since these Sultans were earlier either slaves of the Turks or were the sons of the slaves, they were called Mamluk Sultans.

(B) Qutub-ud-din Aibak

An artistic huge sized pillar in Delhi, whose construction was started by Qutub-ub-din Aibak and completed by his son-in-law lltutmish.

The head of the Cabinet who plays an active role in the administration of the state.

Authority and appointment of the Chief Minister:

• Each state of India has a Chief Minister.
• The Chief Minister is the head of the Cabinet.
• He plays the most important role in the state government.
• The Chief Minister is to a state what the Prime Minister is to a nation.
• The leader of the ruling party of the state is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor.
• The term of the office of the Chief Minister is 5 years.

A. Authority and appointment of the Chief Minister:

• Each state of India has a Chief Minister.
• The Chief Minister is the head of the Cabinet.
• He plays the most important role in the state government.
• The Chief Minister is to a state what the Prime Minister is to a nation.
• The leader of the ruling party of the state is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor.
• The term of the office of the Chief Minister is 5 years.

B. Functions of the Chief Minister:

Following are the chief functions of the Chief Minister:

(i) Appoint Council of Ministers
(ii) Allot different ministries to different ministers for the administration of the state
(iii) Observe and guide ministers
(iv) Call meetings at regular intervals
(v) Inform the Governor about all the decisions taken by the Cabinet
(vi) Reform Cabinet if need be

• The administration of our country is extended at three levels:
  (A) Local level (B) State level and (C) Central level.
• There are 28 states in India.
• Hence, there are 28 state governments who manage our country at present.
• The Central government operates the entire country.
• There is only one Central level government which operates from Delhi, the capital of India.
• The Central government takes care of all the state governments and the 7 union territories of India.
• There are various Corporations, Municipalities, Nagarpalikas, Panchayats, etc. at local level which help the state government in smooth, efficient and hassle-free administration.

A. Decide policies for different subjects or departments of the state government and execute these policies, 

B. Introduce bill in the Legislative Assembly.

Functions of the Chief Minister:

Following are the chief functions of the Chief Minister:

(i) Appoint Council of Ministers
(ii) Allot different ministries to different ministers for the administration of the state
(iii) Observe and guide ministers
(iv) Call meetings at regular intervals
(v) Inform the Governor about all the decisions taken by the Cabinet
(vi) Reform Cabinet if need be

Functions of the Governor:

Following are the chief functions of the Governor:

(i) Invite the leader of the majority party to form the government

(ii) Appoint the Chief Minister

(iii) Ask Chief Minister and his Cabinet to take oath to be responsible and loyal and maintain secrecy towards Constitution

(iv) Call and adjourn meetings

(v) Pass bills in the Legislative Assembly

(vi) Pass financial bills

(vii) Sign bills passed by the Legislative Assembly so that bill becomes law 

(viii) Pass ordinance in case of emergency

(ix) Elect judges of all the courts under the High Court

(x) Inform about the working of the state to the Central government

The Chief Minister and his other ministers.

1. True

2. True

3. False

4. False

5. False

6. True

7. True

8. True

9. False

10. False

The bill will not become a law.

Correct option is (B) Governor

Correct option is (B) 5

Appointment and authority of the Governor:

• Each state of India has a Governor.
• The Governor is the Constitutional head of the state.
• All the administration of the state is done in the name of the Governor.
• A Governor to the state is what a President is to the nation.
• Thus, the Governor holds a very important place in the state.
• The President of the nation appoints the Governor of the state after consulting the Prime Minister.
• The term of the office of the Governor is 5 years.
• The Governor is appointed so that the state government functions according to the rules of the Constitution.

• Chiefly, there are three organs of the government.
• The function of each organ is different but inter-related with the other.

The organs of the government and their functions are:

1. Legislative – Frames laws
2. Executive – Executes the laws
3. Judiciary – Sees that the laws are properly followed

Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad.

Legislative Assembly or Vidhan Sabha.

The Speaker.

The Deputy Commissioner of the Policy Commission or any representative of the Prime Minister presides the meetings of the regional council.

Because they are elected by the general public and they work for the welfare of these public only.

(D) Total population

(B) Prime Minister

(A) Chief Minister

2 members (Dr.Vivek Devrai and Dr.V.K.Saraswat)

It provides adequate intellectual property available in the country by tapping it to prevent it from fleeing and ensuring its involvement in good governance.

Register his name with a political party or register as an independent candidate.

Area and size of operation are different, in the way that the state government functions within the state while the Central government works for the entire nation.

• The functions and powers of the state and the Central government are divided into three lists.
• These lists are Union list, State list and Combined list.
• Various subjects are included in these lists and the union or the states have to function – accordingly.
• These lists have been mentioned in our Constitution.

A. Union List:

• There are 97 subjects in the Union list.
• The subjects mentioned in the Union list are to be handled by the Central government.
• Various subjects like census, relation with foreign countries, defence, banking and finance, election, formation of laws for citizens, telegraph, postal services, insurance service, nuclear power services, sea/rail/road/air services, etc. are included in this list.

B. State list:

• There are 66 subjects in the State list.
• The subjects mentioned in the State list are to be handled by the Legislative Assembly and the members of the Cabinet.
• Various subjects like health, agriculture, forest, local self-rule institutes (Panchayat), etc. are included in this list.

C. Combined list:

• There are 47 subjects in the Combined list.
• The Combined list is also called Concurrent list.
• The subjects mentioned in the Combined list are to be jointly or individually handled by the Union government or Central government as well as the State government.
• Both the state government and the Central government form laws for the subjects mentioned in this list.
• Various subjects like crime, tax or revenue, divorce, literacy, industry, employment, electricity, etc. are included in this list.

The leader of the political party in majority.

Correct option is (A) 182

• MLAs are the representative of the general public.
• They have right to question the government and its working.
• During the session of the Legislative Assembly, the MLAs express their views on the topics being discussed.
• They can ask questions related to the topic and also give suggestions for the same.
• They can give their feedback on the measures taken by the government.
• India being a democratic nation, the MLAs have full authority to the question the Chief Minister as well as the Council of Ministers.
• In return, the concerned minister is bound to answer the questions of the MLA.
• He has to give a satisfactory clarification of the issue raised by the MLA.
• It is necessary that the Cabinet takes permission of the MLAs before taking any decision.
• In addition to this, the MLAs can take decisions regarding budget and finances of the state.
• They can also decide how much expenditure can be done in different areas.
• Thus, MLAs play an important role in the Legislative Assembly.

(C) General public