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Family is the first social unit of tribal society. Women play a very important role in household works of the family. Main functions of women are making food, collecting wood, cleaning and washing the clothes. They help males in their agricultural work. This work includes levelling the land, sowing the seeds, cutting the crops, etc. Main functions of males are cutting the jungles, levelling of the land, ploughing the field etc. Because females help in a great deal to men in their works, that’s why the custom of polygamy exists in tribal society.

Tribal people live in the huts of barely one-two rooms which are made without any planning. These huts are made in 2-4 lines in front of each other. These huts are surrounded by large trees. These people generally rear tamed animals, sheeps and goats. They depend upon local natural and material means. Except these, their occupations include hunting, catching fish, gathering of food and ploughing the field with the help of bulls.

The length of the coast line for Andhra Pradesh is 972 kms or 604 miles.

The Himalayan rivers that helped the formation of North Indian Plain are 

1. Indus and its tributaries, the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej. 

2. The Ganga and its tributaries, the Ghaggar, the Teesta, the Sone, the Kosi and the Yamuna river.

3. The Brahmaputra and its tributaries. 

4. A majority of the tributaries of the Ganga may originate in the Himalayan ranges but some of them have their sources in the peninsular plateau. 

5. The peninsular rivers that helped the formation of Northern plain are the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa, the Ken and the Son originating in the northern part peninsula belong to the Ganga river system.

Tribal society: Tribal society or tribal people are one of the most important parts of Indian population. Their population was around 160 millions according to the census of 1991. Large population of tribal society live in the states’of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. 23.22% of total population of Madhya Pradesh belong to tribal society. Some tribes also live in small states like Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram, Dadra-Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep. Most of the tribal people belong to tribes like Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizo, etc.

Out of these tribal people, 63% live in mountainous region, 2.2% five in islands and 1.6% live in colder regions. Others are scattered in different urban and rural regions. These people live in the huts of one or two rooms. These huts are made in line with each other. These huts are surrounded by large trees. These people rear animals like sheep, goat, etc. They depends upon the local natural and physical means. Main occupations of these people are hunting, catching fish, collecting food and agriculture.

Family: Family is the first social unit of tribal society. Women play very important role in household works of the family. Main functions of females are making food, collecting wood, cleaning and washing the clothes. They help th’e males in agricultural works. This work includes levelling the land, sowing the seeds, cutting the crops, etc. Main functions of males are cutting the jungle, levelling the land, ploughing the field, etc. Because females help in a great deal to men in their works, that’s why the custom of polygamy exist in tribal society.

Changes in Economic Condition of Tribal society : Tribal people were very poor in 19th century under the British rule. Their living style was greatly affected by the British rule. Their ancient social and economic structures were completely changed by the British. It led to adverse impact on tribal society and their economy. Commercialization of crops was done by the British government to protect their economic interests. The government captured the land of tribal people for the agriculture of opium and indigo. As a result, tribal people were forced to do labour work. But they were given very less wages for their work. They were forced to take loans for their livelihood. It’s result came in adverse impact on their economic condition.

Tribal people were totally against these social and economic changes. That’s why resentment came among them against the British.

First revolt in the North-Eastern region was started by Khasis tribe. They had complete control from Jaintia mountains in East and upto Garo mountains in the west.

Tirut Singh was the founder of this tribe. Khasi people wanted to throw foreigners out of their region. On 5th May, 1829, Khasis people, with the help of Garo people, killed many Europeans and Bengalis. They put European colonies on fire. Tirut Singh also wanted to remove foreign rule from other mountainous tribes as well. So he revolted against the British rule with the help of his 10,000 people. On the other [side Khasi villages were put on fire one on one by the British. Later on in 1833 A.D. Tirut Singh surrendered before the British army.

1. Imphal is in the eastern side of India. 

2. The sun rises early there thus the sunrise timing of 5 :59 and sunset timing of 16 : 37 belong to it. 

3. Whereas Ahmedabad is in the western side of India.

4. The sun rises late comparative to Imphal here, thus the sunrise timing of 7 : 20 and sunset timing of 18 : 05 belong to it.

Correct option is (b) A type of tree

Correct Answer is: (b) Himalayas

Two major peaks of trans-Himalayas are: 

1. Karakoram, and 

2. Kailash.

• South India was attacked many a times by various rulers in the Sultanate period.
• Alauddin Khilji was the first ruler to attack south India.
• He carried huge amount of wealth from Devgiri (in south India) to his capital in Delhi.
• After that, another ruler Malik Kafar destroyed Varangal.
• To add to this, the poor ruling and administration of Mohammad Tughlaq distorted south India totally.
• Among all this chaos, two huge empires were established in south India. They are:
  A. The empire of Vijaynagar by Harihara and Bakkaraya, the descendants of Jadav family; with the support and guidance of contemporary Brahmin scholar Vidyaranya.
  B. The huge Bahamani kingdom by Bahamani Sultan.
• After the establishment of these two states, South India experienced stability in terms of power and ruling.

(D) Afghanistan

• Vijaynagar state was founded in 1336 A.D. in the south of river Tungabhadra.
• It was established by Harihara and Bakkaraya, the descendants of Jadav family with the support and guidance of contemporary Brahmin scholar Vidyaranya.
• Within a span of eight years, Vijaynagar extended from Tungabhadra to Kanyakumari.
• Soon Harihara died.
• After his death, Bakkarya and his descendants ruled over Vijaynagar.
• However, the state had lost its power by then.
• It was weakening.

King Krishnadevraya:

• During this moment of crisis, Krishnadevraya acquired the throne of Vijaynagar.
• With King Krishnadevraya ascending the throne, there was a drastic change in the administration and development of the state.
• Krishnadevraya was a majestic ruler.
• He built grand and royal temples and forts in his kingdom.
• He was a lover of art and literature. So there was progress and development in these fields too. -> He also constructed canals in his kingdom with the help of engineer Yomke.
• He also had good relationship with the British.
• Foreign travelers who visited Vijaynagar had high appreciation for its grandeur.
• This glorious state was totally destroyed in the battle of Talikota.

(B) Alauddin Khilji

Vijaynagar and Bahamani

Correct option is (B) African

The people of Turk community who came from Khalja region of Afghanistan.

King Krishnadevraya:

• During this moment of crisis, Krishnadevraya acquired the throne of Vijaynagar.
• With King Krishnadevraya ascending the throne, there was a drastic change in the administration and development of the state.
• Krishnadevraya was a majestic ruler.
• He built grand and royal temples and forts in his kingdom.
• He was a lover of art and literature. So there was progress and development in these fields too. He also constructed canals in his kingdom with the help of engineer Yomke.
• He also had good relationship with the British.
• Foreign travelers who visited Vijaynagar had high appreciation for its grandeur.
• This glorious state was totally destroyed in the battle of Talikota.

Tughlaqs: After Khiljis, the Tughlaqs came to rule. After Mohammad Tughlaq, Firozshah Tughlaq became the King. Firozshah was a weak ruler. The condition of Delhi weakened during his reign. Timur, an invader, attacked Delhi and looted it. This created disorder and chaos in Delhi.

Correct option is (C) Malik Kafar

Five of its provinces were declared independent; New states called Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Varad, Golkonda and Bidar were established.

Hasan, one of the efficient Amirs of Deccan.

The Queen of Kashmir.

Correct option is (C) Minister

An African traveler from Tanjir who visited India during the reign of Mohammad Tughlaq and highly criticized his administration.

• While Vijaynagar was established in south India, another kingdom called Bahamani state was also established in south.
• The Amirs (Islam leaders) of the Deccan region attacked south India.
• One of the efficient leaders of these Amirs, Hasan, became the Sultan and established the Bahamani dynasty in India.
• He named his state as Bahamani Sultanate.
• There was a capable minister called Mahmud Gavan in this state.
• He was a very efficient administrator.
• He fought many battles and won many states.
• Thus, he played an important role in expanding the Bahamani Sultanate.
• After his death, the power of Bahamani state weakened.
• There were constant wars between Vijaynagar and Bahamani.
• Bahamani state could not withstand this.
• The state weakened and many of its provinces disintegrated.
• Five new states, namely Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golkonda, Varad and Bidar were formed from Bahamani.
• These states were declared independent.
• This marked the fall of the Bahamani dynasty.

The interference of Ulemas and Umraos in the administration of his state.

The interference of Ulemas and Umraos in the administration of his state.

In the south of Tungabhadra in 1336 A.D.

Harihara and Bakkaraya, the descendants of Jadav- family.

In the battle of Talikota.

Correct option is (D) South

(D) An engineer who assisted in constructing canals in south India

Correct option is (B) Kashmir

Correct option is (B) Gayan

A. The big Hindu empire of Vijaynagar, 

B. Bahamani kingdom of Bahamani Sultan.

The son of lltutmish and brother of Raziya Sultan, who was enthroned in Delhi by Amir Umraos and who ruled over Delhi for 21 years.

Correct option is (C) Talikota

Correct option is (B) 1336

Correct option is (B) 1296 AD

There was a complete disorder in Delhi and so Tughlaq dynasty established its rule over it.

Correct option is (C) 22

In 1526; in the battle of Panipat; by Babar; by defeating Ibrahim Lodi.

Mughals: During the reign of Lodi dynasty, the Emperor of Kabul called Babar also attacked Delhi to establish his rule. He defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat in 1526. Then he established Mughal dynasty in India. This dynasty ruled for over 200 years in India.

Correct option is (D) Timur

(D) Beginning of 13^th century

• Gulam dynasty was established by Qutub-ud-din Aibak in the beginning of the 13^th century i.e. in 1206 A.D.
• After the death of Shah-bud-din Ghori, his loyal commander and slave Qutub-ud-din Aibak took the control of Delhi in his hands.
• Thus, by becoming the King of Delhi, Qutub-ud-din Aibak established Gulam dynasty in India. Qutub-ud-din Aibak constructed Qutub Minar.
• After him, his son-in-law lltutmish became the king.
• He won many battles and integrated many kingdoms of India in the Delhi Sultanate.
• Hence, lltutmish is known as the real founder of the Gulam dynasty.
• After the death of lltutmish, his daughter Raziya Sultan ascended the throne in 1236 A.D.
• This efficient and capable Queen was the first woman ruler of Delhi.
• However, Amir Umraos disliked a female ruler and so they ended her rule in Delhi. (Umraos and Ulemas are Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law.)
• Six years later, again the Amirs enthroned Nasir-ud-din, the son of lltutmish, as the King of Delhi.
• Nasir-ud-din ruled for 21 years.
• After him, his wazir Giyas-ud-din Balban became the king.
• Giyas-ud-din brought an end to the disturbance and mismanagement in Delhi.
• He ruled successfully for 22 years.
• However, his descendants were not powerful enough. They could not fight the Khiljis.
• Hence, Khilji dynasty established its rule over Delhi.

Correct option is (A) Delhi

The officer at the highest authority in the Legislative Assembly without whose permission the session can neither be held nor adjourned.

Correct option is (B) 200