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Man started pottery during the Neolithic age. The progress of agriculture led to surplus production of food and fodder. When man was faced with the problem of storing food and fooder he started manufacturing handmade pottery. The invention of wheel led to progress of pottery.

1. Prehistoric period 

2. Prokaryotes 

3. Nomadic 

4. Hides 

5. Agriculture 

6. Pottery 

7. T. Narsipura and Savanadurga

The period in which no record of‘writings’ is found, is often considered as prehistoric period. 

Eg – Stone Age.

1. Pre-historic period 

2. Protohistoric period 

3. Historic period

1. Palaeolithic 

2. Mesolithic 

3. Meherghar

(c) Peninsula

(i) Red Sea – It is named Red sea because it contains a Cyanobacteria which turns the normally blue – green water a reddish one. It gets connected to the ocean without even one river meeting the sea.

(ii) Black Sea – The Black Sea was first named by the ancient greeks as in hospitable sea. The sea got this reputation because it was different to navigate and hostile tribes inhabited its shores. After the successful development of the coast by the Greek colonists, the sea was named hospitable sea. 

(iii) Dead Sea – The Dead Sea is roughly 8.6 times saltier than the ocean. This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which animals cannot flourish.

1. Mountains make up more than a quarter of the planet’s land mass. These surfaces provide resources for nearly 700 million people through out the world.

2. Mountains provide energy resources, food and water to people all around the world.

3. But climate change could cause mountains to shrink.

4. Deforestation has also been a threat while natural disasters often damage many mountains.

5. Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world. So like conservation of forests, conservation of mountains also equally important

Mountains, plateaus and plains

Correct option is (d) all of the above

Third order of land form

(c) Both the statements are true

1. “Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world.”

2. “Mountains are beautiful as they rise up above the clouds and show just how grand the world can be.”

3. “Great things are done when men and mountains meet. ”

4. “How glorious a greeting the Sun gives the mountains.”

5. “Mountains are earth’s undecaying monuments.”

6. ‘The mountains, forests and seas render men savage, they develop fierce, but yet do not destroy the human.”

7. “Men stumble over pebbles, never over mountains.”

8. “Each fresh peak ascended teaches something.

9. “Mountains are the beginning and end of all natural scenery.”

10. “He who climbs upon the highest mountains laughs at all tragedies, real or imaginary.”

Correct option is (d) all of these

Valleys is not grouped under second-order landform

1. Oceans are the life blood of planet Earth and human kind.

2. They flow over nearly three quarters of our planet.

3. They hold 97% of the planet’s water.

4. They produce more than half of the oxygen in the atmosphere.

5. Absorb the most carbon from it.

6. The oceans along with the atmosphere, keep temperatures fairly constant world wide.

(b) The Atlantic Ocean

Oceans are vast expanse of water.

(a) Tibetan Plateau

North America : On the west by Pacific ocean, on the east by Atlantic ocean and on the north by Arctic ocean

South America : On the west by Pacific Ocean, on the east by Atlantic ocean.

1. Asia 

2. Africa 

3. North America 

4. South America 

5. Antarctica 

6. Europe and Australia.

The Himalayas are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate in regions that are beyond the Western Ghats of India.

Pacific is the marginal sea of the Ocean.

Mountains

1. A landform that rises over 600 metre above its surroundings and has steep slopes is called a mountain.

2. Example: Himalayas

Plateaus

1. Plateaus are the elevated portions of the Earth that have flat surfaces bounded by steep slopes. The elevation of plateaus may be a few hundred metre or several thousand metre. 

2. Example: Chotanagpur Plateau

Answer is Antarctica

Udaga mangalam, Kodaikanal, Kolli hills, Yercard and Yelagiri are some of the hill stations found in Tamil Nadu.

1. Udhagamandalam 

2. Kodaikanal 

3. Kolli hills 

4. Yercaud and Yelagiri

Ocean: An ocean is a vast expanse of water. Oceans are very deep.

Example: The Pacific Ocean

Sea: A sea is a water body partially or fully enclosed by land. Seas are not so deep as oceans

Example: The Arabian sea

Coastal plains: 

The East Coastal plain is between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, the West Coastal plain Is between the Western Ghats and the Arabian sea.

The Eastern Ghats extend from Mahanadi valley in the north to Nilgiris in the south, The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Aroma Konda found at Chintapalli (1680 m) in Andhra Pradesh.

Peninsula: A stretch of land surrounded by water on three sides

1. Third order landforms are formed on mountains, plateaus and plains by erosional and depositional activities of rivers, glaciers, winds and waves.

2. Valleys, beaches and sand dunes are examples of third order land forms.

First order Iandforms:

(i) Continents and oceans are grouped as first order and forms. the vast land masses on Earth are called Continents and huge water bodies are called Oceans.

(ii) Asia is the largest continent, whereas Australia is the smallest one.

Second order and forms: The second order and forms are categorised as mountains, plateaus and plains.

Third order and forms: 

Third order and forms are formed on mountains, plateaus and plains mainly by erosional and depositional activities of rivers, glaciers, winds and waves. Valleys, beaches and sand dunes are some examples of third order and forms.

1. Plains are a flat and relatively low-lying lands. Plains are usually less than 200 metre above sea level.

2. Most plains are formed by rivers, their tributaries and distributaries.

3. These plains are used extensively for agriculture due to the availability of water and fertile soil

4. They are most suitable for human habitation.

5. Hence, they are the highly populated regions of the world.

1. Any country which is surrounded by sea on three sides and the fourth side is landlocked, is called a peninsula. 

2. India is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal,the Indian Ocean,and the Arabian Sea as its three borders and the fourth side is landlocked with the Himalayan mountains. 

3. So we often use that term Indian peninsula.

1. Plateaus are the elevated portions of the Earth that have flat surfaces bounded by steep slopes.

2. The elevation of plateaus may be a few hundred metre or several thousand metre.

3. Tibetan Plateau is the highest plateau in the world.

4. Generally plateaus are rich in minerals.

5. Chotanagpur Plateau is one of the mineral rich plateaus in India.

6. Deccan Plateau in peninsular India is of volcanic origin.

a. Bay of Bengal, Tokyo Bay, Korea Bay

b. Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Aden

c. Sri Lanka, Maldives, Japan

d. Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Magellan, Palk strait

If India is located in the Arctic Circle, my life would be different as follows : 

1. I must cope with very low temperatures and constant darkness in the winter, and temperatures above freezing and constant daylight in the summer. 

2. While temperatures are below freezing, snow and snow everywhere. 

3. Transportation: Sledges during winter and boards during summer. 

4. Diet: Fish, seals, wheals, caribou, berrys, plants. 

5. Shelter: Igloos are camps.

• The Himalayan ranges run in the west-east direction in the form of an arch with a distance of about 2400 km.
• The northernmost range is known as Himadri or Greater Himalayas.
• The portion of the range found south of the Greater Himalayas is called ’Lesser Himalayas’.
• The southernmost range of the Himalayas is the Shivaliks.

1. The formation of the Himalayas influences the climate in various ways. 

2. They are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate in regions that are beyond the Western Ghats of India. 

3. They cause the retreat of southwest monsoon winds as they are blocked by these ranges. 

4. Thus, northeast monsoon occurs only because of the Himalayas. 

5. The rivers originating in the glaciers of these ranges are perennial and caused the economic growth of the northern plains.

6. These valleys are known for the cultivation of fruits. 

7.  India has irrigation facilities only for 40% cultivated land. 

8.  All the remaining land depends on monsoons which are caused by the Himalayas.

(OR) 

Influence of the Himalayas on Indian Agriculture: 

1. Fertile soil: The sediments carried by the Himalayan rivers are deposited in the northern plain in the form of fertile soil. It makes the plain one of the most fertile lands in the world, e.g.: Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar. 

2. Source of rivers : 

• The Himalayas act as a huge reservoir of water for the north Indian rivers.
• All these perennial rivers are the lifeline of north India and are suitable for the construction of multipurpose projects which strengthens Indian agriculture.

’Luni’ is the only river in the Thar desert area.

There are two groups of Islands – 

Andaman and Nicobar Islands stretched in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.

1. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Narkondam and Barren Islands are volcanic origin. 

2. The southernmost tip of India found in Nicobar Island is called Indira Point. 

3. It is named in honour of Smt. Indira Gandhi. 

4. It was submerged during the 2004 Tsunami.

The southern part of the peninsular plateau is bordered by narrow coastal strips along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.

The peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely, the central I highlands (Malwa plateau) and the Deccan Plateau.

Tibetan plateau is higher than the peninsular plateau (Peninsular plateau 600 – 900 mts. height, Tibetan plateau – more than 5400 mts height).

The formation of the Himalayas was 200 million years ago while early hunter-gathering human beings emerged on earth 1.8 million years ago.

Andhra Pradesh lies between 12I4T and 22° North latitudes and IT and 84°40′ East longitudes.