Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. The President appoints twelve members to the Rajya Sabha. These members are usually experienced and distinguished personalities from the fields of literature, arts, science, sports and social service.

2. Such personalities are very active and totally devoted to their respective fields. Hence, they have no time for contesting the elections. 

3. They keep themselves away from election procedures like campaigning, conducting meetings, etc. So their election to the Parliament is not possible. 

4. But, to derive benefit from their profound knowledge and experience for making of laws, their presence in the Parliament is essential. Therefore, I feel that the Constitution has granted the President, the right to appoint twelve members to the Rajya Sabha.

Correct option is (c) five

The functions of the Prime Minister are as follows:

1. To form the Council of Ministers, selecting trustworthy, experienced and efficient people. 

2. To allocate portfolios and chair all the meetings of the Council of Ministers. 

3. To lead the Council of Ministers, maintain coordination among various departments, facilitate cooperation among departments and supervise to bring about efficiency and efficacy. 

4. To raise the image of the country at international level. 

5. To support the people during disasters.

Correct option is (a) Rigveda

Correct option is (b) Samveda

Correct option is (a) President

Democratic States: 

• Some of the ganasanghas were divided into regional zones called ‘Khanda’. 
• They functioned through a group of elected individuals, who were found capable. 
• Each of the elected members represented his respective khanda.
• These elected members were installed with collective authority for the smooth running of the ganasangha. 
• This was a democratic system. Ganasanghas which functioned in this democratic way existed in Punjab and Sindh at the time of Alexander’s invasion. 
• Each elective representative of the respective regional zone was designated as ‘Ganamukhya’. 
• Every ganamukhya was a member of the assembly known as ‘ganaparishada’.
• The decisions made by the ganaparishada were implemented by designated functionaries of various cadres. 
• He was known as the ‘Adhyaksha’ or ‘Raja’.

Oligarchic States:

• In this type the elite class in the society held all the powers of decision-making and administration, 
• Panini and Kautilya mention them as ‘Rajshabdopajivi’ Sangh. 
• Panini includes Vajji, Andhaka, Vrishni, Yaudheya in the Rajashabdopjivi type.
• Kautilya includes the Vrijji or Vajji, Madrak, Kuru, Panchala, etc. in this type.
• This type of ganasanghas was more prevalent in the eastern region of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

• Ancient Indian literature mentions two more types of ganasanghas. 
• ‘Ayudhjivi’ sangh and ‘VartaShastropajivi’ sangh. 
• ‘Varta’ means trade and commerce. 
• The people in the Varta-Shastropajivi ganasanghas lived by trade and commerce, agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as their skills in warfare. 
• People in the Kamboj and Saurashtra ganasanghas earned their livelihood by these means.

Correct option is (d) Aparanta – the region to the south of Vindhya ranges

(d) Yadu – Rigveda

Correct option is  (c) Khanda

• ‘Gana’ means the ruling class comprising members of equal social status.
• Similarly, ‘sangha’ means a state formed by many kulas or janapadas by coming together. 
• By the 6th century B.C.E. many sangharajyas had come into existence. 
• There were three main types of the ancient federation of states in India:
• Ganarajya of the members of the same kula. For example, Malava and Shibi.
• Ganarajya was created by more than one kulas coming together. For example, Vajji Ganasangha. It included eight kulas. Vajji, Lichchhavi, Dnyatruk, and Videha were the important ganas among them.
• More than one ganrajyas coming together to create a sangharajya. For example, Yaudheya- Kshudrak Sangh.

• Vedic people used the term Jana to designate a group of people, united under a common bond of singular kinship structure. 
• Their settlement was known as ‘Grama’.
•  A cluster of gramas consisting of the same Jana was known by the name of that particular Jana. 
• A region occupied by a Janas was called Janapada. 
• Gradually the Janapadas had more formal administrative structures transforming them into independent states. 
• These were the first well-established states of ancient India. 
• However, this does not necessarily mean that every Janapada evolved into an independent state.

Correct Answer is  (d) Shalva

Correct Answer is  (c) Vaikarna

(b) most of the janapadas were monarchic states.

If a vote of no-confidence is passed against anyone Cabinet Minister, the whole Council of Ministers has to resign immediately.

1. The Council of Ministers has to decide specific policies on subject like education, agriculture, industry, health, foreign affairs, etc. 

2. The Ministers of respective departments have to lay their policy plans in the House and discuss them thoroughly. 

3. The policies cannot be implemented without the approval of the Parliament. 

4. Also, the Council of Ministers can stay in power till it enjoys the support of the Parliament. 

5. Hence, it has to take the Parliament into confidence while framing policies.

Correct option is (b) President

Correct option is (c) President

(a) they were skilled in trade and commerce.

1. A huge Council of Ministers with more than necessary ministers is referred to as Jumbo Ministry. 

2. There was a trend to keep large Council of Ministers in our country. 

3. Later, a constitutional amendment was made to limit the size of the Council of Ministers. 

4. As per this amendment, the number of ministers in the Council should not be more than 15% of the total number of members in the Lok Sabha.

1. In the Parliamentary system of government, the Legislature tries to keep control over the Executive. 

2. The Executive stays in power till it enjoys the support of the majority in Lok Sabha. 

3. The members of the Lok Sabha can move a No-confidence motion by simply expressing “We do not have confidence in the government”. 

4. If the motion is passed with majority support, the Council of Ministers (the Executive) has to resign. 

5. Thus, this is the most effective way to keep a check on the Council of Ministers.

1. The responsibility of protecting the Constitution is shouldered by the President. 

2. But, if any act of the President violates the Constitution, the Parliament has the authority to remove him. 

3. This process known as process of Impeachment.

The procedure for impeachment is as follows:

1. Anyone House can lay the charge of violation of the Constitution.

2. The investigation of the charge is carried out by the other House. 

3. If the resolution is passed by special (2/3rd) majority of both the Houses, the President can be removed from his post.

(i) Electoral college

(ii) President

Correct option is (b) 2/3rd

1. The Vice-President is elected by members of both the Houses. 

2. The person contesting the election for the post of Vice-President should be a citizen of India and should have completed 35 years of age. 

3. He is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha and exercises control over the functioning of Rajya Sabha. 

4. In the absence of the President, his functions are carried out by the Vice President.

The members of the Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies. The maximum number of the members of Rajya Sabha can be 250.

The elected members of the Legislative Assembly of different states elect the members of the Rajya Sabha.

B) All the citizens are eligible to get services of Lok Adalats.

The State is expected to secure a Uniform Civil Code applicable to the entire country according to the Directive Principles of State policy.

It is stated in the Directive Principles of the State Policy that State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the people, especially the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

i. Fundamental Rights

ii. Fundamental Duties

iii. excellence

iv. religious taxes

v. fourteen

Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens are as follows:

• To abide by the Constitution and respect the National Anthem.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
• To defend the country, and to render national service when called upon to do so.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood transcending diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

द्विवेदीजी ने स्त्री शिक्षा से जुड़े आलोचकों को सुझाव दिया है कि हमें लड़कियों को पढ़ने से रोकना नहीं चाहिए बल्कि शिक्षा प्रणाली में संशोधन करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए।

Unemployment is a serious and complex problem before the Indian economy. Its (adverse) effects are as follows:

• Unemployment is the root cause of poverty in India. When there is no employment there is no income and when there is no income there is poverty and hardship for the poor.
• Unemployment leads to poverty and poverty leads to low standard for living. The unemployed poor live in slums, suffer malnutrition, starvation, diseases and early death.
• The failure to find employment make the educated and intelligent young people to migrate to other countries. The brain-drain is a major loss due to inadequate employment opportunities.
• The illiterate and semi-literate unemployed youth is lured by the criminals to indulge in antisocial activities.
• A new problem of suicide by the farmers has emerged in recent times in some parts of India as the poor farmer has neith3er money nor job to repay the loans.

Correct option is (b) Lai Bahadur Shastri

(c) Lai Bahadur Sastri

Prior to the advent of the British rule, India had a self-sufficient village economy and the problems of unemployment did not exist.

• The exploitative land revenue policy of the British uprooted the farmers and made them landless labourers.
• In times of natural calamities, the rural poor migrated to the urban areas and added to the number of people seeking employment.
• The British destroyed the traditional village and cottage industries and the craftsmen were rendered jobless.
• There was explosion of population in India.
• The supply of labour was in excess of demand and the industries were not in a position to absorb the entire available labour force.
• Indian capitalists did not have enough capital to start a large number of industries and provide employment. Natural calamities reduced the employment in agriculture.
• India did not have technically qualified engineers/technicians to take up the skilled labour positions in industries.

शकुंतला और सीता का उदाहरण देकर लेखक यह सिद्ध करना चाहते हैं कि पुरुषों द्वारा किए गए दुराचार को वे चुपचाप सहन नहीं करेंगी। शांत और विनम्रता की मूर्ति स्त्री पुरुषों के अत्याचार को तब तक सहन कर सकती हैं जब तक उनका धैर्य साथ देता है। धैर्य समाप्त होने पर स्त्री अपने वास्तविक रूप में आकर अपनी शक्ति का परिचय करा देती है।

शकुंतला और सीता ने अपने-अपने पतियों के लिए जो वाक्य कहें है वह मात्र शब्द नहीं पुरुषों के हृदय को बेधनेवाले वाक्य हैं। अत: लेखक यही कहना चाहते हैं कि पुरुषों द्वारा किए जानेवाले अत्याचारों के विषय में सोचना चाहिए, अपनी सोच में परिवर्तन लाना चाहिए। खियों का सम्मान न करने पर, उनके साथ दुराचार करने पर पुरुषों के अहित की संभावना बनी रहती है।

प्राक्त उस समय आम बोलचाल की भाषा थी। बौद्धग्रंथों की रचना प्राकृत में ही हुई थी। विद्वानों ने गाथा सप्तसती, कुमारपाल चरित, सेतुबंध महाकाव्य जैसे ग्रंथों की रचना प्राकृत भाषा में ही की। इसलिए द्विवेदीजी ने कहा ‘प्राकृत केवल अपड़ों की ही नहीं अपितु सुशिक्षितों की भी भाषा थी।’

1. The Trusteeship Council Was established in 1945 by UN Charter td supervise the administration of it 11 Trust Territories.

2. It also ensures that governments responsible for their administration look adequate steps to prepare them for the achievement of the charter goals.

3. The Trusteeship Council examines and discusses the reports from the administering authority on political, economic, social and educational advancement of the peoples of Trust Territories.

4. In 1994, the security council terminated the trusteeship council, but by amending its rules of procedure, it will now meet as and where occasion may require.

To involve the Members of the Parliament in the upliftment of villages, the government launched a programme called Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana. Under this scheme, each Member of the Parliament (Sandad) need to choose one village each from the constituency that they represent, except their own village or their in-laws village and fix parameters and make it a model (Adarsh) village by 2016.

The Sansad put effort to improve education, health, employment facilities in the village adopted by them. The objective of this scheme is to stop migration of the people from the villages to city. Through this scheme the government also aims to create permanent public assets, develop opportunities for good life, rural upliftment, taking care of cultural heritage, creating opportunities for employment through social harmony, increase in human development, etc.

India is said to be a rich country of the poor people. The riches of India had attracted the foreign invaders since the ancient times.

• The British exploited the rich natural resources of India.
• The British industries and the industrialists prospered. They exploited not only resources but also people of India. They made India country of the poor people.
• A small rich class had always existed in India. They acquired riches and wealth by exploiting millions of the poor. Even today the industrialists exploit the workers and the Zamindars exploit the farm labour.
• There is a small rich class and the large majority is poor.
• Even today, about 30% of the people in India live below the poverty line. Thus, poor live in rich India.

वर्तमान समय में लड़कियों लड़कों से किसी भी क्षेत्र में पीछे नहीं है। हर जगह उन्होंने अपनी विशिष्ट पहचान बनाई है। वर्तमान में लड़कियाँ अध्यापिका, डोक्टर, इंजीनियर, वैज्ञानिक, वकील, जज, प्रशासनिक अधिकारी, पुलिस ऑफिसर, सैनिक यहाँ तक की पायलट, रेल ड्राइवर आदि पदों पर कार्यरत होकर अपनी कार्यक्षमता का परिचय दे रही हैं। लड़कियों ने पुरानी धारणा को तोड़कर नये-नये कीर्तिमान स्थापित कर रही हैं, विदेशों में राजदूत, प्रदेशों की गवर्नर, संसद सदस्या, मंत्री, मुख्यमंत्री, प्रधानमंत्री के पदों पर कार्यरत है। किसी भी क्षेत्र में स्त्रियाँ पुरुषों से पीछे नहीं है।

The government provides help for the development of agriculture and plantation agriculture. Training is provided for organic farming and hence protecting the environment. Help is also provided to make pavilion for creeper crops. Training is also given for grading and packaging organic products and then selling those products in market. Along with environment protection the government also aims to reduce expenditure done by farmers in agriculture and enhance soil fertility.

पुराने समय में स्त्रियों द्वारा प्राकृत भाषा में बोलना उनके अपढ़ होने का सबूत नहीं है, क्योंकि उस समय बोलचाल की भाषा प्राकृत ही थी। जिसे सुशिक्षितों द्वारा भी बोला जाता था। जिस प्रकार आज हिन्दी जन साधारण की भाषा है। वर्तमान समय में अखबारों की भाषा हिन्दी है। उच्च से उच्च पदवी धारण किए लोग समाचारपत्रों के सम्पादक हैं, उसी प्रकार उस समय प्राकृत बोलनेवाले भी अपद, गवार नहीं हो सकते इसका एकमात्र कारण है कि प्राकृत उस समय की सर्व-साधारण भाषा थी। प्राकृत भाषा में जैनों और बौद्धों के अनेक ग्रंथों की रचना हुई। तो स्त्रियों के द्वारा प्राकृत बोलना उनके अपढ़ होने का सबूत नहीं है।

‘स्त्रियों को पढ़ाने से अनर्थ होते हैं,’ द्विवेदीजी ने कुतर्कवादियों की इस दलील का खंडन करते हुए उन लोगों पर करारा व्यंग्य किया है। यदि खियों को पढ़ाने से अनर्थ होते हैं तो पुरुषों द्वारा किया हुआ अनर्थ भी पुरुष-शिक्षा का परिणाम है। बम के गोले फेंकना, नरहत्या करना, डाके डालना, चोरियां करना, घूस देना यदि ये सब पढ़ने-लिखने का परिणाम है तो सभी स्कूल, कॉलेज बंद कर देना चाहिए। शकुंतला का दुष्यंत से कुवाक्य कहना या अपने परित्याग पर सीता का राम के प्रति क्रोध करना उनकी शिक्षा का परिणाम न होकर उनकी स्वाभाविकता ही है।

(क) अपड़ों की भाषा

The reasons for the emergence of poverty in India are as follows:

• Irregular rainfall and inadequate irrigation facilities are responsible for the decline in income from agriculture.

• Seasonal nature of employment and absence of alternative employment in the rural area.

• The illiterate people are engaged in agriculture for ages. They do not possess required knowledge, skills or training for the high-paying professions. Sway of customs, traditions and (blind) religious beliefs force people to indulge in huge unproductive expenditure. They borrow money from the village moneylenders at exorbitant rate of interest by mortgaging their land. As a result, more than 90% villagers are caught in the debt trap.

• The illiterate villages are exploited by the landlords and moneylenders.

• The illiterate villagers are unable to derive their benefits as they do not possess information of the welfare schemes of the government.

• The British rulers encouraged cultivation of cash

• The British rulers imposed exorbitant land revenue and made it compulsory to make its payment in cash. They did not grant relief even in time of natural calamities. The farmers had no other alternative but to approach money-lenders to raise funds for the payment of the land revenue. The exploitative British rule was mainly responsible for the rural poverty crops. This reduced the land under cultivation of the food- grains. As a result, production of food grains declined. This triggered scarcity of food grains and increase in the prices.

• Development of agriculture was neglected during the era of planning. Benefits of development did not reach the poor and they continued to live in poverty.

• Economic reforms introduced in 1991 have adverse effect on agriculture, small scale and cottage industries. The poor in the rural areas migrated to the urban areas in search of employment. This resulted in the collapse of agriculture as an economic activity.

• Malnutrition and starvation are common among the poor. They suffered form many ailments. Expensive medical treatment cause further hardship.

• Technological change have led to the closure of many traditional crafts and industries. The workers have been rendered jobless.

• Progress in medical science has increased the expectancy of life. Population has increased due to low death rate.

• The supply of labour has increased manifold. However, employment opportunities are insufficient. This led to unemployment and unemployment has further triggered poverty.

• The purchasing power of the people has declined. As, a result, the standard of living deteriorated. This is a reflection on the state of poverty in India.