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The digestive waste and unabsorbed substances in the ileum enter into the large intestine and it mostly contains fibre called roughage. The roughage is utilized by symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine for the production of substances like vitamin K and other metabolites. All these substances are absorbed in the colon along with water.

The waste is then solidified into fecal matter in the rectum. The fecal matter initiates a neural reflex causing an urge or desire for its removal. The egestion of feces through the anal opening is called defecation. It is a voluntary process and is carried out by a peristaltic movement.

Goblet cells secrete mucus. They are found in mucosal epithelium and are called mucus glands. 

Functions of mucus: 

(i) Mucus acts as lubricant. 

(ii) It protects the epithelial surface from excoriation and digestion

The calorific value and physiological fiel value of one gram of protein are 5.65 Kcal and 4 Kcal respectively. Fat has a calorific value of 9.45 Kcal and the physiological fuel value of 9 Kcal per gram. Proteins are the source of amino acids required for growth and repair of body cells. They are stored in the body only to a certain extent. They replace the worn out protoplasm. They are important for the production of many enzymes. hormones and plasma. The catabolism of amino acids releases toxic nitrogenous wastes which are removed by the kidneys.

(a) (P-iv ) ( Q – iii ) ( R- i ) ( S – ii)

Crypts of Leiberkuhn.

The mucus in saliva helps to lubricate the food for swallowing.

Salivary amylase would not be able to digest starch or sugars.

(i) In the absence of HCI (Hydrochloric acid), pepsinogen is not activated and converted into pepsin. 

(ii) Hence no protein digestion takes place. 

(iii) It will not kill bacteria in the stomach (anti-septicaction).

Carbohydrates are sugar and starch. These are the major source of cellular fuel which provides energy. The caloric value of carbohydrate is 4.1 calories per gram and its physiological fuel value is 4 Kcal per gram. Lipids are fats and derivatives of fats, are also the best reserved food stored in our body which is used for production of energy. Fat has a caloric value of 9.45 Kcal and a physiological fuel value of 9 Kcal per gram.

The calorific value of carbohydrates is 4.1.

(b) glycerol and fatty acids

The small intestine assists in the final digestion and absorption of food. It is the longest part of the alimentary canal and has three regions, a ‘U’ shaped duodenum (25 cm long), a long coiled middle portion jejunum (2.4m long) and a highly coiled ileum (3.5 m long).

The wall of the duodenum has Brunner’s glands which secrete mucus and enzymes. Ileum is the ongest part of the small intestine and opens into the caecum of the large intestine.

The ileal mucosa has numerous vascular projections called villi which are involved in the process of absorption and the cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called microvilli giving a brush border appearance that increase the surface area enormously.

Along with Villi, the ileal mucosa also contain mucus secreting goblet cells and lymphoid tissue known as Peyer’s patches which produce lymphocytes. The wall of the small intestine bears crypts between the base of villi called crypts of Leiberkuhn.

Hydrochloric acid (HCI) does not act on the wall on the stomach because the wall is covered by mucous, which forms a barrier. The proteolytic enzymes also do not reach the wall because of this factor.

Carbohydrates are more suitable for the production of energy in the body than proteins and fats because carbohydrate molecules contain relatively more oxygen than the others, hence require less molecular oxygen for oxidation. Carbohydrates are also stored in the body cells as glycogen and are used for the production of energy whenever required.

(d) All the above

(i) Peristalsis is produced by involuntary contraction of circular muscles in the oesophagus lying above the bolus and simultaneous contraction of the longitudinal muscles lying below the bolus. 

(ii) Contraction of the longitudinal muscles shortens the lower part of the oesophagus, pushing its walls outward so that it can receive the bolus. 

(iii) After this, circular muscles of the oesophagus relax. 

(iv) The contractions are repeated in a wave that moves down the oesophagus, pushing the food towards the stomach.

Correct Answer is: (a) Vomiting

It is a wave of contraction of the circular muscle fibers passing along the stomach and oesophagus wall just behind a wave of relaxation. Due to this food is pushed into the relaxed portion.

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose by liver is glycogenesis.

(iii) Both processes A and B are chemical changes

1. c. KJ/gm

2. c. Hydrogen gas

3. a. 150 KJ/g

4. a. Hydrocarbons

5. b. LPG

Two causes of physical problems in a body are : 

1. Due to an infectious bacteria/virus. 

2. Any physical problem-acquired from parents or from the mother’s womb.

These diseases develop after birth. They are preventable as well as curable. Cold, Cough, Fever, Malaria, Tetanus, Jaundice, Eczema etc. are some of the acquired or infectious diseases.

There are many diseases. They are classified into two parts : 

(i) Acquired or Contagious Diseases.

(ii) Heredity Diseases.

(i) Acquired Diseases : These diseases develop after birth. They are preventable as well as curable. Cold, Cough, Fever, Diarrhoea, Malaria, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Tetanus, Jaundice, Leprosy, Polio, Eczema etc. are some of the acquired or infectious diseases.

(ii) Hereditary Diseases : These diseases are present from birth and are transmitted from generation to generation e.g., Diabetes, Haemophilia etc. Infectious diseases are caused by virus, germs and different types of fungi.

Infection of the diseases spreads by two ways : 

(a) Direct contact and 

(b) Indirect contact.

Diseases spread by direct contact are Cold, Cough, Eczema, Influenza, T.B. etc. Malaria, Diarrhoea, Dysentry etc. are spread by indirect contact.

Dengue is a viral disease spread by Aedes mosquito that bites during the day time. It causes sudden fever and acute pain the joints

Diabetes, asthma, obesity and heart diseases are common hereditary diseases in a man.

Spread of Cholera: Cholera is caused by bacteria called Vibrio-Cholera. They are comma shaped and are present in the patients’ intestines and faeces. After their excretion with faeces, they reach water bodies and soil from where the flies take them to the eatables which make them enter the human body.

Notification: Whenever a case of infectious disease occurs, the health officer or the municipal committee must be informed at once so that timely action may be taken.

Isolation: The person suffering from an infectious disease should be separated from the healthy persons. He should be admitted in the hospital for treatment. The diseased students should not be sent to the school by the mothers till they have fully recovered.

Immunisation: By vaccination or injection the immunity to face the germs is produced in the body. Immunity can be produced even by nutritious food. Even if the germs enter the body they do not succeed in causing the disease easily.

Quarantine Period: It means separation from neighbours and relatives, of the persons who have been in contact with the patient, for a specific length of time equal to the incubation period of that disease. During this period either the persons separated will be cured of the disease or the symptoms of the disease will appear.

Disinfection: It means to destroy the germs by using disinfectants like Lysol, Iodine, Phenyle, Sulphur-Oxide etc. Heat and Sun light are natural disinfectants. In many diseases it is safer to burn the clothes and bedding used by the patient.

Malaria is spread by the parasites which enter the human body through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, which feeds on human blood. Within 10 to 12 days they spread in the whole body and symptoms of Malaria appear.

• Malaria can often be avoided using the following methods: 

• Awareness of risk – find out whether you’re at risk of getting malaria

• Bite prevention – avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent 

• Covering your arms and legs, and using a mosquito net.

Watt: An International System unit of power equal to one joule per second.

Heating effect of current: Electrical energy converts into heat energy by a specialized device.

Switch: A device used to either break the circuit or to complete it.

वर्ष के अंत में कुछ खातों को बंद करके अन्य खाते ले जाने के लिए तथा समायोजनों की असर दर्शाने के लिए जो बही तैयार की जाती है उसे समायोजन बही कहते हैं ।

समायोजन बही में प्रविष्टि करने के लिए वर्ष के अंत में या निश्चित समय के अंत में रोजमेल या बैठोमेल के अन्तिम पन्नों में समायोजन बही लिखी जाती है । समायोजन बही में भी रोजमेल की तरह ही लेखा किया जाता है ।

समायोजन बही का दूसरा नाम जमाखर्ची बही, मांडछाड़ बही या अचल बही भी है । समायोजन बही कच्चे खाते बंद करने, अंतिम . स्टॉक, चुकानी बाकी खर्च, पूर्वदत्त खर्च, अप्राप्त आवक, अंतिम प्राप्त आवक, मिलकत पर घिसाई, डुबत ऋण, भंडोल पर ब्याज तथा भुलसुधार के व्यवहारों को लिखने के लिए बनायी जाती है । सभी समायोजनों की असर करने के बाद वार्षिक हिसाब तैयार : का लाभ या हानि ज्ञात किया जाता है, जिसकी समायोजन बही में असर दर्शायी जाती है । समायोजन बही के दोनों तरफ का योग समान होता है ।

देशीनामा में मालवापसी के व्यवहारों को लिखने के लिए अलग से कोई बही नहीं रखी जाती है । परन्तु माल वापसी की हिसाबी असर उधार बही तथा जमा बही में ही दर्शायी जाती है । यदि मालवापसी रोकड़ से हुई हो तो उसका लेखा रोजमेल या बैठोमेल में किया जाता है ।

उधार माल खरीद वापसी : जिस महिने में उधार माल की खरीदी हुई हो उसी महिने में उसमें से माल वापस किया जाय तब माल वापसी की रकम को उधार माल खरीदी की रकम में से घटाकर शेष रकम ही जमानोंध में लिखी जाती है । इस प्रकार जब खरीदी का व्यवहार हो तो उसकी रकम प्रथम खाने में लिखने के बदले अंदर के दूसरे खाने में लिखी जाती है जिससे यदि माल वापस हुआ हो तो उसे घटाकर शुद्ध (अंतिम) रकम ही प्रथम खाने में लिखी जाती है ।

यदि पिछले महिने खरीदे माल में से खरीद वापसी की जाय तो उसे उधार बिक्री समझकर उधारबही में लिखा जाता है । उधार माल बिक्री वापसी : जिस महिने में माल बेचा गया हो यदि उसी महिने में माल वापस आए तो उसे उधार माल बिक्री की रकम में से घटाया जाता है । इस प्रकार मास के अंत में बिक्री में से वापसी घटाकर अंतिम रकम ही प्रथम खाने में लिखी जाती है ।

यदि पिछले महिने बेचे माल में से माल वापस आया हो तो उसे उधार खरीदी समझकर जमाबही में लिखा जाता है ।

सही विकल्प है (ब) कबालाबही

सही विकल्प है (ड) अचलमेल

सही विकल्प है (क) आवक

कितने ही व्यापारी अपने व्यवहारों को लिखने के लिये रोजमेल, बैठोमेल के अलावा विविध सहायक बहीयाँ रखते है । इन सहायक बहीयों से व्यापारी श्रमविभाजन और विशिष्टीकरण के लाभ प्राप्त कर सकते है । द्विनोंधी नामा पद्धति की तरह ही देशीनामा पद्धति में भी सहायक बहीयों का उपयोग किया जाता है ।

सहायक बहीयों विविध तरह की निम्नानुसार है :

(1) जमाबही (खरीदबही)
(2) उधार बही (बिक्री बही)
(3) दागीना बही (जणसबही या स्टोक पत्रक)
(4) आंकड़ाबही (सुधाबही या कच्ची बही)
(5) वसूली बही
(6) जांगडबही
(7) करार बही
(8) ब्याज बही
(3) हंडी बही
(10) कबालाबही
(11) बैंक रजिस्टर (बैंक बही)

सही विकल्प है (ब) कच्चा खाता

सही विकल्प है (ब) ओडायो

सही विकल्प है (ड) रोजमेल

सही विकल्प है (क) बैठोमेल

सही विकल्प है (ड) सरवैया में

सही विकल्प है (क) कच्ची बही

सही विकल्प है (अ) उतारा

डिबेंचरों का अंशों में रुपांतर किया जाये तब भी रोकड़ व्यवहार अस्तित्व में नहीं आता । इसलिये रोकड़ प्रवाह का सर्जन न होने से वित्तीय प्रवृत्तियों के रोकड़ प्रवाह के रूप में ध्यान में नहीं लिये जाते ।

सही विकल्प है (ड) रोकड़ प्रवाह नहीं है ।

बोनस अंशों के कारण इक्विटी अंश पूँजी में वृद्धि होती है । बोनस अंश का व्यवहार लाभ अथवा अनामत का पूँजीकरण दर्शाता है । अर्थात् लाभ-हानि खाता की जमा रकम अथवा सामान्य अनामत का इक्विटी अंश पूँजी में परिवर्तन । इस व्यवहार में वृद्धि रोकड़ के अतिरिक्त होती है ।