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(a) Stamina 

(b) Lack 

(c) inspiration

12, Nai Wala Gali

Karol Bagh

New Delhi

20th March, 20××

The Editor

The Hindustan Times New Delhi 

Sub: Night shelters for Homeless Poor 

Sir

Through the columns of your prestigious national daily, I want to highlight the urgent need for providing night shelter for the homelss.

I am a resident of 12, Nai Wala Gali, Karol Bagh, New Delhi. India excels in contrasts. One of the major economies of the world has the maximum number of homeless poor people in the world. Millions of people in India spend their nights under the starry or cloudy skies. Many unfortunate persons fight for a little space on the pavements. Long winters become unbearable for these homeless orphans. They try to find out some shelters under the bridges, at railway stations or in public buildings. But they are hounded out from there by the police. Last month five people lost their lives due to extreme cold conditions.

The administration must show its human face. The state government must open adequate night shelters and provide free lodging for such persons. It will save hundreds of unfortunate homeless people dying from cold or chilly nights.

Yours faithfully

Ram Lal

12, Temple Road

Puri

20th March, 20××

The Editor

The Orissa Times

Puri

Sub: Nuisance Caused by Stray Cattle 

Sir

Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I want to express my anguish and concern at the nuisance caused by the stray cattle in the city.

Of late the city has witnessed many accidents due to the nuisance caused by the stray cattle. Only a few days ago a biker was killed when a running cow hit him in the middle of the road. We can’t imagine cattle strolling leisurely on the roads of New York, London or Sydney. But India presents totally a different scene. You can find cows walking with leisurely steps on the highways or in the lanes of any city. Puri is a temple town. To make things still worse, people throw food in the middle of the roads for the animals. The roads become feeding centres of cows, bulls, horses, donkeys and dogs.

There is no arrangement of capturing such stray cattle and sending them to the special pens run by the corporation. There should be a special squad. It should have fixed responsibilities of clearing away the roads from the unwanted and stray cattle.

Yours faithfully

Murli Panda

12, Residency Road

Chennai

20th March, 20××

The Editor

The Hindu

Chennai

Sub: Combating Terrorism and Naxalism 

Sir

Through the columns of your esteemed national daily, I want to express my deep concern and dismay at the growing terrorist and naxal activities in different parts of India.

Terrorism seems to have become a part and parcel of life in this problem-ridden world. In India, terrorism flourished on a big scale only in the 1990s in Jammu and Kashmir. Before that we had isolated terrorist activities in Nagaland and Mizoram. But Jammu and Kashmir’s terrorist groups have highlighted their widespread activities on an international scale. ‘Lashkar-e-Taiba’ ‘Jaish-e-Mohammad’ and ‘Hizbul Mujahideen’ have international links. They are morally and materially supported and funded by Pakistan. Our armed forces must equip themselves fully to root out terrorists hideouts from the Indian soil. 

Naxalism is a different problem. It grew in Bengal and Andhra due to economic, social and agrarian disparities. Influenced by Maoism, the Naxalites have spread their activities in many other parts of India including Jharkhand, Orissa and Maharashtra. Removing economic and social disparities and introducing agrarian reforms can attack at the basic roots of Maoists. The police and the armed forces can’t allow and condone violence and murders of innocent people. The armed might of the state must crush all such anti-national activities. Earlier it is done better it will be for peace and prosperity in India.

Yours faithfully

Zahir/Zahida

2, Govind Enclave 

Meerut, 

March 16, 20×× 

The Editor 

Dainik Jagaran

Meerut 

Subject : Reclaiming the parks 

Sir 

Though the columns of your esteemed news paper, I would like to draw your kind attention towards the major problems faced by us in our two nearby parks. These parks are taken as for granted by some undesirable elements. Some people are using the parks as garbage dumps or private properties. Some people are using these parks as vehicle parking stand. Due to this reason on one goes there. The residents have stopped going to the parks. 

So, I would request you kindly to take some steps against these activities. Reconstruction of parks and fencing is must. For children, we have to fix some swings in it and a walking track for adults. You can fix an amount on the people who are caught red-handed throwing their garbage in it. I want your concern as soon as it is possible and to reclaim the parks for our children. 

Thanking you 

Your sincerely 

Gauri.

2, library Road, 

Jabalpur 

6th February 20XX 

The Administrator 

International Coaching Centre 

Raipur 

Subject : Enquiring about the Coaching Classes 

Sir 

Through this letter of mine I wish to inform you that I am a student of class X appearing in Board Examination in the month of March 20xx. I wish to appear in JEE and would like to join your classes for the preparation of JEE. Kindly furnish the following details : 

* The duration of the course

* The staff

* Timings

* Fee structure

* Transport facility

* Mode of payment 

I shall be grateful if you would send the details asked above at the earliest. I request you to send me prospectus or any other detailed relevant information.

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Rajni

It was a great opportunity for me as I got a chance to watch a football match between Mohan Baghan of India and Massay club of Sri Lanka. I had already taken my seat. Both the teams were on the ground. It was a beautiful play ground. There was greenery around it and different kinds of flowers were blooming. The weather was very charming and a gentle, cold breeze was blowing. I was excited to watch the match. The audience was also excited. They were blowing whistles and shouting slogans. All of us had been waiting for the match to start. The referees were also on the ground. The whistle blew which was a signal to both the teams to line up, as the Prime Minister was in the stadium for inauguration. After formal introduction, the match was about to begin. The players of both the teams were in full zeal to show their game. All of a sudden, there was an announcement to be beware of the unknown things and keep them away. There was a secret report of some terrorists who were there. The two captains looked tense. No body knew what to do. Suddenly, there was a commotion in one of the corners of the stadium. The police was there and they were holding two persons by their collar and took them away. The two terrorists had been arrested. Now, there was another announcement that everything was allright. The warning had been taken back. Now both the captains along with the audience were pleased. There was a great thrill in the match. Mohan Baghan won the match by 3 to 1 goals. Everyone was delighted.

2, library Road, 

Jabalpur 

6 February 20×× 

The Administrator 

International Coaching Centre 

Raipur 

Subject : Enquiring about the Coaching Classes 

Sir 

Through this letter of mine I wish to inform you that I am a student of class X appearing in Board Examination in the month of March 20xx. I wish to appear in JEE and would like to join your classes for the preparation of JEE. Kindly furnish the following details : 

• The duration of the course 
• The staff 
• Timings
• Fee structure
• Transport facility
• Mode of payment 

I shall be grateful if you would send the details asked above at the earliest. I request you to send me prospectus or any other detailed relevant information. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Rajni.

Autosomal dominant – Polydactyly or Huntington chorea

Autosomal recessive – Alkeptoneuria (A.K.U) or phenylketonuria (P.K.U) or Sickle cell anemia.

Species richness contributes to the well being of an ecosystem. So if the species diversity at tropical rain forests will increase to 12% it make a more stable earth ecosystem.

 (i) The slope of stopping potential (V₀)  versus frequency (v) is equal to (h/e)  which is universal constant, so slope is same for both lines. 

(ii) K.E. = hv - hv₀ As threshold frequency v₀ is lesser for M₁, so K.E. will be greater for M₁ for same frequency v.

a–Photosynthesis 

b–Respiration 

c–Respiration 

d–Combustion of fossil fuels 

e–Aquatic food chain f–Coal, oil.

The exaggerated response of the immune systems to certain antigens (allergens) present in the environment is the cause.

The pioneer species invade a bare area and pave way for other species. 

Pyramid of energy is always upright as only 10% energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. 

Inverted pyramid shows less number/biomass of producers when compared to primary consumers.

By physical counting, percent cover or total biomass, from relative density, counting pug marks, counting faecal pellets.

Given 2P(X = x₁​) = 3P(X = x₂​) = P(X = x_3​) = 5P(X = x_4​) = k

\(\displaystyle\sum^4_{i=1} p(X = x_i) = 1\)

⇒ P(X = x₁​) + P(X = x₂​) + P(X = x_3​) + P(X = x₄​) =1

⇒ \(\frac k2 + \frac k3 + k+\frac k5 = 1\)

⇒ \(\frac{15k + 10 k+ 30k + 6k}{30} = 1\)

⇒ \(k = \frac{30}{61}\)

P(X = x₁​) = \(\frac{15}{61}\)

P(X = x₂​) = \(\frac{10}{61}\)

P(X = x₃​) = \(\frac{30}{61}\)

P(X = x₄​) = \(\frac{6}{61}\)

(a) Reaction : Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

IUPAC: 2-Bromopropanoic acid.

(b) Reaction: Rosenmund reduction reaction.

IUPAC: Benzaldehyde.

On heating ZnO, it loses oxygen and there is excess of Zn²⁺ions in the crystal.

H₂SO₄ cannot be used along with KI in the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl iodide as it converts KI to corresponding HI and then oxidieses it to I₂.

(i) This is due to d-d transition. When visible (white) light falls on a transition metal compounds, they absorb certain radiation of visible light and transmit the remaining ones. The colour observed corresponds to complementary colour of the light absorbed.
(ii) As manganese has maximum number of unpaired electrons (5) in 3d subshell in addition to 2 electrons in the 4s subshell.

(i) It is a revenue expenditure since it neither creates an asset nor reduces liabilities of government. 

(ii) It is a revenue expenditure since it neither creates an asset nor reduces liabilities of government. 

(iii) It is a capital expenditure since it creates assets of the government. 

(iv) It is a revenue expenditure since it neither creates an asset nor reduces liabilities of government.

Public Distribution system, measures against hoarding.

Prices of fruits and vegetables can be reduced by providing subsidies and tax concessions to the producer of fruits and vegetables. Government should also provide fruits and vegetables at subsidized rate to the consumers through public distribution system.

Per-capita income in developing countries in India is comparatively low, so the tax receipts of the government are not sufficient to incur heave expenditure for the development of the economy. Therefore the government is compelled on budget deficit ,which is financed through borrowings at home, abroad and from central bank.

A good that is non-rival and non-excludable is referred to as public good. Non-rival means that consumption by one individual does not affect the consumption of another individual. Whereas, non-excludable implies that no individual can be excluded from using the good. For example, parks, roads, national defence, etc. 

These goods must be provided by the government because of the following reasons: 

i. The benefits of public goods can be easily enjoyed by anyone without affecting the consumption of other individuals. There arises market failure. 

ii. No individual can be excluded from using public goods as it is available to all. The link between the producer and the consumer becomes non-functional, necessitating government interference through public provisions.

Public debt is not always a blessing. Excessive use of it creates a lot of crisis in the economy such as, 

(i) Hampers economic development of the country: Loans are easily borrowed but it is very difficult to repay them. Government imposes more taxes which brings instability and it is an obstacle in the economic development in the country. 

(ii) Poses threat to political freedom: Foreign loans and assistance lead to deep conflict among countries. The friction among countries challenges the political freedom. 

(iii) Proves a burden on common man: Loans taken for unproductive purposes are a burden on common man in the form of higher taxes. 

(iv) Leads to extravagant spending: Public debt leads to unplanned spending. This provides incentive to the government to implement the schemes that requires excessive expenditure. 

(v) Results in drain of national wealth: Repayment of foreign loans results in drain of wealth out of the country

The tax multiplier is smaller in absolute value than the government expenditure multiplier, as the government expenditure affects the total expenditure and taxes through the multiplier. Tax multiplier also influences disposable income that affects the overall consumption level.
The reason is explained through the following example.
Let's assume MPC be to 0.80.
Then, the government expenditure multiplier = 1/1 - c

= 1/1 - 0.80

= 100/20

= 5

Tax multiplier = - c/(1 - c) = - 80/(1 - 0.80)

= - 0.80/0.20

= - 4

This shows that government expenditure multiplier is more than tax multiplier.

Fiscal deficit is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts. That is, when total government expenditure is greater that total government receipts, the government faces fiscal deficit. 

Fiscal deficit is estimated as: 

Total Expenditure (revenue + capital) - Total Receipts (excluding borrowings). 

Fiscal deficit gives an indication to the government about the total borrowing requirements from all sources. Fiscal deficit can be financed through domestic borrowings and/or borrowings from abroad. Greater fiscal deficit implies greater borrowings by the government.

Government debt or public debt refers to the amount or money that a central government owes. This amount may be borrowings of the government from banks, public financial institutions and from other external and internal sources. Public debt definitely imposes a burden on the economy as a whole, which is described through the following points. 

i. Adverse effect on productivity and investment: A government may impose taxes or get money printed to repay the debt. This however reduces the peoples' ability to work, save and invest, thus hampering the development of a country. 

ii. Burden on younger generations: The government transfers the burden of reduced consumption on future generations. Higher government borrowings in the present leads to higher taxes levied in future in order to repay the past obligations. The government imposes taxes on the younger generations, lowering their consumption, savings and investments. Hence, higher public debt has negative effect on the welfare of the younger generations. 

iii. Lowers the private investment: The government attracts more investment by raising rates of interests on bonds and securities. As a result, a major part of savings of citizens goes in the hands of the government, thus crowding out private investments. 

iv. Leads to the drain of National wealth: The wealth of the country is drained out at the time of repaying loans taken from foreign countries and institutions.

The concept of deficit and debt are closely related. Deficit can be thought of as a flow which add to the stock of the debt. If the government continues to borrow year after year, it leads to the accumulation of debt and the government has to pay more and more by way of interest. These interest payments themselves contribute to the debt.

(d) All of them

(a) Personal income tax 

Deficient demand exists when aggregate demand for a level of output is less than full employment level. In other words, deficient demand exists when aggregate demand falls short of aggregate supply at full employment level. It is a level of demand which is insufficient to eliminate involuntary unemployment. Deficient demand gives rise to a deflationary gap.

Role Of Bank Rate in removing it :- Bank rate is the rate of interest at which the central bank of a country gives credit to commercial banks. For controlling deficient demand, the central bank should decrease the bank rate. A decrease in bank rate reduces the market rate of interest as a result credit becomes cheap. Accordingly, the demand for credit increases and aggregate demand is increased and the problem of deficient demand can be solved. 

Export increases the demand for goods and services produced in the domestic territory and is helpful to reduce deficient demand.

Yes, when AD is more than aggregate Supply people demand more & supply is inadequate to fulfil the demand , so price rises.

Production, income & employment will increase. It leads to development in the country.

No. Inflationary gap occurs only when AD>AS corresponding to full employment level of employment. 

It is a state of disequilibrium in economics. When AD>AS , producers have to cater to demand out of their existing stock of goods , implying that the desired level of stocks will decrease. It implies greater production & therefore there is increase in AS .This process continues till equilibrium is struck between AD and AS.

Aggregate demands falls.

Monetary policy is the policy of central bank  to control money supply and credit in the economy.

The various factors affecting the price elasticity of demand are  :

(i) Availability of substitutes: Demand for goods which have close substitutes (like tea and coffee) is relatively more elastic because, when price of such good rises, the consumers have the option of shifting to its substitute. Goods without close substitutes like cigarettes, etc., are generally found to be less elastic in demand.

(ii) Proportion of income spent on a commodity: Demand for goods on which a consumer spends only a small fraction of his total income is relatively more inelastic because, even when price of such good rises, the consumers can still afford the same units of the commodity. Goods on which a major portion of the income is spent are likely to have elastic demand.

(iii) Nature of a commodity : Ordinarily, necessaries like salt, matchboxes, etc., have less than unitary elastic demand luxuries like air conditioner, costly furniture, car etc., have greater than unitary elastic demand. Comforts like, cooler, fans, etc., have neither very elastic nor very inelastic demand. Jointly demanded goods like pen and ink, etc. shows a moderate elasticity of demand.

(iv) Tastes and Habits of the consumer : Demand for goods for which a consumer has taste preference or is habitual of is relatively more inelastic because, even when price of such good rises, the consumers will still prefer to buy the same units of the commodity. 

The objectives of ASEAN Economic Community are as follows: 

• To create common market and production based activities within ASEAN states, 

• To aid social and economic development. 

• To resolve economic disputes, the existing dispute settlement mechanism has been improved. 

• Free Trade Areas for investment, labour and services have also been created.

Four main objectives of India after independence are as follows: 

1. The main objective was to shape entire India as a unified nation despite of its diversities, regions, religions, languages, culture, etc. 

2. India adopted the Parliamentary form of government and its objective was to evolve democratic principles, values and practices in accordance with the Constitution. 

3. Its objective was to ensure the well being of Indian citizens, which the constitution mentioned in its preamble. The principles of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity were adopted to ensure the development of society. India developed effective policy for economic development and removal of poverty and illiteracy. 

4. Just before independence, the British declared that with the end of their rule over India, suzerainty of the British dominance over Princely states would also lapse. This declaration made the entire situation very uncertain, and integration of Princely states was one of the main objectives of India.

There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico as: 

1. In India, the Congress Party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 

2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but in Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. 

In our opinion, one party dominance-like India is better because this sort of dominance:

• accommodates social diversities. 

• encourage large number of parti-cipation. 

• ensures democratic spirit as well as maintains the same. 

• bears respect even for opposition.

1. After the Second World War, there were many newly countries emerged in Asia and Africa as a result of the collapse of colonialism and the most nations faced threats not only from outside their borders but also from within. 

2. For the newly independent countries external and internal threats posed serious challenges to their security. 

3. Some of these states are worried about threats from separatist movement within the country. 

4. Terrorism is a problem faced by maximum newly free countries from outside borders i.e. 1ST 

5. Newly independent countries are highly populated and low per capita income countries so that facing the problem of global poverty. 

6. Newly independent countries are also facing the problem of social injustice discrimination based on caste, creed, religion which affects the human rights.

1. India believes that a strengthened and revitalised UN is desirable in the changing world. 

2. India also supports an enhanced role for the UN in promoting development and cooperation among states. 

3. India believes that the development should be central to the UN’s agenda as it is a vital precondition for the maintenance of international peace and security. 

4. India debates more representation in Security Council may enjoy greater support in world community. 

5. India has major concern about restructuring of UN Security Council. 

6. India supports the role of developing countries should be represented in Security Council in decision making