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Limitations of e-business are 

(a) Low personal touch: It is relatively less suitable mode of business in respect of product categories requiring high personal touch such as garments, toiletries, etc. 

(b) Incongruence between order taking/giving and order fulfillment speed: The order can be completed quickly, however, its delivery takes time. This incongruence causes inconvenience to customers. Moreover, due to technical reasons, web sites take unusually long time to open. This may further frustrate the user. 

(c) Need for technology capability and competence of parties to e-business: e-Business requires a fairly high degree of familiarity of the parties with the world of computers. Moreover, the parties should have access to internet facility and knowledge to operate them.

(d) Increased risk due to anonymity and nontraceability of parties: It is difficult to establish the identity of the parties involved and the location from where they may be operating. This makes the transaction risky. There are other problems such as- impersonation and leakage of confidential data, virus and hacking. 

(e) People resistance: the employee may be oppose a business’s entry into e-business as new technology may cause stress and create a sense of insecurity among people. 

(f) Ethical fallouts: Many businesses are using electronic eye to keep a track of the email account, websites visited and computer files of the employees. Hence, e-business lacks ethics by violating privacy.

Partnership would be more suitable for 

(i) Medical clinic, 

(ii) Legal consultancy and 

(iii) Chartered accountancy firm since these businesses require professional services and under partnerships, the knowledge, skills and expertise of different partners would be available to the business. 

The partners can supervise different functions according to their areas of expertise. This leads to balanced decision making and reduced burden of running a business.

Retained Earnings.

Chloroplasts:

• They are green plastids ,largest cell organelle of plant.
• Contain chlorophyll.
• Have a role in photosynthesis.
• Have largest lamillar system.
• Can divide by binary fission.
• Have own DNA and ribosomes (protein synthesis can happen).

Chromoplasts :

• They are colourful plastids.
• No chlorophyll content.
• Have no role in photosynthesis.
• Have least or no lamillar system.
• No binary fission takes place.
• Lack DNA or ribosomes.

Exporter demands Letter of Credit since it is a guarantee issued by the importer’s bank that it will honour payment up to a certain amount of export bills to the bank of the exporter. It acts as a security for payment to the exporter.

AUG codon at 5’ end = start codon (for translation) / codes for methionine 
UAG codon at 3’ end = stop codon (for translation) / terminate polypeptide chain

(i) a is AUG 

b is UAA/UAG/UGA 

(ii) AUG codes for methionine (initiation codon). 

UAA/UAG/UGA does not code for any amino acid, i.e., it is a stop or terminating codon. 

(iii) There are two sites (P-site and A-site) in the large subunit of ribosome, where subsequent amino acids bind to and thus are close enough to form peptide bond. The ribosome also acts as a catalyst for the formation of peptide bond.

(a) ori: It is a sequence from where replication starts and any piece of DNA when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells. It is also responsible for controlling the copy number of the linked DNA. 

(b) amp ^R : The ligation of alien DNA is carried out at a restriction site present in any antibiotic resistance gene. 

(c) rop: It codes for the proteins involved in the replication of the plasmid.

a) organising programmes (Street play,debates , slogan writing , drawing / painting events etc.)in the school and outside the school for community to create awareness drive related to the ill effect of pollution 
b) providing opportunity for hands on experiments/suveys to help students to internalise the actual
problems and then influence the adults around them Air pollution problems are becoming so serious that it is causing serious health problems .and also a public interest litigation (PIL) was filed in the Supreme Court of India. After being censured very strongly by the Supreme Court, under its directives, the government was asked to take preventive measures within a specified time periodfor reducing emission of poisonous gases and reduce air pollution / CNG is less expensive / CNG burns with no residue / CNG is non polluting / CNG cannot be adulterated like petrol and diesel 

Sewage treatment is carried out in two stages: 

(i) Primary treatment or physical treatment

• It is the physical removal of large and small particles from sewage.
• First, the floating debris is removed by sequential filtration by passing through wire mesh screens.
• Then, the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by sedimentation in settling tanks. The sediment is called primary sludge and the supernatant is the effluent.
• The effluent is taken for secondary treatment. 

(ii) Secondary treatment or biological treatment 

• Primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks with constant mechanical agitation and air supply.
• Useful aerobic microbes grow rapidly and form flocs. 
• The growing microbes consume organic matter and thus reduce the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). 
• When BOD of sewage has reduced, the effluent is passed into settling tank.
• Here, the bacterial flocs settle and the sediment is called activated sludge.
• A small part of the sludge is used as an inoculum in the aeration tank and the remaining part is passed into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters.
• In the digesters, heterotrophic microbes anaerobically digest bacteria and fungi in sludge producing mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO₂ which form the biogas. 
• The effluent can now be released into the water body.

The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically , air is pumped into it,allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs,microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the effluent significantly reducing the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent , the effluent is then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘flocs’ are allowed to sediment (This sediment is called activated sludge) , a small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum , the remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters. (Here, other kinds of bacteria , which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge.) During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. (These gases form biogas and can be used as source of energy as it is inflammable.) (The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into natural water bodies) 

Regeneration of whole plants from explants / any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in special nutrient media (containing a carbon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and growth regulators)
(i) recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants
(ii) thousands of plants can be produced/ micropropogation
(iii) genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown / somaclones 

(i) A stick partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface. 
(ii) A pool of water appears less deep than it actually is.

In Fig., Slope = 1/ Resistance
Here slope of T₁ is greater than T₂ therefore resistance of T₁ is lesser than T₂. Resistance of a material decreases with decrease in temperature. Thus, T₁ temperature is lower than T₂.

1/f = 1/v - 1/u = 1/v = 1/f + 1/u

Here, u = - f and for a concave lens f = -f

Therefore, 1/v = - 1/f - 1/f  => v = - f/2

That is image will be formed between optical centre and focus of lens; towards the side of the object.

Stopping potential remains unchanged. 

Reason: On doubling the distance between the light source and the cathode of the cell, the intensity of light incident on the photocell becomes one-fourth. As stopping potential does not depend on intensity, the stopping potential remains unchanged.

 (i) Angular separation β_θ = β/D = λ/d

It is independent of D; therefore, angular separation remains unchanged if screen is moved away from the slits. But the actual separation between fringes β = λD/d  increases, so visibility of fringes increases  

(ii) When width of source slit is increased, then the angular fringe width remains unchanged but fringes becomes less and less sharp; so visibility of fringes decreases. If the condition s/S <  λ/d is not satisfied, the interference pattern disappears.

Angular separation between fringes 

β_θ = λ/d

where λ = wavelength, d = separation between coherent sources, β_θ is independent of distance between the slits and screen; so angular separation (β_θ) will remain unchanged.

(a) The deflection in galvanometer may be made large by

  (i) moving coil C₂  towards C₁  with high speed. 

(ii) by placing a soft iron laminated core at the centre of coil C₁. 

(b) The induced current can be demonstrated by connecting a torch bulb (in place of galvanometer) in Coil C₁. Due to induced current the bulb begins to glow.

According to Lenz’s law, the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the relative motion between coil and magnet. 

The near face of coil C₁ will become S-pole, so the direction of current in coil C₁ will be clockwise. 

The near face of coil C₂ will also become S-pole to oppose the approach of magnet, so the current in coil C₂ will also be clockwise

C =E₀/B₀

Where,

C = Speed of light

E_o = AmPlitude of electric field

B_o = AmPlitude of magnetic field

Let the observer be at the position of the magnet

In coil CD - Clockwise i.e., from D to C

In coil PQ - Clockwise i.e., from P to Q

Gross working capital refers to the amount invested in various components of current assets. 

Net operating cycle is the length of time between the firm’s actual cash expenditure and its own cash receipt. 

Transaction motive refers to a firm holding some cash to meet its routine expenses that are incurred in the ordinary course of business. 

Amounts due from customers when goods are sold on credit are called Trade debits

Credit period refers to the length of time allowed by a firm for its customers to make payment for their purchases. 

The primary objective of cost accounting is Ascertain the cost of goods and services

Opening stock + Purchases, + Direct Expenses (Carriage on Raw material)-Closing Stock =  Cost of goods produced

In case of a debt becoming bad, the amount should be credited to Debtors Accounts

Cash discount allowed to a debtor should be credited to Customer’s account

The cash discount allowed to a debtor should be credited to Customer a/c

Mr. Raja Maheshwari should save the images in JPEG format because it supports lots of colours (suitable for shading), and JPEG real life static photographs are more compressed than GIF.

In sympathy one has compassion and pity towards the suffering of another but is not able to feel like the other person. 

Empathy- understanding the plight of another person as well understanding things from other’s perspective. 

Procedure to monitor and reduce the physiological aspects of stress by providing feedback about current physiological activity and is often accompanied by relaxation training. It is conducted in three phases. 

Self as subject- someone who does something 

Self as object- someone who gets affected (Brief description and example of both )

Self esteem- value judgment of a person about himself. 

Self efficacy- extent to which people believe they themselves have control over their life outcomes.

Replica plating.

• Host cells are first plated (master plate) on solid media with the desired antibiotic overnight.

• Velvet paper is aligned, pressed on master plate.

• With the same alignment it is pressed onto the replica plate.

• Keep it overnight ,transformed colonies will not grow in replica plate

• The colonies having insert can easily be scored off from master plate by comparing the two plates.

• Based on Cognitive theory of stress as given by Lazarus et al. 

• Depends on how the stressful event is interpreted or appraised. 

• Primary appraisal- positive, negative and neutral 

• Secondary appraisal- They are subjective and depend on: 

• Past experiences. o Controllable- sense of self confidence and self-efficacy 
• Type of stressor- environmental, social or psychological 
• Dimensions of the stressor- intensity, duration, complexity predictability o Person characteristics- physiological, psychological, cultural 
• Resources- physical, personal and social

Projective tests were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. These techniques are based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project one’s feelings desires and needs on the situation.

(a) a rough-hewn woman and her ancient mother. 

(b) older dogs were somebody else’s charity case. 

(c) jumped up and excitedly licked the author’s fingers through the fencing.

(d) would not touch the crust on the floor. 

(e) to buy a dog of their own. (f) the author’s father cried.

(a) A rough-hewn woman and her ancient mother 

(b) Older dogs were somebody else’s charity case 

(c) Jumped up and excitedly licked the author’s fingers through the fencing 

(d) Would not touch the crust on the floor 

(e) To buy a dog of their own 

(f) The author’s father cried 

(g) A perfect dog 

(h) Persistent pleas 

(i) Collapsing

(a) The little girl was crying because she had lost her way while gathering flowers for a garland to offer to goddess Durga. 

(b) The pine tree realised that it was not possible for the girl to return to her house. So it offered the little girl to sleep in an open cave-like place under the tree itself. 

(c) The little girl was disappointed because the flowers that she had gathered the previous night, lay withered on the ground. The tree wrapped its branches around the nearby flower trees and shook them gently so that the little girl may become happy after getting so many flowers. 

(d) The short story teaches us a great lesson. It tells us to help others when they need it. 

(e) The pine tree was very tall, in fact so tall that it could talk to the stars in the sky and easily look over the heads of the other trees.

(a) it was very tall 

(b) ragged and skinny and was crying.  

(c) a cave-like place under the tree.

(i)Principle of ‘Scientific Management’ adopted by Sakaar Foundation:
Cooperation, not individualism:
• There should be complete co-operation between the management and the workers instead of individualism.
• For all important decisions taken by the management, workers should be taken into confidence. The management should be open to any constructive\ suggestions made by the employees and suitably reward them. Principle of ‘General Management ‘adopted by Sakaar

Foundation:
Order
. The principle of Order states that people and materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency i.e. there should be a place for everything and everyone in an organization and that person or thing should be found in its allotted place.
. Order leads to increased productivity and efficiency.
                                               OR
Division of work:
. The principle of Division of work states that work is divided into small tasks/ jobs. A trained specialist who is competent is required to perform each job.
. Thus, division of work leads to specialisation.
(ii) Values that Sakaar Foundation is displaying and promoting in society through their work are: 
(a) Concern for the society.
(b) Optimum utilization of resources.
(c) Sensitivity towards the environment.

(i) Principles of management adopted by Apaar Foundation are:
(a) Order The principle of Order states that people and materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency i.e. there should be a place for everything and everyone in an organization and that person or thing should be found in its allotted place. This will lead to increased productivity and efficiency.

(b) Division of work The principle of Division of work states that work is divided into small tasks/ jobs. A trained specialist who is competent is required to perform each job. Thus, division of work leads to specialisation.
(ii) Values that Apaar Foundation is displaying and promoting in society through their work are:
(a) Concern for the society.
(b) Optimum utilization of resources.
(c) Sensitivity towards the environment.

ABC Public School, 

Aligarh. 

20th January, 20xx 

The Sales Manager, 

Light House, 

Main Road, 

Noida. 

Subject: Order Placement for lab equipments 

Dear Sir, 

This is with reference to your quotation dated 05th January 20xx. We are pleased to inform you that our management has decided to place an order with your firm. We want to place a bulk order to you for the supply of lab equipments. 

We shall not settle for less than 20% discount on the purchase of the equipments.  Besides, we hope to get another 5% special discount that is usually granted to the institutional buyers. 

The list of the equipments with their particulars is attached here with 

Apron - 200 pieces 

Arc Indicator - 50 pieces 

Cellophane paper - 100 pieces 

Chemicals Dichlorophenol, endophenol 5 gm - 60 bottles 

Droppers - 100 pieces 

Funnel - 100 pieces 

Glass Bell Jars - 50 pieces 

The defected or broken pieces should be immediately returned. The payment will be made after the delivery of the above mentioned equipments. Kindly ensure that the order reaches us within a week.

 Thanking you, 

Yours faithfully, 

XYZ 

(Laboratory Incharge)

(a) was caused 

(b) were injured 

(c) cracked 30 cases of auto-lifting with 

(d) seven were killed in a road accidents

(a) Stamina 

(b) Lack 

(c) inspiration

2 Govind Enclave 

Meerut, 

16th March, 20XX

The Editor 

Indian Express 

Meerut 

Subject : Reclaiming the parks 

Sir 

Though the columns of your esteemed news paper, I would like to draw your kind attention towards the major problems faced by us in our two nearby parks. These parks are taken as for granted by some undesirable elements. Some people are using the parks as garbage dumps or private properties. Some people are using these parks as vehicle parking stand. Due to this reason no one goes there. The residents have stopped going to the parks. 

So, I would request you kindly take some steps against these activities. Reconstruction of parks and fencing is must. For children, we have to fix some swings in it and a walking track for adults. You can fix an amount on the people who are caught red-handed throwing their garbage in it. I want your concern as soon as it is possible and to reclaim the parks for our children.

Thanking you 

Your sincerely 

Gauri.