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Evolution of the UN : 

• The UN was founded as a success or to the League of Nations. It was established in 1945. 

• The UN was set up through the signing of the UN Charter by 51 nations. 

• It was formed with the help that it would act to stop conflict and wars. 

• By 2006, UN had 192 members, which included almost all independent states. 

• Now, it has 193 member states to prevent international conflicts and to facilitate co-operation. 

Its functioning : 

• In the UN General Assembly, all member nations have one vote each. • In the UN Security Council, there are five permanent members i.e. UK, France, US, Russia and China, and 10 temporary members. 

• The UN consists of many structures and agencies. 

• War, peace and differences between the member states have been discussed in the General Assembly. 

• Social and economic issues are dealt with by many agencies including WTO, UNDP, UNHRC, UNHCR, UNICEF, and UNESCO.

(a) Sexual dimorphism is the occurrence of two sexually distinct forms such that the male differs morphologically from the female of the same species. Example includes, birds, insects, Aschelminthes etc. 

(b) Difference between direct and indirect development:

Cell theory was given by Schleiden and Schwann. 

It states that 

(a) All living things are made of cells. 

(b) Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living beings. (c) All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.

Primary structure: The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is the primary structure of protein. The first amino acid is called N-terminus and last amino acid is called C-terminus. 

Secondary structure: The polypeptide chains are coiled or folded in the form of helix. The structure is maintained by a series of regularly spaced intra or inter molecular hydrogen bonds formed between the amino acids of the same or different polypeptide chains. Such a conformation is termed as secondary structure. There are β types of secondary structure, α-helix, β-pleated and collagen helix.

Tertiary structure: The helical polypeptide molecules further coiled to assume a complex but specific form is called tertiary structure. They are so arranged as to hide non-polar amino acid.

Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location. Prior to meiosis, homologous chromosomes replicate forming sister chromatids. In prophase I, sister chromatids pair up forming what is called a tetrad. While in close proximity, homologous chromosomes sometimes exchange sections of DNA. This is known as genetic recombination. 

Homologous chromosomes separate during the first meiotic division and sister chromatids separate during the second division. At the end of meiosis, four daughter cells are produced. 

The swapping of genes during homologous chromosome recombination produces genetic variation in organisms that reproduce sexually.

Plasma membrane is called quasi-fluid membrane because of the lateral movement of protein molecules through the membrane bilayer. 

Structure of a plasma membrane: 

(a) The cell membrane is composed of lipid bilayer of phospholipids molecules into which variety of globular proteins are embedded. 

(b) The lipid is a phospholipid and each molecule has a polar “head” region and a nonpolar “tail” region. When such molecules are surrounded by water, they align in a characteristic 2-layered sheet with the heads pointed outward and the tails pointed inward and water excluded from the middle - lipid bilayer. This layer is semipermeable i.e.; it allows only certain molecules to pass through. 

(c) Protein molecules are embedded in the lipid bilayer that forms passage ways for materials. 

(d) Some are embedded in the outer surface, inner surface, and some extend all the way from one side to another. 

(e) These proteins often recognize specific materials and allow them to pass through the membrane or they transport them across. This is why plasma membrane is called selectively permeable membrane.

The angle is 45°. 

59 Indrapuram 

Meerut 

16 May 20xx 

The Manager 

Help Desk Services 

New Delhi 

Subject : Enquiry Regarding Accommodation 

Sir 

With reference to your advertisement in The Times of India dated 10 may 20xx regarding the facility of paying guest services provided by you, I would like you to furnish certain details. I am a student of class X and have joined a coaching centre in New Delhi. I need an accommodation as paying guest for two months i.e. May and June. 

Kindly let me know whether you provide single or twin sharing in rooms, monthly charges, transport facility and the power supply /power back up facility provided by you. I shall be obliged if you send the details at the earliest so that I can shift and join my classes. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Kartika

The wing of a cockroach and the wing of a bird are different in origin but functionally the two are similar (help in flight). The two structures are analogous organs.

Statement-(iii).

a–Sporogeneous tissue: It forms pollen grains. 

b–Tapetum: It provides nourishment to the developing pollen grains.

T_i plasmid is isolated from Agrobacterium tumifaciens. 

T_i plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens has been modified into a cloning vector which is no more pathogenic to plants but still able to use the mechanisms to deliver genes of interest into plants.

Several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes in normal cells which, when activated under certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells leading to cancer.

By the contact inhibition, normal cells do not change into cancerous cells.

A suspension of slaked lime (also called calcium hydroxide) is formed when water is added to quicklime.

CaO(s) + H₂O(l) → Ca(OH)₂(s) + Heat

Since, the reaction is highly exothermic, the solution started boiling although it was not being heated. The suspension of slaked lime is allowed to cool for some time, preferably overnight.
It is then decanted and the liquid obtained is used for white washing.

Sugarcane doesn’t show flowers.

Flower is a modified Stem.

Friction is defined as the resistance experienced by the surface or by an object when it is moved over the other. 

Following are the different methods that are used for reducing the friction:

• For objects that move in fluids such as boats, planes, cars, etc, the shape of their body is streamlined in order to reduce the friction between the body of the objects as the fluid.
• Friction is reduced by polishing the surface, as polishing makes the surface smooth.
• Using lubricants such as oil or grease can reduce the friction between the surfaces.
• When objects are rolled over the surface, the friction between the rolled object and surface can be reduced by using ball bearings.

Distinguish between the functions of ovary and testis. 

Ovary: 

1. Ovary is the primary sex organ in females which produces eggs.

2. It also, secretes hormone such as estrogen (which imparts female secondary sexual characters) and progesterone (which maintains pregnancy).

1. Testis is the primary sex organ in males which produces sperms.

2. It 34 also secretes hormone testosterone which imparts male secondary sexual characters.

3. Testis remains functional even more than 70 years of age.

According to question we solve , 

4kq/x² = kq/(1-x)²

{x/(1-x)}² = 4 

x/(1-x) = 2 

x = 2 – 2x 

3x = 2 

x = 2/3

A suitable chemical which can be used to purify drinking water while travelling is Chlorine. 

The procedure of purifying water in three steps is

• One teaspoon of bleaching powder is added in a glass of water.
• Then three teaspoons of this solution is taken and added in a bucket full of water.
• This is then left 30 minutes.

Chlorine 

Three Steps: 

1. One teaspoon of bleaching powder is added in a glass of water 

2. Then 3 tea spoons of this solution is taken and added in a bucket full of water 

3. This is then left for 30 minutes

Three suggestions for choosing kurta 

1 Kurta with horizontal lines which gives illusion of height 

2 Kurta with bold prints 

3 Select warm colours and use contrast

Government agencies: 

1. Ministry of government affairs 

2. Grahak Suvidha Kendra 

3. FSSAI 

4. Bureau of Indian Standards 

Non-government agencies: 

1. Consumer unity and trust society 

2. IFCO 

3. Consumer voice 

Four precautions to be taken while storing woolen garment: 

1. Clothes should be hung on rust proof hangers and have enough space in between for aeration. 

2. Should not have moisture before storing as it may damage the woolen garment. 

3. Food stains should be removed immediately before storing as microorganisms’ attack food stains.

4. Naphthalene balls should be kept in the storage container to keep the microorganisms away. 

5. Newspapers can be used to pack the clothes and can be used to cover the shelves. Newspaper should be changed occasionally as printer’s ink repels grubs and moths. 

(a) Dichlorobis – (ethylenediamine) cobalt (III) chloride 

(b) Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III)

(b) Artificial sweetner → sucralose

Preservative → salt of sorbic acid

Soap → sodium palmitate

Detergents → cetyl tri methyl ammonium

Algal blooms pollutes water and deteriorates its quality by depleting the oxygen content due to which the water becomes toxic.

(a) Gene isolated from marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into cells at early embryonic stages, it could be a permanent cure. 

(b) ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation or by enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. Another option is gene therapy in which lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body. A functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned to the patient .

The symptoms of pneumonia include fever, chills, cough and headache.The common cold is characterised by nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, tiredness, etc., which usually last for 3-7 days.

Plasmodium vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum are causative agents of malaria. Female Anopheles mosquito is the vector of malaria. Symptoms include chill and high fever recurring every three to four days. 

Two physiological barriers that provide innate immunity are skin which prevent entry of the microorganism and mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microorganism and entering body.

Meena was a twelve-year-old girl who used to stay with her mother. Her father had gone to another city to earn money. One day, a stranger came to Meena’s house. Her mother was not in the house at that moment. The man caught hold of Meena. She began to cry loudly but no one was there to hear her. Suddenly, Meena was reminded of her mother’s teaching of not losing one’s wits and alertness of mind in the hour of need. She built up her confidence and looked around. She could not see anything with which to hit the stranger. Suddenly, she bit the stranger on his arm. The stranger cried with pain. This moment was important for her. She took her mother’s saree and tied it around the stranger’s neck. Now it was the time for the stranger to cry for help. She tied him and then used her mobile phone to call the police as well as her neighbours. The police reached within no time and arrested the man. The neighbours had also arrived. They all patted Meena on her back for fighting bravely with the man.

One of the most famous and prolific inventors of all time, Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous influence on modern life, contributing inventions such as the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, as well as improving the telegraph and telephone.

The structures are labeled as:  

X – Renal vein  

Y – Renal artery  

Z - Ureter  

The renal artery (Y) carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart. This blood contains negligible amounts of waste products (such as urea). On the other hand, the ureters (Z) transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The urine contains comparatively high amounts of urea to be excreted out. Thus, the relative concentration of urea in Y is always lower than that in Z.

1. Transfer Function: Transfer function refers to transferring of purchasing power among countries. 

2. Credit Function: It implies provision of credit in terms of foreign exchange for the export and import of goods and services across different countries of the world. 

3. Hedging Function: Hedging function pertains to protecting against foreign exchange risks. Where Hedging is an activity which is designed to minimize the risk of loss.

The demand (or outflow) of foreign exchange comes from the people who need it to make payments in foreign currencies. 

It is demanded by the domestic residents for the following reasons: 

1. Imports of Goods and Services:When India import goods and services, foreign exchange is demanded to make the payment for imports of goods and services. 

2. Tourism: Foreign exchange is demanded to meet expenditure incurred in foreign tours. 

3. Unilateral Transfers sent abroad: Foreign exchange is required for making unilateral transfers like sending gifts to other countries. 

4. Purchase of assets in foreign countries: It is demanded to make payment for purchase of assets, like land, shares, bonds, etc. in foreign countries.

 (b) dirty floating

(a) The elements are classified into groups so that the elements with similar properties fall in the same group and hence the study of a large number of elements is reduced to the study of a few group of elements. 

(b)(i) Increasing atomic masses 

(ii) Grouping together of elements having similar properties. 

(c) In order to make sure that the elements having similar properties fell in the same vertical column or group, Mendeleev left some gaps in his periodic table. 

(d) Out of eight groups in the original periodic table of Mendeleev, first seven groups are of normal elements and eighth group is of transition elements. Noble gases were not known at that time. So, there was no group of noble gases in Mendeleev’s table. 

(e) The isotopes of chlorine, Cl-35 and Cl-37 are placed in the same slot because they have similar chemical properties and same atomic number.

• Fertilization is the process of union of male and female gametes. In plants, pollination takes place. There are 4 steps of fertilization, namely pollination, germination, penetration into the ovule and fertilization. During pollination, pollen grains reach the surface of the stigma. 
• Pollen grains then germinate into pollen tubes. Only one pollen tube reaches the embryosac. The pollen tube has two male nuclei, which migrate to the tip of the pollen tube. The pollen tube penetrates the ovule through the micropyle and two male gametes are then released into it. 
• One gamete fertilizes with the egg and forms a diploid (2n) zygote. This is the first fertilization. The other gamete combines with diploid (2n) secondary nucleus (2n) to form triploid (3n) endosperm. 
• This is the second fertilization in the embryosac. This double fertilization is seen in angiosperms. After fertilization, the zygote divides and develops into an embryo or developing the plant.

(a) Birds have evolved from reptiles. The evidence for the same is provided from palaeontological studies. Archaeopteryx a missing link between reptiles and birds is an example of this. It is a flightless bird which shows the characters of both reptiles and birds.

Reptilian characters:

1. Long tail

2. Pelvis resembling that of reptiles

3. Cranium similar to reptilian skull

4. Two claws on the limbs. 

Avian characters:

1. Presence of feathers

2. Reduced fingers

3. wings resembling birds

4. Flexible first toe

(b) No, insects, octopus, Planaria and vertebrate cannot be grouped together on the basis of eyes as eyes cannot be used as a feature for classification. Eyes can be used to study the evolutionary process. The primitive eye like structure was just like a light-sensitive spot on the skin. It underwent changes that lead to the formation of complex eyes in vertebrates. In insects, it changed into ommatidia which formed the compound eyes in them to form a sharp image. Later on, lens formation occurred. In octopus, nerves are attached to retina but there is no blind spot. Human eyes are most complex showing the presence of iris, pupil, ciliary body and lens. 

(i) To avoid shocks from electrical appliances, use proper-earthing arrangement. 

(ii) Replace old worn out and damaged wires with new set. 

(iii) Put the main switch off when removing any fault in electric circuits. 

(iv) Wear rubber shoes and gloves while dealing with replacement of any appliances. 

(v) Do not put your hand inside water being heated with immersion rod, when the rod is inside and on. 

(vi) Work with electric circuits in proper light.

The three common refractive defects of vision are as follows : 

Myopia (short-sightedness) : It is corrected by using spectacles having concave lenses of appropriate power. 

Hypermetropia (far-sightedness) : It is corrected by using spectacles having convex lenses of appropriate power. 

Presbyopia : This defect is corrected using bifocal lenses of appropriate power in which the upper part consists of a concave lens (to correct myopia) and the lower part consists of a convex lens (to correct hypermetropia).

Eyes of a dead person can be donated to the person having corneal blindness. It will help him/ her see the world. We can also register ourselves to eye donation camps who can preserve our eyes after our death and donate them to the needy.

It indicates that the given solution is acidic in nature. 

The pH of 1 M HCI solution is zero.

Observation: The green colour of ferrous sulphate crystals changes to brownish black ferric oxide and smell of burning sulphur is observed.

Result: Heating of ferrous sulphate is a thermal decomposition reaction because of ferrous sulphate breaks down into simpler compounds-Fe₂O₃, SO₂ and SO₃.

2FeSO₄(s) +Heat → Fe₂O₃(s) + SO₂(g) + SO₃(g)

When grapes are hanging on the plant, they are alive and so the cells do not allow bacterial growth. Also the cells have active metabolism. But, when they are plucked from the plant, all the cells of the grape either become dormant i.e seeds or die i.e parenchyma in the fleshy part of the fruit.

Hence, bacteria can easily attack and decompose the grape.

Fermentation is a chemical change in which sugar is converted to alcohol.

The atomic number of isotopes is same. Therefore, the number of protons in both the atoms is same. 

Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons 

∴ Number of neutrons = Mass number - Number of protons 

= 99 - 41 = 58

(i) The glass slab should be perfectly rectangular with all its faces smooth. 

(ii) While fixing the pins P₁ and P₂ or the pins P₃ and P₄, care should be taken to maintain a distance of about 5 cm between the two pins. This would help in tracing the direction of incident ray and that of emergent ray with greater accuracy.