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The three situations involved in production plan are:

(a)  No manufacturing involved: If the new venture does not include any manufacturing function, say it’s a trading firm or a service provider, then this section will stand eliminated from the plan. 

(b)  Partial manufacturing: If some or all the manufacturing process is to be subcontracted or outsourced, then the production plan should describe:

 i)   Name and location of subcontractor(s) 

ii)   Reasons for their selection 

iii)  Cost and time involved 

iv)  Any contracts that have been completed etc. In such cases, a clear mention of what entrepreneur intends to do himself and what he plans to get it done from outside is required.

c. Complete Manufacturing: If the manufacturing is to be carried out in whole by the entrepreneur, he/she will need to describe

i)  the physical plant layout,

ii)  the machinery and equipment required to perform the manufacturing operations,

iii)  raw materials and suppliers names, addresses, terms and conditions, 

iv)  cost of manufacturing 

v)  any future capital equipment required etc.

The most important factors involved in the process are: 

a.  Ability to perceive and preserve basic ideas:

Spotting of an idea often triggers the process of sensing an opportunity. 

The following are the various sources which lead to the emergence of basic ideas. 

a)  Problems:  When a problem exists and an idea leads to a solution to resolve that problem, it emerges as a business opportunity.

b)  Change:  A change in social, legal, technological aspects etc. leads to new opportunities to start a business.

c)  Inventions:  Invention of new products or services leads to new business opportunities.

d)  Competition:  Competition often results in emergence of new and better ideas that result in new business opportunities. 

e)  Innovation:  It includes creating new things of value as well as new and creative processes that add value to the existing products or services.

For example, computers to tablets 

b.  Ability to harness different sources of information: 

Various sources like magazines, journals, books, seminars, trade shows, family members, customers, friends etc help in getting information that helps in evolution of basic ideas. Bring together various sources of information and knowledge, and analyze it to the best possible extent. The analysis helps in the identification of the right opportunity to start a new business.

c. Vision and creativity:

Creativity in innovating a solution and vision. The entrepreneur should be able to creatively identify an idea to generate a valuable solution to a problem. Once the solution is identified their vision to convert the solution into business opportunity help them to move forward, overcoming all the obstacles. They constantly-

a)  overcome the adversity 

b)  are able to exercise control over the business c) are capable of making significant difference.

• Road density is the length of roads per 100 sq kms of an area. 

• Determinants of road density are level of economic development and nature of terrain. 

(i) Construction of roads is very easy and cheaper in the plain areas while it is difficult and costly in hilly and plateaus areas. 

(ii) Jammu and Kasmir has only 10.48 km road density whereas Uttar Pradesh 532.27. 

(iii) The road density is high in most of the northern states and major southern states. 

(iv) It is low in the Himalayan region, north eastern region Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. 

(v) Not only the density but also the quality of roads is relatively better in plains as compared to roads in high altitude areas, rainy and forested areas.

(i) The advancement in information technology has had a profound influence on the country’s economy, and opened up new possibilities of economic and social trans formation. 

(ii) The IT and IT enabled business process outsourcing services continue to be on a robust growth path. Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy. 

(iii) The software industry has surpassed electronic hardware production. It provides international quality products. The IT software and services industry account for almost 2% of India’s GDR Indian software companies have acquired international quality certification.

(iv) A majority of the multinational companies operating in the area of information technology have either software development centres or research development centres in India. 

(v) In the hardware development sector, India is yet to make a remarkable achievement. A major impact of this growth has been on employment creation, which is almost doubled every year.

A burglary takes place at the vicarage. Mrs. Bunting, the vicar’s wife, wakes up at the sound of bare feet walking through her house. She wakes her husband and they went down and heard someone searching in their study. 

Mr. Bunting armed himself with the poker and went after the burglar. Mr. Bunting moved towards the study cautiously. They could hear the rustle of papers. Then a candle was lit in the study. Mr. Bunting was now near the study. From the crack of the door he could see the open drawers and the lit candle, but there was no burglar.

Then they heard the clink of money and realising that the robber had found the gold coins, Mr. Bunting barged into the room. They were certain that someone was there, but there was no one visible in the study. They searched the room and found the money gone. At that moment there was a sneeze in the passage. Mr. Bunting ran towards the passage. He heard the kitchen door being opened. The couple kept staring but they could see no one. There was not a soul in the house. 

(i) Heating effect of electric current : When an electric current is passed through a high resistance wire like nichrome, the resistance wire becomes very hot and produces heat. This is called heating effect of electric current. 
(ii) P = V ×Q/T
    P = VI
    E = P × t
      = VI × t = VIt
   E = IRIt [V = IR; Ohm's law]
      = I²Rt. 
Joule's law : When current of I ampere flows in a wire resistance RΩ for t seconds, the heat
energy dissipated by it is given by H = I²Rt.
(iii) The bulbs are usually filled with chemically inactive nitrogen and argon gas so that filament does not burn out and the life of filament is prolonged

Blue solution becomes colourless, reddish brown Cu gets deposited.
Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu

Saponification reaction is a highly exothermic reaction. The reaction mixture of this reaction is basic in nature and hence, this will turn red litmus blue.

Blue solution becomes colourless, reddish brown Cu gets deposited. 

Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu

(a) Preparation of soil:

Preparation of soil is the first step before growing of crop. It helps to turn the soil and loosen it to allow the roots to penetrate deep into it. The loosening of the soil helps in the growth of several soil microbes, earthworms etc., which enrich the soil with humus and other essential nutrients. The process of turning and loosening is called ploughing. This is done using a plough, hoe and cultivators.

(b) Sowing:

Sowing is the process of putting the seeds into the soil for growing crops. We need to use quality seeds for sowing. Sowing is done manually using mechanical equipment like Seed Drill. Seeds of few plants like rice are first grown in a separate area and then transplanted in the fields.

(c) Weeding:

In a field many other undesirable plants may grow along with the crop. These undesirable plants are called weeds. Farmers use many ways to remove weeds. Methods to control weeds are: tilling before sowing of crops, physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, using certain chemicals called weedicides etc.

(d) Threshing:

Threshing is the process of separating grains or seeds from chaff. It is done after harvesting the crop. It is usually carried out with the help of a machine known as ‘Combine’. This machine is a combined harvester and thresher. It harvests plants as well as cleans grains.

The correct option is (b) -10.

Let f(x) = x² + 3x + k 

f(2) = (2)² + 3(2) + k = 0

4 + 6 + k = 0

k = –10

The correct option is (a) x² + 5x + 6.

Quadratic polynomial 

= x² – (sum of zeroes)x + product of zeroes 

= x² – (–5)x + 6 

= x² + 5x + 6

(1) Molecule ‘X’ synthesized by ‘i’ gene is a repressor protein. It gets inactivated on combining with an inducer molecule.
(2) Z gene.
(3) Transcription of gene stops in the following conditions:

• When substrate lactose is not available.
• And when energy source i.e. glucose is available to the cells.

Differences between DNA and RNA

Michael’s dad was nutty about computers. He used to buy every new gadget. In fact he could not resist any of the new gadgets or gizmos that came into the market.

(a) Calpurnia speaks these lines. 

(b) She speakes these lines to Julius Ceasar. 

(c) Heavens give a clear indication of the death of princes. 

(d) These lines indicate the coming events, cast their shadows in the story.

(a) Mr. Shultz. 

(b) His son Sebastian had met with an accident and was in a coma. 

(c) Games 

(d) Michael

The metal M is copper (Cu) which reacts with oxygen when heated in the air to form black coloured copper(ll) oxide. 

The reaction can be written as:

2Cu + O₂ ​→ 2CuO

(A) (i) Big Inch is the famous pipe line of the U.S.A.  

(B)(i) Pipeline is the most suitable mode of transport as it is used many to carry liquid and gas etc. upto a long distance. 

(ii) Capital investment taken place once, later it becomes cheaper. About 17% of all freight per tonne km is carried through pipelines in U.S.A. 

(iii) These pipelines can be passed through all type of terrains—plains, mountains, lakes/ sea etc. 

(iv) These arc time saving, cco-friendly and cheaper mode of transport. In Europe, Russia, West Asia and India, pipelines are used to connect oil wells to refineries and to ports or domestic markets.

(i) High technology is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is the best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character. 

(ii) Professional workers make up a large share of the total work force. Highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production workers. 

(iii) Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes, the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are main examples. 

(iv) They are neaty spaced, low, modem, dispersed, office lab building rather than massive assembly stmcture. 

(v) High-tech industries which are concentrated regionally, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolies. Manufacturing contributes significantly to the world economy.

(i) Communal harmony is fraternity. 

(ii) Cooperation and mutual trust. 

(iii) Pay respect to others religions.

(i) The Human Development index. 

(ii) Human Poverty index

In India, the land use categories are mentioned in Land Revenue Records:— 

(i) Forests 

(ii) Land put to non-agricultural uses. 

(iii) Barren and Wastelands 

(iv) Land under Permanent Pastures and Grazing lands. 

(v) Land under miscellaneous tree crops and Groves, not included is Net Soil Area. 

(vi) Culturable Waste land.

(i) Geological Survey of India 

(ii) Oil and Natural Gas Commission 

(iii) Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd. 

(iv) National Mineral Development Corporation 

(v) Indian Bureau of Mines 

(vi) Bharat Gold Mines Ltd. 

(vii) Hindustan Copper Ltd. 

(viii) National Aluminum Company Ltd

Automation is the advanced stage of mechanization.

Griffith introduced the concept which reflects a middle path between the two ideas of environmental determinism and possibilism.

In these settlements, houses are spaced for apart and often interspersed with fields. A cultural feature such as a place of worship or a market, binds the settlements together

(a) Garrison towns are the towns whose formation is a result of the setting up of a military base. They are referred to as cantonment towns. Ambala, Meerut, Mhow are examples. 

(b) The main function of the garrison towns is to cater to the needs of defence and people employed in defence services of the nation. These are specially designed for the purpose of military, navy or air force activities.

(i) The estuary of St. Lawrence River along with the Great Lakes, forms a unique commercial water way in the northern part of North America. 

(ii) The ports on this route like Duluth and Buffalo are equipped with all facilities of ocean ports. Large ocean going vessels are able to navigate up the river deep inside the continent to Montreal. 

(iii) Goods have to be trans-shipped to smaller vessels due to the presence of rapids. Canals have been constructed upto 3.5 m deep to avoid these.

(i) Harappa. 

(ii) Mohanjodaro

Karnataka state 

Equity: Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to every body. It must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste. In India, a large number of women and persons belonging to socially and economically backward groups dropout of school shows that these groups get limited by not having access to knowledge. Sustainability: It refers to continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future. Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations. Each generation must ensure the availability of choices and opportunities to its future generations.

Three new integrated steel plants were set up in second five year plant. 

(i) Rourkela 

(ii) Bhilai and Durgapur Steel plants.

Plasmodium sps. 

Gametocytes develop in red blood cells of humans. 

Life-cycle: 

Sporozoites are injected with the bite of Anopheles mosquito into the body.

↓

Sporozoites reach the liver through blood

↓

Parasite reproduces asexually in the liver cells, and by bursting the liver cells enter the blood.

↓

They enter the red blood cells

↓

Parasites reproduce asexually in red blood cells and by bursting them release haemozoin which causes cycles of fever

↓

Parasites enter new red blood cells

↓

Starts the sexual stages (gametocytes) in red blood cells.

Stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium

In aquatic system, detritus food chain and in terrestrial ecosystem, grazing food chain are responsible for flow of larger fraction of energy.

Types of food chains:

Test cross is the genotype of a pea plant bearing violet flower.

Motion: An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with time. We describe the location of an object by specifying a reference point. Motion is a relative quantity.
The total path covered by an object is said to be the distance travelled by it.

There are two types of motion: Uniform motion and non-uniform motion.
Uniform motion: When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.
Non-uniform motion: Motion where an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time.

1. Weeds take up nutrients and reduce the growth of crop.
2. Xanthium, Parthenium, Common ragweed (Any two)
3. Values associated: Family bonding, sharing knowledge/work.

Sugar (stable), fine sand (unstable), thin paste of starch (stable) and chalk powder (unstable).

(c) Carbon disulphide

The sharp bright spot is due to refraction of sunlight from convex lens. It represents the image of the sun. The distance of paper screen from the lens is called focal length of convex lens. The image of the sun is always real as it is obtained on the screen.

(i) Rotate suddenly by applying an external force on copper loop.

(ii) Dynamo consists stator provides constant magnetic field.

(iii) It rotates armature.

(iv) Armature turn with in magnetic field induced Emf produced which is Faraday’s law.

Some applications of Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction are :

(1) Electrical generators which produces electricity works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

(2) Transformer which is used to change the voltage of the alternating current works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

(3)  Working of electrical bells are based on electromagnetic induction.