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(1) Since Divya was charged more than the printed maximum retail price (MRP) for a bottle of water, the consumer court may grant following reliefs to her : 

•  Refund of the price – The consumer court may order the seller of bottle of water to refund the price paid by Divya. 
• Discontinuance – The consumer court may order the seller of bottle of water to discontinue such unfair practice and not to repeat it in future. 

(2) Since Clara was sold a car with a defective engine, the consumer court may grant following reliefs to Clara : 

• Removal of defect – The consumer court may order removal of the defect from the engine. 
• Replacement – The consumer court may order for the replacement of car. 

(3) Since Antony suffered injury while using newly bought heater, the consumer court may grant following reliefs to Antony : 

• Compensation – The consumer court may order the seller or manufacturer of electric heater to compensate for injury suffered by Antony. 
• Replacement – The consumer court may order the seller of electric heater to replace the electric heater.

Four situations in which a consumer can file a complaint under the CPA (ConsumerProtection Act) are

• Shopkeepers charging more than the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) or altering the MRP with their own stickers. 
• The shopkeeper refusing to show a pamphlet regarding detailed information about the product the product.
• The shopkeeper selling adulterated or loose items (when prohibited).
• The shopkeeper trying to promote sales of items whose date of expiry has passed.

Four reliefs to consumers under this act are

• Replacement or repair of defective goods. 
• Refund of price paid for the defective goods or services.
• Refund of extra money charged. 
• Compensation for the loss or injury suffered by the consumer due to negligence of the shopkeeper.

Four new responsibilities of a newly-wed couple are

Be open to new ideas and try to understand the partner’s point of view. 

Adjust habits of sleeping, eating etc with the partner.

Accept the partner as he/ she is.

Educate self for parenthood.

Four skills they need to have to manage these responsibilities are 

Skill of adjustment with others.

Skills of time, money and energy management.

Skill of managing household chores as well as cooking (mainly for women).

Skill of being a good parent to the children.

Main Characteristics of Road transport in India: 

(i) India has one of the largest road networks in the world with a total length of 42.5 lakh km (2008-09). 

(ii) About 85% of passengers and 70% of freight traffic are carried by roads every year. Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distance travel. 

(iii) Road construction is easy than railways. It is very effective mode of transport in the country like India. Therefore, roads play a vital role in the country’s trade and commerce and promoting tourism. 

(iv) Transportation of milk and other dairy products, and vegetables, is very easy to their destination through roads in short span of time. Passengers can use road transport according to their suitability. 

(v) A developed network of roads is in operation and providing all the facilities. They provide strong base to develop social, economic and political relations among the people as well as states. Roads make the security of nation more strong as they are strategically important.

The difference between the value of import and value of export is called balance of trade.

Watershed Management basically refers to efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater resources. Programmes: The central and state governments have initiated many watershed development and management programmes in the country. 

(i) Haryali: It is a watershed development project sponsored by the central government which aim at enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation. It is being executed by Gram Panchayats with people participation. 

(ii) Neeru-Meeru (Water and you) programme in Andhra Pradesh and Arvary Pani Sansad in (Alwar-Rajasthan). These have taken up constructions of various waterharvesting structures—percolation tanks, dug out ponds, check dams through people participation. 

(iii) Tamil Nadu has made water harvesting structures in the houses compulsory. No building can be constructed without making structure for water harvesting. 

(iv) Watershed development projects in some areas have been successful in rejuvenating environment and economy. In majority of cases, the programme is still in its nascent stage. There is a need to generate awareness regarding benefits of watershed development and management among the people.

The cultural activities which are responsible for water pollution are : 

(a.) Pilgrimage , religious fair held near the river bank and tourism 

(b.) Dispersal of idols ashes dead bodies etc.

Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for manufacturing ferro alloys. 

Distribution: 

(i) Manganese deposits are found in almost all geological formations. However, it is mainly associated with Dharwar system. 

(ii) Odisha is the leading producer of Manganese. Major mines in Odisha are located in central part of the iron-ore belt of India—Bonai, Keonjhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput Kalahandi and Bolangir. 

(iii) Karnataka is another major producer state. Its mines are located in Dharwar, Bellary, Belgaum, North-Canara, Chikmagalur, Shimoga, Chitradurg and Tumkur. 

(iv) It is also found in Maharashtra and mined in Nagpur, Bhandara and Ratnagiri. It is much more far away from steel plant. 

(v) The manganese belt of Madhya Pradesh extends in a belt in BalaghatChhindwara- Nimar-Mandla and Jhabua districts. Andhra Pradesh, Goa and Jharkhand are other minor producers of managanese.

Direct dependence of human beings on nature for resources:

• Low level of technology
• Primitive stage of human social development 
• Fear of nature’s fury
• Nature worship
• Physical environment became ‘Mother Nature’
• Complete harmony with natural environment

Sugarcane is a weight losing crop Its sucrose content begins to dry immediately after it is harvested from the field For better recovery of sugar it should be crushed without delay

Rail transport in Europe: 

(i) Europe has one of the most dense rail networks in the world. There are 4,40,000 km of railways most of which is double or multiple tracked. 

(ii) Belgium has the highest density of 1 km of railway for every 6.5 km area. The important rail heads are London, Paris, Brussels, Milan, Berlin and Warsaw. 

(iii) Passenger transport is more important than freight in many of these countries. Underground railways are important in London and Paris. Channel tunnel operated by Euro Tunnel Group through England, connects London and Paris. 

(iv) In Russia, railways account for about 90 per cent of the country’s total transport with a very dense network west of the Urals. Moscow is the most important rail head with major , lines radiating to different parts of the country’s vast geographical area. Underground railway commuter trains are also important in Moscow. 

(v) Trans-continental railways lines have now lost their importance to quicker and move flexible transport systems of airways and roadways.

(i) Sugarcane is a crop of tropical areas under rainfed conditions. It is cultivated in sub-humid and humid climates. It is an irrigated crop in India. 

(ii) The sugar industry is the second most important agro-based industry in the country. India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and cane sugar and contribute about 8% of the total sugar production. 

(iii) Khandsari, and gur are also prepared from sugar. Sugar mills are located near the sugarcane production belt nearby as it is a weight losing crop. The ratio of sugar to sugarcane varies between 9 to 12% depending on its variety. It is a seasonal industry due to the availability of raw materials which is seasonal. It provides employment for 4 lakh people. 

(iv) Its sucrose content begins to dry during haulage after it has been harvested from the field. Better recovery of sugar is dependent upon it being crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting Sugar factories are located within the cane producing regions. 

(v) Maharastra has emerged as a leading sugar producer in the country and produces more than one third of total production. Uttar Pradesh is the second largest producer of sugar. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh. Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, MP and Gujarat are the sugarcane producing states.

(i) Air transport is the fastest means of transportation but it is very costly. It plays an important role in international trade. 

(ii) Valuable cargo can be moved rapidly on a worldwide scale. It is the only means to reach inaccessible areas. Air transport has brought about a connectivity revolution in the world.

(iii) The frictions created by mountainous snow fields or inhospitable desert terrains have been overcome and the accessibility has increased. The aeroplane brings varied articles to the Eskimos in Northern Canada. 

(iv) Travel by air can now be measured by hours. Frequent air services are available to many parts of the world. United Kingdom pioneered the use of commercial jet transport.

(v) Today more than 250 commercial airlines offer regular services to different parts of the world.

(a)  The given data shows that the annual growth rate of population is maximum in Pakistan standing at 2.1%, whereas; the same stands at a meager 0.5% in case of China (might be a direct result of the One Child Policy adopted). The annual population growth rate of India is in the danger zone of more than 1% p.a. India will be overtaking China as the most populous country in the world in near future. 

(b)  Amongst the three countries stated above, India has most skewed data sex ratio (929 female per 1000 male). This is one of the major concerns for the demographers in India.

Mahatma Gandhi had always maintained that the real growth of India lies in the growth of villages. The importance of rural development in India lies in the fact that 2/3rd of the population still (directly or indirectly) depends on agriculture and around 1/3rd of the rural population still lives in abject poverty.

Some of the prime areas for the development of the rural India may be quoted as follows: 

• Infrastructure development – is the key to any development process. Basic infrastructure requirement like electricity, irrigation, credit availability, transport facilities, construction of village roads and feeder roads to nearby highways, etc. are the area which still need attention of the government so as to gain commanding heights.
• Alleviation of poverty - poverty in rural India is an area that should be taken up as a mission for improvement in the living conditions of particularly those living at the bottom of pyramid. This problem may be tackled by emphasizing on greater access to productive employment opportunities.
• Development of Human Capital – Rural human capital must be developed by taking sincere steps in the direction of education and health.

It became political controversial because in this appointment the government set aside the seniority of three judges who had given ruling against the stand of government.

(i). Prime Minister V.P. Singh 

(ii). Because it was the coalition government which was endowed with the outwards symbols of authority, but in which direction and controlled were exercised by the Bharatiya Janata Party and Left Front not by National Front itself. This government was supported by BJP and Left Front. 

(iii). The puppeteers pulling the strings are Jyoti Basu (Left Party) and L.K. Advani (BJP).

(i). ‘Historical buffer’ means any intermediate or intervening shield lying between the two rival or potentially hostile great powers. It is used to prevent conflict between them. 

(ii). The government of India did not oppose the annexation of Tibet by China because when in 1954 the Panchsheel agreement was signed between India and China, through one of its clauses about respecting each other’s territorial sovereignty. India conceded China’s claim over Tibet. 

(iii). Dalai Lama, the Tibetan spiritual leader, came to India in 1956 and informed Nehru about the worsening situation in Tibet. In 1958 there was armed uprising in Tibet against China’s occupation, which was suppressed by Chinese forces and sensing that situation had become worsen in 1959. On this basis it was justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees.

(i) Raw materials: 

(ii) Power 

(iii) Market 

(iv) Transport 

(v) Labour 

(i). Essential functions of state: 

• Law and order 

• National security 

• With the help of enhanced technologies, state can collect information about its citizens. 

• With this information, the state is better able to rule.

• Thus, the states become more powerful than they were earlier. 

(ii). Flow of capital from rich countries enables the developing countries to invest in most wanted fields to make their country self-dependent.

National Party 

A party has to live up to at least one of the following qualifications to be recognised as a national party:  

• It has to win a minimum of two per cent of the seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states. 
• In General Elections, the party must manage to win six per cent of the votes and win at least four Lok Sabha seats as well. 
• The party is recognised as a ‘state level party’ in four or more states.

State Party 

A party has to live up to at least one of the following qualifications to be acknowledged as a state party. 

• The party has to win at least three seats or three per cent of the seats in the state legislative Assembly. 
• It has to win minimum one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction allotted to that concerned state. 
• In a particular election, the party has to bag at least six per cent of the total votes, and also win one Lok Sabha and two Assembly seats. 
• The status of a state party can still be bestowed upon an entity even if it fails to win any seats in the Lok Sabha or the Assembly, if it manages to win at least eight per cent of the total votes cast in the entire state.

(A) International-trade is the exchange of goods and services among countries across national boundaries. 

(B) International trade exists because:— 

(i) Countries need to trade to obtain commodities, they cannot produce themselves or they can purchase elsewhere at a lower price. 

(ii) It is the result of specialisation in production and benefits the world economy if different countries practise specalisation and division of labour in the production of provisions of services. 

(iii) Specialisation can give rise to international trade. International trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage; complementarity and transferability of goods and services and in principle, should be mutually beneficial to the trading partner. 

(iv) Now, trade is the basis of world’s economic organisation and is related to the external policy of concerned nations.

(i) There are a few areas like the metropolitan centres and other develop enclaves that have all the modem facilities available to a small section of its population. 

(ii) At another side, there are large small areas and the slums in the urban areas that do not have basic amenities like potable water, education and health infrastructure available to majority of this population. 

(iii) The situation is more alarming if one looks at the distribution of the development opportunities among different section of the society. It is a fact majority of the scheduled castes and tribes, landless agricultural labourers, poor farmers and slums dwellers etc are the marginalised lot. 

(iv) A large segment of female population is the worst sufferers among all. It is equally true that the relative as well as absolute conditions of the majority of these marginalised sections have worsened with the development heppening over the years. 

(v) A large majority of people are compelled to live under abject poverty and subhuman conditions. An interrelated aspect of development that has direct bearings on the deteriorating human conditions.

(i). Subsidy is the money paid by government to keep the value or price of a product or service low. Producing goods so that their prices can be kept low. 

(ii). Collective farm system was replaced by private farming. Capitalism in agriculture left people without food security. This sudden transition ruled out any alternate other than state controlled socialism or capitalism. 

(iii). This passage is associated with Russia. The government started to import food to make up the shortage of food.

Conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite Movement in India: A peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal in 1967. This movement spread very fast to several states and was known as the Naxalite movement. A new party known as the CPI-ML was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar. Presently, 83 districts across 10 states (as of July 2011) are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are backward areas inhabited by Adivasis. In these areas, the share croppers, under-tenants and small cultivators are denied their basic rights with regard to security to tenure or their share in produce, payment of fair wages, etc. Forced labour, expropriation of resource by outsiders and exploitation by money lenders are also common in these areas. These conditions led to the growth of the Naxalite movement.

Ways and means‘to crush the Naxalite Movement: 

The Naxalite movement (peasant uprising) started in the Naxalite police station, area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal in 1967. The West Bengal government used preventive detention and other strong measures to crush the movement. However, the movement did not stop.

Successive governments have taken various measures to crush the Naxalite movement. So far, thousands of people have lost their lives in the unabated violence by the Naxalites and the anti-Naxalite violence by the government.

Major outcomes of the Green Revolution 

I. The rich peasants and the large landholders were the major beneficiaries of the process. The green revolution delivered only a moderate agricultural growth (mainly a rise in wheat production) and raised the availability of food in the country, but increased polarization between classes and regions. 

II Some regions like Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh became agriculturally prosperous, while others remained backward. 

III. The green revolution had two other effects: one was that in many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favorable for leftwing organizations to organize the poor peasants. 

iv. Secondly, the green revolution also resulted in the rise of what is called the middle peasant sections. These were farmers with medium size holdings, who benefited from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of the country.

India was not in favour of the two known paths of development. Also it did not follow the capitalist model of development. In this, development was left entirely to the private sector, nor did it accepted the socialist model in which private property was abolished and all the production was controlled by the state. Elements from both these models were taken and mixed together in India. That is why it was referred to ‘mixed economy.’

Much of the agriculture, trade and industry were left in private hands. The state controlled key (heavy) industry provided industrial infrastructure, regulated trade and made some crucial interventions in agriculture. A mixed model like this was open to criticism from the both sides-the left and the right.

Some critics argued that the planners refused to provide the sector with enough space and the stimulus to grow. The enlarged public sector produced powerful vested interest that created enough hurdles for private capital especially by way of installing systems of licences and permits for investment. The policy of state restricts import of goods and could be produced in the domestic market with little or no competition left the private sector with no incentive to improve their products and make them cheaper.

There were critics who pointed out that the state did not spend any major amount for public education and health care. The state intervened only to those regions where the private sector was not prepared to go. Hence, the state helped the private sector for making profit.

Before the introduction of coins, a variety of objects was used as money. 

(i) For example, since the very early ages, Indians used grains and cattle as money. 

 (ii) Thereafter, cause the use of metallic coins — gold, silver, copper coins — a phase which continued well into the last century.

 (iii) Modern forms of money include currency — paper notes and coins. 

(iv) Modern currency is not made of precious metal, it is without any use of its own.

The Mizo movement for secession gained popular support because the Assam government failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills. It lead to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga. In 1966, the MNF began an campaign for freedom. The MNF fought a guerrilla war and got support from Pakistan government and secured shelter in the East Pakistan.

• In the first election, Congress won 364/489 seats as per expectations. 

• The Communist Party next to Congress won only 16 seats. 

• The Congress scored higher in state elections also except Travancore-Cochin (Kerala), Madras and Orissa. 

• Hence, country ruled at national and state level both by declaring Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India. 

• In second and third elections also, Congress maintained the same position in the Lok Sabha by winning the three fourth seats in the years 1957 and 1962 respectively

The ‘Earth Summit’ was a conference on environment and development held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil in June 1992. The increasing focus of this conference was started on the global environment and the relationship between economics, science and the environment in the political context. 

It proves to be useful through the following steps : 

1. The Rio Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called ‘Agenda 21.’ 

2. The implementation of‘Agenda 21’ was intended to involve action at international, national, regional and local levels. 

3. There was a unanimity on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach to development is commonly known as ‘sustainable development’. 

4. However, some critics indicated that ‘Agenda 21’ was biased in favour of economic growth rather than ensuring ecological conservation. 

5. Forest Principles is an informal name given to the Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of all type of forests. It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for conservation and sustainable development forestry. In 1994, the Montreal Process was began as a result of the Forest Principles.

1. Because it fulfilled the various purposes together as to benefit huge areas of Gujarat and three adjoining states: 

• Availability of drinking water 

• Water for irrigation 

• Generation of electricity 

• Effective floods and drought control in the region. 

2. Because in the process of construction of dam about 245 villages from these states were expected to be submerged alongwith the population of two and a half lakh people. 

3. Local activist group under the banner of Narmada Bachao Andolan. 

4. To relocate and proper rehabilitation of project affected people.

The three challenges to democracy in Nepal were the result of a triangular conflict between- 

• the monarchist forces 

• the democrats 

• the Maoists 

These challenges created massive, countrywide, pro-democracy protest in April 2006.

The Planning Commission was set up as : 

• It consists of the Prime Minister as its chairman. 

• Some ministers or incharges of economic portfolios. 

• The members of the Planning Commission have a high public image alongwith an administrative and educational background. 

Its scope of work : 

• To bring socio-economic change. 

• To provide a controlled and faster growth rate. 

• To resolve contradictions between societies.

1. The imposition of Emergency in 1977 and political crisis made the party system in India look like a two-party system. 

2. Two parties existed in 1977 were Congress and non-Congress parties to be described as close to two party system because it ended the one party dominance and emerged Janata Party, umbrella of non-Congress parties. 

3. Split in Congress: Congress splitted on the issues of Presidential elections in 1969. Split in Janata Party: On tensions among three leaders Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram for leadership in 1979.

Dalit Panthers denotes to a militant organisation of Dalit Youth to be formed in 1972 in Maharashtra. They resorted to mass action for assertion of Dalit’s rights. 

They took several steps: 

1. These groups mainly fought against the perpetual caste based inequalities and material injustices that Dalits faced in spite of constitutional guarantees of equality and justice. 

2. They faced collective atrocities over minor symbolic issues of caste pride. 

3. Hence, they demanded effective implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice. Therefore, activities of Dalit Panthers were mostly centred around fighting increasing atrocities on Dalits in various parts of the state.

• To draw global media’s attention to human rights abuses. 

• To help in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldier, and to establish international criminal court.

Environmental movements are the movements of a group which are environmentally conscious to challenge environmental degradation to work at both the national and international levels or local levels: 

• These movements raise new ideas and long term vision of what we should not do in our individual and collective lines. 

• These environmental movements may be diverse in nature i.e. the forest movements of the south, in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, continental Africa and India are faced with enormous pressures.

Categories of Environmental Movements: 

• Forest Movements 

• Movement against mining corporation and mineral industry (water pollution) 

• Anti Dam Movements against the construction of mega dams riot to disturb channels of rivers.

Human Right Watch is the international NGO which is involved in the research and advocacy on Human right. Also, it is the largest international human rights organisation in the United States of America. 

Human Rights watch’s main contributions to the field of human rights: 

1. It attracts the global media’s attention to human rights abuses. 

2. It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to established the international criminal court. 

3. It dislikes violations of what it considers basic human rights, which includes capital punishment and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. It also advocates freedoms in connection with fundamental human rights, like freedom of religion and press.

Bangladesh was created by the support of India because: 

1. West Pakistan did not allow Awami League, an East Pakistani Party to form government despite winning all the seats. 

2. East Pakistanis rebelled against and were suppressed by the army of West Pakistan, resulting large scale migration into India. 

3. This created huge refugee problem for India. 

4. Hence, India supported the demand of East Pakistanis financially and militarily. 

5. In December 1971, a war took place between India and Pakistan and ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces by forming Bangladesh as an independent country.

In do-China relations from 1947-1962. 

1. After the Chinese revolution in 1949, India was one of the first countries to recognize the communist government of China. 

2. When China annexed Tibet in 1950, both the countries developed some differences. 

3. In 1954, joint enunciation of Panchseel was made by Indian Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai. 

4. In 1954, India gave political asylum to Dalai Lama and this annoyed China.

5. In 1962, China invaded the territory of India and relations between both the countries got strained.

The Indian government has put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investments after independence because: 

(i) It wanted to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.

 (ii) As the Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s the competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. 

(iii) Indian allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilizers, petroleum, etc.

This statement represents the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union, where ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion not to escalate territorial disputes into armed confrontation: 

1. The ASEAN is rapidly growing as a regional organisation with the Vision 2020 including an outward looking role in international community and to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region. 

2. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) maintains coordination of security and foreign policy. 

3. The EU has also been funded on the ground of common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs. 

4. The European Union has also extended cooperation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc.

(i) Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories in which lived diverse people.

 (ii) They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.

 (iii) The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria–Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and people.

 (iv) It included the Alpine regions— The Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland — as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.

 (v) It also included the Italian speaking princess of Lombardy and Venetia.

 (vi) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. 

(vii) In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke polish.

 (viii) Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundary of the empire a mass of subject peasant people—Bohemians, Slovaks to the north, slovens in Carniola, Croats in the south and Romans to the east in Transylvania. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

The societies will witness the demographic transition, shifting of population, degradation of environment and water scarcity. 

(i) Water scarcity to pose the greatest challenge on account of its increased demand coupled with shrinking supplies due to over utilisation pollution. 

(ii) Water is a cyclic resource with abundant supplies on the globe. About 71 % of the earth’s surface is covered with it but freshwater constitutes only 3% of the total water. Small proportion of fresh water is effectively for human use. 

(iii) The availability of fresh water varies over space and time. The tension and disputes on sharing and control of this scare resource are becoming contested issues among communities, regions and states. 

(iv) India accounts 16% of world’s population, 2.45% of world surface and 4% of water resources. This dearth of utilizable water has been cause of several disputes in India at local, state and national levels. There is conflict on issues like social structure. 

(v) Rivers of Northern India has surplus water and rigorous flow face flood situation whereas in Southern India, rivers have perennial flow concentrated in the monsoon months leading to water scarcity during rest of year

Importance of Tertiary Sector : 

i. Basic services like hospitals, educational institutions, defence, and transport are the part of tertiary sector. 

ii. Development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services 

iii. As the income level rises, tourism, shopping, private schools and professional training also expands. People start demanding more services this leads to the expansion of the tertiary sector. 

iv. Information and communication technology also play an important role in this expansion. 

v. Large number of workers are engaged in this sector, as the demand for services grow.

Role of money and muscle power among political parties during elections – 

i. Since parties are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use shortcuts to win elections. 

ii. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money. 

iii. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party. 

iv. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections. 

v. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.

Monsoons are experienced in the tropical areas. June-September is the season for monsoon rains. The rainy season is relatively longer in the eastern regions. The quantity of rainfall keeps on decreasing as the monsoon winds move west. The north-east trade winds that blow during the winter months get replaced as the summer seasons sets in. There is continued low pressure over the north-west region. This attracts trade winds from the Southern Hemisphere. Coming form the Indian ocean, these winds cross over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. They are then trapped by air circulation taking place over India. These winds are loaded with moisture and blow at a very fast speed. The rain caused by south-west monsoon in not uniform. The rain of Western Ghasts situated in the direction of the winds get more rainfall than the other side. Similarly, the hilly regions of the north-east get heavy rainfall. From east to west there is a constant decline in the amount of rainfall. 

The cyclonic depression of formed at the head of the Bay of Bengal cause uneven and uncertain distribution of rainfall. These depressions move towards the low pressure monsoon trough which is not steadily placed. For a variety of reason, if moves northwards or southwards. When the axis of the trough move close to the Himalayas, there are heavy rains in the Himalayan regions. The plains get dry spells. With the approach of winter, the monsoon trough becomes weaker. There is reversal in the direction of surface winds with the approach of winter. The monsoons now withdraw from the Northern Plains. The shift in the low pressure conditions from north-western plains to the Bay of Bengal causes cyclones and rains in the Coromandel Coast.

Advancement of International Trade: 

i. Trade between two countries through sea, air or land route helps in the development of country. 

ii. No country can survive without International trade.

iii. Export and Import are the component of Trade. 

iv. Commodities in export- agriculture and allied products, areas and minerals, gems and jewellery etc. 

v. The commodities imported to India include Petroleum and its products, precious stores, chemicals etc. 

Situations which display lack of internal democracy within a political party – 

i. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. 

ii. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. 

iii. They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party. 

iv. Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. 

v. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes  more important.