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We need to expand formal sources of credit in India for two main reasons. Firstly, to reduce dependence on informal sources of credit because the latter charge high interest rates and do not benefit the borrower much. Secondly, they will be able to provide loans to a larger group of people who trust government sanctioning more than a private loaning system.

The basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor is to provide them with a vista for self-help in financial areas. A self-help group is a small group comprising people in the rural areas who collect their savings, and loan these out to members on an interest rate lower than that charged by the informal sector. If the SHG functions well for over a year, then it becomes eligible for loans from banks. Such loans are then used for creating self-employment opportunities for the poor. Thus, they become economically upgraded, and are not dependent on moneylenders anymore.

B) Price

Price must be supporting other elements of marketing mix.

A. The supply of labour is much higher than demand

C. Q and R only 

A. export duties were removed 

The average life expectancy of the London poor in 1887 was 29 years.

Globalization 

Africa the Second World War, a new kind of imperialism emerged. Multinational companies which are registered in a country and functioning in many countries began to interfere in the economic, social and cultural sectors of the developing countries for services the interests of capitalist countries. This is termed as neo imperialism.

The multinational companies competed with one another to control the resources and assets of third world countries. They promoted consumerism in third world countries to sell their products. Developing nations were considered as the markets for the multinational companies. Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation were the concepts of neo imperialism.

Globalisation is the policy of transfer of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources across the borders of countries without any restriction.

Features of globalisation

• Economic system of the country linked to global economy. 
• The interest and motives of multinational companies protected. 
• Competition driven market came into existence. 
• Trans-border flow of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources facilitated.

Impact of globalisation 

Positive impacts of globalisation are:

• Globalisation opened up many opportunities and possibilities around the world. 
• The transfer of goods, products and services beyond boundaries and the dissemination of information technology shaped the concept of global village. Globalisation posed challenges to developing countries:
• Due to pressure from multinational products and marketing strategies, the economy of developing countries started to collapse. 
• The intervention of multinational companies challenged the concept of nation state. 
• Led to the destruction of indigenous culture. Price of agricultural products plunged. 
• Public sector undertakings were destroyed. 
• Government withdrew from social service sectors. 
• Natural resources were looted.

Transport is a service or facility by which people, materials and manufactured goods are physically carried from one location to another.

It is an organized industry created to satisfy man’s basic need of mobility.

Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport systems to assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods.

At every stage in this complex system, the value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation.

The opening-up of tourist areas has been aided by improvement in transport facilities. Travel is easier by car, with better road systems.

India has the 2nd largest road network in the world.

Importance of Roadways in India:

1. It provides better connectivity between Rural and Urban areas and hence advancement of Rural India occurs. 

2. During the transportation of goods from ports to their destination it is very important to have better Road connectivity so that time, fuel and money can be saved and hence ultimate economic development occurs. 

3. To link every remotest area (J&K, Northeast part, mountainous regions etc) with the mainstream of economy it's very much important to have better connectivity so that overall development of those people can be ensured. 

4. Even road connectivity is very important in linking Intra-state Urban areas and Inter-states for better transportation of various goods and services and hence for overall development in terms of saving time, money etc and reduction in pollution and CO2 emission level. 

5. Rural economy would be connected with urban economy. 

6. Faster accessibility of health, education and other facilities. 

7. Import and export will improve.

8. Internal security will improve. If it is improved in North Eastern states and militancy affected areas. 

9. Social connectivity will improve.

Satellites touch human lives in many ways. Every time we use a cell phone to call a friend, send an SMS or watch a popular programme on cable television, we are using satellite communication.

These have rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in terms of distance.

Today weather forecasting through television is a boon in saving the loss of life and property.

As billions use the Internet each year, cyberspace will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans through email, e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance.

The Internet together with fax, television and radio will be accessible to more and more people cutting across place and time.

It is these modern communication systems, more than transportation that has made the concept of global village a reality

Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him. He formulated the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to property. Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom. Transport and communications were improved too.

Napoleon Bonaparte incorporated revolutionary principles in administrative field in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

(i)The Civil Code of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code- did away with all privileges based on bith, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

(ii)Napolean simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

(iii)In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication system were improved.

(iv)Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.

(v)Uniform laws, standardised weight and measures and a common national currency were introduced.

The 1830s were called the years of great economic hardship in Europe because of the following reasons.

(a) There was a rapid increase in population during the first half of the nineteenth century which led to widespread unemployment. 

(b) The unemployed rural people migrated from villages to cities for earning bread. This worsened the living conditions in towns. 

(c) Cheap machine-made goods from England made it impossible for the small producers to compete. 

(d) Peasants suffered because of less agrarian facilities, burden of feudal dues and obligations, bad harvest and price rise. It led to widespread rural poverty

Correct option is D) pay

French's control over Vietnam affected all aspects of the life of the Vietnamese. The most visible impact was witnessed in the field of economy and defence. However, culture too was deeply impacted.

The French established control over the education system of Vietnam to consolidate its control. 

(i) Economic: For French, colonies were necessary to provide natural resources and other goods. The Vietnamese economy was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantation to meet the French needs. Labours were hired on contracts, gradually landlordism became well entrenched and standard of living declined. To suit the French requirements, for easy transportation of goods, massive infrastructure projects, rail networks were established. 

(ii) Religion: The French, in order to consolidate its control and authority, wanted to exercise cultural and social domination and influence. One such way was to introduce Christianity in Vietnam, establish Christian Missionaries and encourage conversions. 

(iii) Education: The French, in order to civilize the natives, introduced modern education and dismantled the traditional education system in Vietnam. They followed the policy of discrimination against the Vietnamese students, of deliberately failing students. The education system glorified French rule. 

(iv) Health and Hygiene: French tried to create modern Vietnam with modern architecture and engineering skills to build a modern city in Hanoi but the native quarter was not provided with modern facilities. 

(v) Political: France had taken control over Tonkin and Annam for the purpose of controlling the colony and to halt British desire to expand southwards from China. France prevented Vietnamese from qualifying for white collar jobs which resulted in resistance

Correct option is A) find

Correct option is A) sells

Correct option is C) looking for

The US got involved in the war in Vietnam because it feared that a communist government would come to power in Vietnam after the National Liberation Front formed a coalition with the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, against Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime. US policy-planners feared a spread of communism to other countries in the area.
This involvement in the Vietnam War affected life within the US itself because of widespread public dissent. Only university graduates were exempt from compulsory service in the army and this caused even more anger amongst the minorities and working-class families

The correct answer is Tabo.

• Tabo Monastery is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, northern India.
• It was founded in 996 CE in the Tibetan year of the Fire Ape by the Tibetan Buddhist lotsawa Rinchen Zangpo (Mahauru Ramabhadra), on behalf of the king of the western Himalayan Kingdom of Guge, Yeshe-O.
• It is noted for being the oldest continuously operating Buddhist enclave in both India and the Himalayas.
• A large number of frescoes displayed on its walls depict tales from the Buddhist pantheon.

• There are many priceless collections of thankas (scroll paintings), manuscripts, well-preserved statues, frescos, and extensive murals which cover almost every wall.
• The monastery is in need of refurbishing as the wooden structures are aging and the thanka scroll paintings are fading.
• After the earthquake of 1975, the monastery was rebuilt, and in 1983 a new Du-kang or Assembly Hall was constructed. It is here that the 14^th Dalai Lama held the Kalachakra ceremonies in 1983 and 1996.
• The monastery is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as a national historic treasure of India.

Correct option is C) is watching

Mainly water borne disease is Hepatitis.

Correct option is A) as old as

Pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Cancer  is a virus borne disease.

Print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India by providing easy access to nationalist ideals and ideas of freedom and equality to the masses. Social reformers could now print their opinions in newspapers, which sparked off public debates. The power of reason made the common people question the authority of colonial power. Interestingly, when the British tried to censor and control print media, nationalist newspapers grew in number everywhere in the country. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged people to participate in nationalist activities. Attempts to censor anti-colonial publications aroused militant protests as well.

Assistance of print culture in the growth of nationalism in India:

(i) There were many who criticized the existing practices and campaigned for reforms, while others countered the arguments of the reformers. These debates were carried out openly in public and in print. Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they also shaped the nature of the debate. All this assisted the growth of nationalism.

(ii) In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. 
There were Indians, too, who began to publish Indian newspapers. The first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohun Roy.

(iii) The misrule of government and its initiative on curbing the freedom of press spread the nationalist ideas that demanded freedom of press.

(iv) The people of different communities and places were thus connected by print media. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another creating pan-Indian identities.

(v) When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari.

Thus, it is clear, print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.

(a) Women:
The spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India brought about educational reforms for women. Liberal husbands and fathers educated their womenfolk at home or sent them to schools for women. Women who had been restricted to a domestic life for generations, now found a new medium of entertainment. They also began to write articles for journals, in favour of women's education and literacy. Some even wrote books; Rashsundari Devi’s autobiography “Amar Jiban” was the first full-length autobiography, published in 1876. Conservatives believed that education and reading would make women widows, or corrupt them. Many women learnt to read and write in secret in such traditionalist environments.
(b) The poor:
They benefitted from the spread of print culture in India on account of the availability of low-price books and public libraries. Enlightening essays were written against caste discrimination and its inherent injustices. These were read by people across the country. On the encouragement and support of social reformers, over-worked factory workers set up libraries for self-education, and some of them even published their own works, for example, Kashibaba and his “Chhote Aur Bade Sawal”.
(c) Reformers:
Print culture’s popularity was an advantage for social and religious reformers as they could now spread their opinions, through newspapers and books, across the masses. These ideas could then be debated upon by different groups of people. Reformist ideas were put forward in the local, everyday languages of the common people so as to create a wider platform for the same.

Correct option (B) Russian

Explanation:

Leo Tolstoy was a famous Russian novelist who wrote extensively on rural life and community. 

MPS = 20/100

K = 1/MPS = 1/(1/5) = 5

ΔY = K.ΔI

Increase in income ΔY = 5 x 10,000 = 50,000

The number (256)^5/7 is 7^th root of 5^th power of 256.

Let the shortest side is x, then; 

Longest side = 3x; 

Third side = Longest side – 2 = 3x – 2 

Perimeter = 3x + 3x – 2 + x ≥ 61 ⇒ 7x – 2 ≥ 61 

⇒ 7x ≥ 61 + 2 ⇒ x ≥ \(\frac{36}{7} = 9\).

Law of conservation of energy.

i = i₀cos²θ

Where I → is intensity of the light transmitted by the analyser.

I₀ → is intensity of the light incident on the analyser.

θ → is angle between the pass axes of the analyser & polariser.

(b) Pullup resistor

(b) Has two trip points

The correct answer is: (a) 1

(b) Square wave

(b) Oscillations

(d) Compensating capacitance

(c) Input offset voltage

The correct answer is: (b) High

The correct answer is: (a) Low

(c) (t) = A_c  cos(2πf_c t) +A_c /4m (t) cos(2πf_c t) 

Given Modulation signal (t) = 2 cos(2πf_m t), Carrier signal x_c(t) = AC cos(2πf_c t). Note that conventional AM is DSB – FC (DSB full carrier) . 

Standard Expression is given by e(t) = E_c(t) [1+m(t)] cos2_c t – I

Option (b) is (t) = [1 + (t)] cos(2πf_c t)

Comparing this expression with the standard one given equation (I) We get µ = 2 i.e. conventional AM with over modulation.

Option (c) (t) = A_C  cos(2πf_c t) +A_C  /4 (t) cos(2πf_c t)

(t) = cos(2πf_c t)[1+ 1/4 (2 cos(2πf_m t)) ]

(t) =A_C cos(2πf_c t)[1+ 1 /2( cos(2πf_m t)) ]

Here µ= 1/2

So, this represents conventional AM without over modulation.

(b) Current source

(c) cos(2π(f_c + f_m )t 

Option (a) in the problem represents AM signal DSB-SC. If will have both side bands 

option (b) represents only the carrier frequency 

Option (c), cos(2π(f_c + f_m )t represents upper side band (SSB-SC). It represent SSB signal 

Option (d) represents the conventional AM signal

The correct answer is: (b) 3 A