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There was a financial crisis which persisted since 1980. We know that to introduce various policies, the government has to generate funds from various sources like taxation, running public sector enterprises etc. When the expenditure is more than the income, the government takes loans to balance the deficit from banks and also from people within the country and from international banks.

The various development policies require huge finance. But there was scarcity of funds. Even though the revenues were very low, the government had to overshoot its revenue to meet the challenges like unemployment, poverty and population explosion. The continued spending on development programmes of the government did not generate additional revenue.

At the same time, the government could not generate funds internally. When the government was spending a large share of its income on areas which do not provide immediate returns, there was a need to use the rest of its revenue in a highly efficient manner. The income from public sector undertakings was also not very high to meet the growing expenditure.

Further, the foreign exchange, borrowed from other countries and international banks was spent on meeting consumption needs. No sincere efforts were made to reduce expenditure and to increase our exports.

During late 1980’s government expenditure exceeded its income. Prices of many essential goods increased. Imports grew at a very large extent. Foreign exchange reserves declined considerably and the same fall short to finance our imports for more than two weeks. There was shortage of funds even to pay interest to international lenders and at the same time no country or international bank was ready to lend any more to India.

At this situation, India approached the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Monetary Fund and received seven billion dollars as loan to manage the crisis. To avail loans, these international banks expected India to liberalise and open up its economy by removing restrictions on the private sector, reduce the role of government in many areas and remove trade restrictions between India and other countries. India had to agree to these conditions of IBRD and IMF and announced the new economic policy which included liberalization, privatization and globalization.

Majority of people in India live in rural areas. In spite of so much of technological progress in the world, rural women are still using bio-fuels like agricultural waste, dried dung and fire wood to meet their energy requirement. They have to walk long distances to bring fuel, water and other basic needs.

According to the latest estimates, in rural India only 56% of households have electricity connection and 43% still ties kerosene. About 90% of the rural households use bio- fuels for cooking. Tap water availability is limited to only 24 % rural households. About 76 % of the population drinks water from open sources like wells, tanks, ponds, lakes, rivers, canals etc. Access to improved sanitation in rural areas only 20 %.

The examples for emerging alternate marketing channels are as follows:

1. Farmers directly sell their agricultural produce to consumers. 

Example: Apni Mandi in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, Rythu Bazars (vegetables and fruits markets) in Andhra Pradesh, Uzhavar Sandhai – (a farmers market) in Tamil Nadu.

2. Agricultural contracts several domestic and multinational companies entering agreements with Indian farmers in which farmers are encouraged to grow farm products (vegetables andfruits) of desired quality by providing them with not only seeds and other inputs but also assured procurement of the produce at predecided prices.

The main benefits of alternative agricultural marketing channels are: 

• The farmers get seeds and other agricultural inputs. 
• Farmers are assured of procurement of agricultural products at predecided prices. 
• Help in reducing price risk of farmers. 
• Expansion of markets for farm products in India and abroad.

In India, commercial energy consumption makes up about 65% of the total energy consumed. This includes coal with 55% of shares which is the largest one. The coal is followed by petroleum products at 31%, natural gas at 11%, hydroelectricity at 3%.

The non-commercial energy sources consisting of firewood, cow dung and agricultural wastes account for 30% of the total energy consumption.

In the sectoral pattern of consumption of commercial energy, the transport sector was the largest consumer of commercial energy. But now. there is a fall in the share of transport sector and the share of industrial sector is increasing. The share of petroleum and natural gas is the highest among all commercial energy consumption.

The various indicators of human development are as follows: 

• Human development index: It consists of standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is good indicator of human development.
• Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality human development.
• Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.
• GDP per capital : The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capita indicates a better human development.
• Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR is high it indicates low human development. 
• Maternal mortality rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates a better human development. 
• Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development. 
• Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of population using sustainable access to improved water source is high, it is a good indicator of human development. 
• People living below poverty line: If less people are living below poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development. 
• Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then it is a good indicator of human development.

The various indicators of human development are as follows:

• Human development index: It consists of standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is good indicator of human development. 
• Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality human development. 
• Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development. 
• GDP per capital: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capital indicates a better human development.
• Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR is high it indicates low human development.
• Maternal mortalit rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates a better human development.
• Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development.
• Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of population using sustainable access to improved source is high, it is a good indicator of human development.
• People living below poverty line: If less people are living below poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development.
• Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then it is a good indicator of human development.

From the time of independence, the Government of India has taken many steps to build vast health infrastructure and manpower at different levels. They are as follows:

1. At the village level, single – physician clinics popularly known as Primary Health Centres are established. Apart from regular medical treatments, They mainly focus on Infant immunization. Anti epidemic drives, Birth – Control programs and pregnancy related care both pre-natal and post natal.

2. Government has given licence to voluntary agencies and private sector to establish hospitals, pharmacy and nursing colleges manned by trained professionals and para medical professionals.

3. Increase in the number of hospitals from 9300 to 43,300 and hospital beds from 1.2 million to 7.2 million by 2000.

4. Private sector is playing predominant role in medical education and training, medical technology and diaostics, manufacture and sale of pharmaceuticals, hospital construction and provision of medical services.

5. Due to the liberalization policy of Government of India, many non-resident Indians and industrial and pharmaceutical companies have set up state-of-afl super-specialty hospitals to attract Indicatess rich and medical tourists.

6. The Indian systems of medicine includes six systems viz., ayurveda. yoga, unani, siddha, naturopathy and homeopathy (AYUSH). There are 3,000 ISM hospitals, 23,000 dispensaries and about 6,00,000 registered practitioners in India.

But, one of the studies reveals that India has about 17% of world’s population hut it bears just 20% of the global burden of diseases (GBD).

In India, more than 50% of GBD is accounted b’ communicable diseases like diarrhoea. malaria and tuberculosis. Every year about 5,00,000 children die due to waterborne diseases. It is also reported that only 38% of primary health centres have the required number of medical practitioners and only 30% of PHCs have the requisite medicines.

The people living in rural areas do not have sufficient medical infrastructure. There are only 0.36 hospitals for every lakh people in rural areas and in urban areas it is 3.6 for every lakh population.

Mid-term Elections 

Points: • If government loses its majority before completions of term-due to withdrawal of support 

• If no alternative government is possible, then elections are held before the completion of term. They are called as midterm elections.

The various indicators of human development are as follows:

• Human development index: It consists of standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is good indicator of human development. 
• Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality human development. 
• Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.
• GDP per capital: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capital indicates a better human development. 
• Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR is high it indicates low human development. 
• Maternal mortality rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates a better human development. 
• Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development. 
• Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of population using sustainable access to improved water source is high, it is a good indicator of human development. 
• People living below poverty line: If less people are living below poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development.
• Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then ¡t is a good indicator of human development.

Q.D for Wheat:

First we need to arrange the observations in the ascending order 

x: 9 10 10 12 15 16 18 19 21 25

Calculation of lower quartile (Q₁):

Q₁ = size of \((\frac{N}{4})^{th}\) item = size of \((\frac{10 + 1}{4})^{th}\) item

= The size of \(\frac{11}{4}^{th}\) item i. e., 2.75^th item

The size of 2.75^th item is size of 2^nd item + 0.75 item Size of 2^nd item = 10

Size of 0.75 item = Size of 3^rd item – 2^nd item = 10 – 10 = 0

Q₁ = size of 2^nd item + 0.75 item is

Q₁ = 10 + 0.75 (10 – 10) = 10 + O.75(0) = 10 + 0

Q₁ = 10

Calculation of Upper Quartile (Q₃):

Q3 = Size of 3 \((\frac{N + 1}{4}^{th})\) item

= Size of \((\frac{3(10 + 1)}{4})^{th}\) item = Size of \((\frac{3(11)}{4})^{th}\) item

= Size of \((\frac{33}{4})^{th}\) item = size of 8.25 item

i.e.. size of 8^th item + 0.25 item (size of 9^th – 8^th item)

Q₃ = 19 + 0.25 (21 – 19) = 19 + 0.25(2)

Q₃= 19 + 0.5

Q₃ = 19.5

Now QD = \(\frac{Q_3 - Q_1}{2} =\) \(\frac{19.5 - 10}{2} =\) \(\frac{9.5}{2} =\) 4.75

QD = 4.75 tonnes

This statement is true. Because - 

- Even though, the Constitution is in written format, it is dynamic in nature.

- The parliament has right to make changes in the Constitution with changes in conditions.

Decentralisation of Power 

Points: • essence of democracy 

• participation of citizen increases 

• ristricts misuse of power 

• directive principles of the constitutions 

• 73rd and 74th amendment

1. This statement is True. Because - 

• The Parliament has right to change the Constitution according to changes in the circumstances. 

• Basic framework of the Constitution can not be altered while amending the constitution.

2. This statement is True. Because - 

• Conduction of election is responsibility of Election Commission. 

• The Election Commission decides when to conduct election and in how many stages to hold election in every state. 

3. This statement is False. Because - 

• Movement is collective action. People’s active participation is expected in the movement. 

• Movements have a leadership. Leadership keeps movements active, effectivity increases. 

• It has social objectives.

The majority of people spend huge amounts to acquire information relating to the labour market and other markets like education and health.

For instance, people want to know the level of salaries associated with various types of jobs, whether the educational institutions provide the right type of employable skills land at what cost. This type of information is required to make decisions regarding investments in human capital and efficient utilisation of the acquired human capital stock.

Expenditure incurred for acquiring information relating to the labour market and other markets is also a source of human capital formation.

In simple words, people spend money to acquire information for the following reasons:

• To know the labour market (about salary, types of jobs available, schools and colleges for the right type of employable skills based education) and other markets like education and health. 
• They spend on the above information to take decisions regarding investments in human capital and for efficient utilization of acquired human capital stock.

1. decentralisation of power 

2. President 

3. Punjab 

4. political parties

Liberalisation was one of the reforms of New Economic Policy of 1991. It was introduced to put an end to the restrictions and open up various sectors of the economy. The following are the important areas of liberalization:

1. Deregulation of industrial sector: The liberalization policy removed many restrictions enforced on industrial sector. Industrial licensing was abolished for almost all but product categories like alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, industrial explosives, electronics, aerospace and drugs and pharmaceuticals.

The only industries which are not reserved for the public sector are defence equipments, atomic energy generation and railway transport. Many goods produced by the small scale industries have now been dereserved.

2. Financial sector reforms: The financial sector consists of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, stock exchange operations and foreign exchange market.

The financial sector in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI decides the amount of money that the banks can keep with themselves, fixes interest rates, nature of lending to various sectors, etc.

The major objective of financial sector reforms is to reduce the role of RBI from regulator to facilitator of financial sector. That means, the financial sector may be allowed to take decisions on many matters independent of RBI.

The financial sector reform policies led to the establishment of private sector banks both Indian and foreign. Foreign investment limit in banks was raised to around 50%. The banks which fulfill certain conditions have been given freedom to set up new branches without the approval of the RBI. Foreign institutional investors (FIT) like merchant bankers, mutual funds and pension funds are now allowed to invest in Indian financial markets.

3. Tax reforms: These are the reforms which are concerned with government’s taxation and public expenditure policies which are collectively known as its fiscal policy. There are two types of taxes, direct and indirect.

Since 1991, there has been a continuous reduction in the taxes on individual incomes as it was felt that high rates of income tax were an important reason for tax evasion. It is now widely accepted that moderate rates of income tax encourage savings and voluntary disclosure of income.

The rate of corporation tax (tax on income of companies) which was very high earlier has been gradually reduced. A new tax called Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been introduced from 1.7.2017 to bring uniformity in indirect taxes. In order to encourage better compliance on the part of tax payers, many procedures have been simplified and the rates also substantially lowered.

4. Foreign exchange reforms: During 1991, the Government took an immediate measure to resolve the balance of payments crisis, the rupee was devalued against foreign currencies. This led to an increase in the inflow of foreign exchange. It also set the tone to free the determination of rupee value in the foreign exchange market from government control. At present, the market forces i.e., demand and supply, determine the exchange rates.

5. Trade and investment policy reforms: A new trade and investment policy under liberalization strategy was made to increase international competitiveness of industrial production and a foreign investments and technology into the economy. The aim was also to promote the efficiency of the local industries and the adoption of modem technologies.

To protect Indian industries, the government was following quantitative restrictions on imports which encouraged tight control over imports. At the same time, tariffs were very high. These policies reduced efficiency and competitiveness which led to a slower growth of manufacturing sector.

The main objectives of Trade and Investment Policy were:

• To remove quantitative restrictions on imports. 
• To reduce quantitative restrictions in exports. 
• Reducing tariff rates. 
• Removal of licensing system.

Import licensing was abolished except in case of hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries. Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured consumer goods and agricultural products were also fully removed. Export duties have been removed to increase the competitive position of Indian goods in the international markets. A process of disinvestment was also initiated by selling of part of equity shares of public sector enterprises to the public.

The main causes for unemployment in India are as follows:

1. Population explosion: Rapid population growth is the leading factor responsible for unemployment in India. This has adversely affected the unemployment situation in two ways. Firstly, the growth of population has directly encouraged unemployment by making a large addition to the existing labour force. Secondly, the rate of job expansion could never be as high as the population growth would have required.

2. Season agricultural and backwardness of agricultural: In rural economy, agriculture is the main source of employment. However, most of the rural people are engaged directly and indirectly in agricultural operations. But, agriculture in India is basically a seasonal occupation. It provides employment only for certain months i.e., only during rainy days. During the rest of the period in a year, people would become unemployed.

3. Illiteracy and ignorance: Many people are illiterates and unskilled. They are not trained in accordance with the employment being generated. There is miss-match between the education industry and employment industry.

4. Slow growth: The growth of Indian economy is not at the expected level. The growth of GDP is still less than 7%. That means income which is being contributed to the national income generated through creation of employment opportunities is insufficient.

5. Lack of initiatives from government: In India, the government is inactive in creation of jobs. Rather, the government is indulging in disinvestment and closing Public Sector Industries due to industrial sickness. This is aggravating the problem of unemployment.

6. Low investment: There is a decline in the rate of investment due to lack of supportive atmosphere both in private and public sectors. This has slowed down the creation of new employment opportunities in India.

7. Orthodox nature of population: In India, majority of people are traditional and very orthodox and believe in blind beliefs. Many will be sticking on to some age old occupation even many though it has lost scope in the modem word. This has made them voluntarily unemployed.

Liberalization was one of the reforms of New Economic Policy of 1991. It was introduced to put an end to the restrictions and open up various sectors of the economy. 

The following are the important areas of liberalization:

1. Deregulation of industrial sector: The liberalization policy removed many restrictions enforced on industrial sector. Industrial licensing was abolished for almost all but product categories like alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, industrial explosives, electronics, aerospace and drugs and pharmaceuticals.

The only industries which are not reserved for the public sector are defence equipments, atomic energy generation and railway transport. Many goods produced by the small scale industries have now been de-reserved.

2. Financial sector reforms: The financial sector consists of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, stock exchange operations and foreign exchange market.

The financial sector in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI decides the amount of money that the banks can keep with themselves, fixes interest rates, nature of lending to various sectors, etc.

The major objective of financial sector reforms is to reduce the role of RBI from regulator to facilitator of financial sector. That means, the financial sector may be allowed to take decisions on many matters independent of RBI.

The financial sector reform policies led to the establishment of private sector banks both Indian and foreign. Foreign investment limit in banks was raised to around 50%. The banks which fulfill certain conditions have been given freedom to set up new branches without the approval of the RBI. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIT) like merchant bankers, mutual funds and pension funds are now allowed to invest in Indian financial markets.

3. Tax reforms: These are the reforms which are concerned with government’s taxation and public expenditure policies which are collectively known as its fiscal policy. There are two types of taxes, direct and indirect.

Since 1991, there has been a continuous reduction in the taxes on individual incomes as it was felt that high rates of income tax were an important reason for tax evasion. It is now widely accepted that moderate rates of income tax encourage savings and voluntary disclosure of income.

The rate of corporation tax (tax on income of companies) which was very high earlier has been gradually reduced. A new tax called Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been introduced from 1.7.2017 to bring uniformity in indirect taxes. In order to encourage better compliance on the part of tax payers, many procedures have been simplified and the rates also substantially lowered.

4. Foreign exchange reforms: During 1991, the Government took an immediate measure to resolve the balance of payments crisis, the rupee was devalued against foreign currencies. This led to an increase in the inflow of foreign exchange. It also set the tone to free the determination of rupee value in the foreign exchange market from government control. At present, the market forces i.e., demand and supply, determine the exchange rates.

5. Trade and investment policy reforms: A new trade and investment policy under liberalization strategy was made to increase international competitiveness of industrial production and a foreign investments and technology into the economy. The aim was also to promote the efficiency of the local industries and the adoption of modem technologies.

To protect Indian industries, the government was following quantitative restrictions on imports which encouraged tight control over imports. At the same time, tariffs were very high. These policies reduced efficiency and competitiveness which led to a slower growth of manufacturing sector.

The main objectives of Trade and Investment Policy were:

• To remove quantitative restrictions on imports. 
• To reduce quantitative restrictions in exports. 
• Reducing tariff rates. 
• Removal of licensing system.

Import licensing was abolished except in case of hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries. Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured consumer goods and agricultural products were also fully removed. Export duties have been removed to increase the competitive position of Indian goods in the international markets. A process of disinvestment was also initiated by selling of part of equity shares of public sector enterprises to the public.

1. Health infrastructure: The various forms of health expenditures are as follows:

• Preventive medicine vaccinations to prevent deadly diseases. 
• Curative medicine obtaining medical treatment during illness. 
• Social medicine spread of awareness about keeping good health and its importance. 
• Provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation.

The healthy individuals are a food source of human capital as they directly contribute for regular and higher productivity of labour. A sick labourer without access to medical facilities has to remain absent from work. This leads to loss of productivity. Hence, expenditure on health is an important source of human capital formation.

2. Expenditure on migration: People migrate from their native places in search of jobs which may bring higher salaries. Unemployment is the only reason for rural-urban migration in India. Technically qualified persons like engineers and doctors migrate to other countries to earn better income.

Though there is a high cost of transport, high cost of living and other factors, the enhanced income will motivate people to migrate. Hence, expenditure on migration is also a source of human capital formation.

The correct answer island between two rivers.

• The term "Doab" means the land between two rivers.

• Doab:
  • Punjab-Haryana plain is drained by five rivers and the intervening area between the rivers is known as doab.
  • From South to North doabs are as follows:

  • Doab	Region
    Bist Doab	Between Beas and Sutlej
    Bari Doab	Between Beas and Ravi
    Rachna Doab	Between Ravi and Chenab
    Chaj Doab	Between Chenab and Jhelum
    Sind Sagar Doab	Between Jhelum and Indus

(d) Land between two tributaries of a river

The correct answer is ​Literacy rate.

• Literacy rate- Literacy rate is the number of persons who are 7 or above and have the ability to read, write and understand in any language.
• It shows the socio-economic progress of a country.
• The Global literacy rate among males is 90% and among females is 82.7%.
• According to the 2011 Census of India, the average literacy rate of India is 74.4 %.
• The highest literacy rate is in Kerala at 96.2%. 

• Education Index-
  • The School Education Quality Index is a composite index that assesses the annual reforms of states based on the key domains of education quality, conceptualized and finalized by the HRD Department.
• Mortality ratio-
  • It is the ratio of observed to expected deaths in the general population.
  • The ratio is reported in percentage.
• Gross enrolment ratio-
  • It represents the enrolment of students in each class irrespective of age.
  • It is expressed in percentage.

C - Literacy Rate

The current answer is East Australian Current.

• East Australian Current is a warm ocean current.

• The East Australian Current (EAC) is the southward western boundary current that is formed from the South Equatorial Current (SEC) crossing the Coral Sea and reaching the eastern coast of Australia.
• At around 15° S near the Australian coast, the SEC divides forming the southward flow of the EAC.
• It is the largest ocean current close to the shores of Australia.
• The EAC reaches a maximum velocity at 30° S where its flow can reach 90 cm/s.

The correct answer is I-Baltic Sea, II-Andaman Sea, III-Caribbean Sea, IV-Dead Sea.

• Baltic Sea (10% salinity) < Andaman Sea (31.5% - 32.5% salinity) < Caribbean Sea (less then 33%) < Dead Sea (33.7% salinity).
• The Dead Sea is landlocked and is in the lowest valley on earth.
  • Found in Israel, Jordan, West Bank.
• The Baltic Sea is found in Northern Europe.

(i) Nucleic acids (such as DNA, RNA)
(ii) Proteins
(iii) Lipids and
(iv) Carbohydrates

The correct answer is Ghosundi Inscription.

• Ghosundi inscription:
  • This inscription has been received from the village of Ghosundi near the city of Chittor, whose language is Sanskrit and the script is Brahmi.
  • According to this inscription, King Sarvatta (son of Parashari) of the Gaja dynasty organized the Ashwamedha Yagya and built a stone boundary wall around the worship of Sankarsana and Vasudeva.
  • This inscription is the oldest inscription related to the Vaishnava sect (Bhagavata sect) in Rajasthan, published by Dr. DR Bhandarkar.

•  Ghatiyala (Mandore) Inscriptions (861 AD)
  • Four inscriptions were found near Ghatiyala in Jodhpur. 
  • Sheds light on the political, social, and religious policies of the Pratihara dynasty.
  • Inscription I is written in Sanskrit and mentions the name of kings till Kakkuka of the Pratihara dynasty.
  • Inscription II sheds light on the society of that time. Caste rules got rigid by this time.
  • Inscription III and IV sheds light on the personal preferences of Kakkula.​
•  Besnagar Inscription
  • An important Prakrit inscription at Besnagar (Bhilsa district) of the late 2nd century BCE, inscribed at the instance of Heliodorus, a Greek envoy of Antialcidas of Taxila, records his devotion to the Vaishnava Vasudeva sect. 

The correct answer is Nagarjuna Sagar.

• Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is considered one of the largest dams built in recent times in Asia. As the tallest masonry dam, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is also the pride of India. The project has a catchment area of roughly 215000 sq. km.
• World’s largest masonry dam protected with 26 gates measuring 124.663m in height, Nagarjunasagar Dam located in Nalgonda District is built across River Krishna.
• Krishna River, a river of south-central India. One of India’s longest rivers, it has a total course of about 800 miles (1,290 km).
• The Krishna has a large and highly fertile delta continuous with that of the Godavari River to the northeast. The two largest tributaries are the Bhima (north) and the Tungabhadra (south).

• The Tehri Dam on the Bhagirathi River, conceived in the mid-20th century and begun in the 1970s, is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in Asia.
• One of the first river valley projects in India, the Hirakud is among the longest dams in the world. It is located in the Sambalpur district of Odisha, about 290 km from the city of Bhubaneswar. 
• Bhakra Nangal Dam, Built over the Sutlej river, the Bhakra Nangal Dam is the second-highest dam in Asia. This is the source of water for all the farms in Punjab and Haryana, which are two of the most important agricultural states in the country.

Makes home neat, lung disease can be reduced, does not affect the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Reduces wastage of time and fuel loss.

Petrol, Diesel, LPG, CNG etc

When King George-V and Queen of India visited India, a magnificent Durbar was held at Delhi.

The Correct Answer is Dharamshala.

• Dharamshala is the second capital of Himachal Pradesh.
• Dharamshala is the district headquarters of Himachal Pradesh's Kangra district.
• Kangra district is part of the British province of Punjab.
• The administrative headquarters of the district were initially at Kangra, but were transferred in 1855 to Dharamshala.Under the flagship Smart Cities Mission of PM Narendra Modi, Dharamshala was selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be built as a smart city.
• Former Chief Minister Virbhadra Singh proclaimed Dharamshala the second capital of the state of Himachal Pradesh on 19 January 2017, making Himachal Pradesh, after Jammu and Kashmir and Maharashtra, the third state of India with two capitals.

• Shimla is the summer capital of Himachal Pradesh.
• Himachal Pradesh Formation - 25 January 1971
• Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh - Jai Ram Thakur(Sept 2021)
• Governor of Himachal Pradesh - Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
• Official Language - Hindi

The carbon monoxide produced as a result of combustion of fuels causes environmental pollution. More carbon monoxide may be produced if the vehicles are not working properly. Smoke testing is conducted to know what quantity of carbon monoxide is present in the smoke coming out of vehicle.

The correct answer is D.

• The Indus river does not flow in Afghanistan.
• The Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan and the primary watershed for the endorheic Sistan Basin.
• Naghlu dam is connected to the national grid of Afghanistan and is currently the largest power plant in the country.
• Naghlu dam provides electricity to about 100,000 households in the Kabul region.

• The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and East Asia.
• The 3,180 km river length, and rises in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan regions.
• Indus river tributaries are Sutlej River, Jhelum River, Chenab River, Ravi River, etc.
• The Indus river sources Tibetan Plateau, Senge Zangbu, Gar River and drains at the Arabian Sea, Rann of Kutch, Nalsarovar bird sanctuary.

There are only some primary expenses to build a hydrogen-electric power station. Hydroelectric power stations must be constructed only in areas of heavy rainfall and good streamflow. If these required conditions are satisfied, the production of electricity from such power station is very profitable one.

The correct answer is Jharkhand.

• The Maithon Dam is located at Maithon in Jharkhand.

• Maithon Dam is located on the Damodar river.
• It is owned by the Damodar Valley Corporation.
• Damodar Valley Project on river Damodar in Jharkhand.
• Maithon dam was specially designed for flood control and generates 60,000 kW of electric power.

• Damodar Valley Project:
  • Damodar River rises in the Kamarpet hill in the Chhotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand.
  • Flood Control, irrigation, navigation, afforestation, and control of soil erosion.
  • Promotion of agriculture and industry, electricity generation.
  • Four dams at Tilaiya, Konar, Maithan, Panchet.
• Copper is found in the Singhbum region of the Jharkhand.
• Uranium and Thorium are found in Jadugoda (Jharkhand).

The correct answer is Sheikhpura. 

• This city was founded by the great Sufi saint "Hazarat Makhdum Shah Shoeb Rahamatullah Aleh" about six hundred years ago. It is a district in Bihar state.
• Sheikhpura district carved out from Munger district on 31 July 1994.

• The Statue of Tara is a gilt-bronze sculpture that dates from the 7th-8th century AD and found in Sri Lanka.
• It was ransacked from the last King of Kandy place in Sri Lanka when the Britishers annexed Kandy in the early 19th century.
• In the year 1830, the sculpture of Tara was given to the British Museum by Robert Brownrigg former British Governor of Ceylon (Former Name of Sri Lanka).

The correct answer is 1991.

• On 1^st November 1991 Panch Dhara Scheme was launched.
  • The aim of this scheme was to work on the welfare of rural and tribal women.
  • Under this scheme, there were 5 sub-schemes.
    • Aayushmati Scheme
    • Kalpvriksh Scheme
    • Gramya Yojana
    • Samajik Suraksha Pension Scheme
    • Vatsalya Yojana

• In the year 1995, Swayam Siddha Scheme was launched.
  • Initially, it was named Indira Women Scheme but later it was renamed Swayam Siddha Scheme.
• Garibi Unmulan Yojana was launched in the year 2001.
  • It was aimed to raise the standard of living of the very poor in rural areas.
• Swadhar Scheme was launched in April 2002.
  • The aim of this scheme was to provide shelter, food, clothes, and other basic facilities to those women who are living without any help.

Given:

Dividend₁ = kx3 + 4x2 + 3x - 4

Dividend₂ = x3 - 4x + k

Divisor = (x - 3)

Formula Used:

Dividend = (divisor × quotient) + Reminder

Calculation:

x - 3 = 0 

Then, x = 3

By substituting the value of x, we'll get

kx3 + 4x2 + 3x - 4 = k(3)³ + 4(3)² + 3(3) - 4 = 27k + 36 + 9 - 4 = 27k + 41      ----(i)

x3 - 4x + k = 3³ - 4(3) + k = 27 - 12 + k = 15 + k      ----(ii)

Both the dividends leave equal reminders  then equating (i) and (ii)

27k + 41 = 15 + k

⇒ 26k = -26

⇒ k = -1

∴ The value of k is -1

The correct answer is Nauchandi Mela.

• The Nauchandi Mela is a colourful and mesmeric fair which is held a few days after Holi, every year in Meerut in Uttar Pradesh.
• The Kumbh Mela is the largest fair of the world organized in Prayag, Allahabad.
• It is organized for approximately 48 days to bathe at the holy confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, and the mysterious Saraswati.
• Kumbh Mela, in Hinduism, is a religious pilgrimage that is celebrated four times over a course of 12 years. 

Given:

Divivdend = 8x4 + 14x3 – 2x2 + 7x – 8, Divisor = 4x2 + 3x – 2

Concept Used: 

Deducing given equation in multiple of divisor, we can easily determine remainder

Calculation:

On deducing given equation

⇒ 8x4 + 14x3 – 2x2 + 7x – 8

⇒ 8x4 + 6x3 - 4x2 + 8x3 + 2x2 + 7x – 8

⇒ (4x2 + 3x – 2) × 2x² + 8x3 + 2x2 + 7x – 8

⇒ [(4x2 + 3x – 2) × 2x² ]+ [(4x2 + 3x – 2) × 2x] - 4x² + 11x - 8

⇒ [(4x2 + 3x – 2) × 2x2 ]+ [(4x2 + 3x – 2) × 2x] + [(4x2 + 3x – 2) × -1] + 14x - 10

∴ Required remainder = 14x - 10          

Correct answer is:- (B) and (C) 

Explanation:- 

(A) Let us take a quadratic polynomial x² + 9x + 11 is divided by x - 3 we get x + 12 as a polynomial which is linear and some remainder. So it is not necessary that we always get constant polynomial. Hence, (A) is incorrect. 

(B) Let's say a cubic polynomial is x³ + 3x + 2  is divided by x + 2, then the remainder is (-2)³ + 3(-2) + 2

=  -12 which is a constant polynomial. If you take any other cubic polynomial and divide it by a linear polynomial, you will always get a constant polynomial as a remainder. 

Hence, (B) is correct. 

(C) Zero is always a rational number, as it can be written in the form of p/q, where q should not be zero. 

(D) n should be odd so that aⁿ + bⁿ is divisible by a + b. Hence, (D) is incorrect.