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Importance of marketing concept is for Society, Consumer and Producers.    

IFCI was established in 1948.

Meaning and Definition of Quality Control: According to Dr.William Spriegel, "The quality and type of any good mean its characteristics regarding size, shape, colour, durability, workmanship, Construction and adjustment." Quality control means the merits of the goods, for achieving this, the control on materials and manufacturing plants and circumstances is done in such a way that it could affect the merits of the goods. 

All materials are obtained from the nature directly or indirectly to manufacture the goods, by which there comes the changes in the construction and characteristics of those materials due to nature causes, on the other side there comes the changes in their adjustments due to temperature, moisture, dust, polluted hot air, running of machines and deterioration of measuring instruments in the manufacturing circumstances. Therefore, the control on these changes in the quality maintenance should be kept in such a way so that it should not affect quality of the goods. 

Principles of Quality Control

Following are the principles of Quality control: 

(i) The standard of the quality should be determined in such a way that all the customers satisfying characteristics present in the goods. 

(ii) The manufacturing of the goods should be done according to prescribed descriptions so that it contains the quantity of standard goods or type.

(iii) There should be comprehensive control on the changing factors affecting the perfection of the quality so that the quality in the goods should be present according to the prescribed standard. 

(iv) For the right quantity of every merit of the quality of a product should be prepared by a efficient designer.

This statement is of William J. Stanton., according to him there are two basic pillars of marketing concept- 

1. The planning policies and activities of the company should be satisfaction of the customers and 

2. The profitable selling should be objective of the company. Thus, the practical steps or activities taken for achieving these two objectives are included in marketing management.

1. The entry of a lone individual in business is replete with risk and various challenges having wider scope of sources because it begins with a long thought up to the planning of high profitability coupled with greater degree of risk and the venture capital provides an opportunity to overcome all the debentures on way to success. 

2. Venture capital generally invested by the firms in the high technological areas and by use of innovative technique, new kinds of merchandise are produced.

Product planning is not to be considered while selecting a product or Service. 

Marketing concept is Production – oriented, Sales – oriented and Customer – oriented.

For any manufacturing unit, the demand of its quality which is accepted by the consumers in the event of it being a quality product according to their expectations and aspiration. Therefore, hence the quality refers to those characteristics on the basis of which one product can be compared with its counter product. Therefore, it is quite imperative for any manufacturer to keep in mind the aspirations of the consumer”s while determining the quality of his product.

In similar terms, project appraisal is an analysis of cost and profit of any proposed project. Its objective is to select the best of the available alternatives so as the projected goals could be conveniently realised. There are limited financial sources with an entrepreneur where as there are several alternatives plans and projects on his mind, “high dreams with limited budget and he has to opt one of the best available alternatives. To facilitate his so called “selection” he takes into consideration the basis of project appraisal. In the large context, “a detailed evaluation of the project to determine the technical feasibility, economic necessity, financial variability of the project and managerial competence required for its successful operation.” It is a technique by which the decision by an entrepreneur is to be taken for strengthening his project for making it a great success to him dream project. 

Or, it is a way to assess the desirability of the project profitability, competence by taking into consideration, various techniques, financial, economical, communicational and management aspect.

Creates imperfection in the market Innovation ultimately increases the volume.  

Marketing concept is Production – oriented. 

Money spent on marketing is Investment.

A good project is always implicit of some essentials in the absence of which a successful completion of if is not possible. 

The main essentials are:- 

1. A project planning should be based on logical and realistic factors. 

2. Various aspects in relation to the project must be meticulously analysised. 

3. An objective contemplation should be done with regard to all aspects of the project. 

4. The project estimate should be based on probable information’s and their scientific analysis. 

5. While planning for a project every technical, economical aspect should be carefully studied and analysed. 

6. In the context of project planning consultation with technical expert economist product experts and industrial entrepreneur is also essentials.

Planning is for Future.

Factors intensity oriented project are Capital oriented projects and Labour Intensive projects. 

Money spent on the preparation of project is Investment. 

Every new business opportunity is Unique.  

C. Environment scanning

A business opportunity has five elements which are as follows:

• Assured market scope,
• An attractive and acceptable rate of return on investment,
• Practicability of the idea,
• Competence of the entrepreneur to encase it,
• Potential of future growth.

• Step One: Create Urgency.
• Step Two: Form a Powerful Coalition.
• Step Three: Create a Vision for Change.
• Step Four: Communicate the Vision.
• Step Five: Remove Obstacles.
• Step Six: Create Short-Term Wins.
• Step Seven: Build on the Change.
• Step Eight: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture.

(8/2)(2+2) = (4)(4) = 16.

• If a manager wants to increase the price of the product due to increase in cost of production, he will analyze the price elasticity of demand for that product so that price rise is not followed by substantial fall in the demand of the product. It is the application of demand analysis to the real world situation.
• For fixing the price of the products managers applies the pricing theories, cost and revenue theories of micro economics.
• Decisions regarding production and supply of the product in the market, knowledge of availability of fixed and variable factors of production, state of technology to be used and availability of raw-material are essential. This can be determined with the knowledge of theory of production.
• Determination of price and output is possible with the acquaintance of market structures and approaches pertinent for determination of price and output in the given market setup.
• Managerial economics utilizes statistical methods such as game theory, linear programming etc for application of Economic Theory in Decision making.
• One of the responsibilities of Manager is to workout budgets for different departments of the organization which is learned from Capital Budgeting and Capital Rationing.
• Cost and benefit analysis helps the manager in decision making.
• Study of welfare economics helps Manager in taking care of social responsibilities of the organization.
• Microeconomics is the study that deals with partial equilibrium analysis which is useful for the manager in deciding equilibrium for his organization.
• Managerial Economics also uses tools of Mathematical Economics and econometrics such as regression analysis, correlation analysis etc.
• Theory of firm, an important element of microeconomics, is one of the most significant element of Managerial Economics.

The correct answer is Winston Churchill.

• Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of England when Cripps Mission arrived in India in the year 1942.

• Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924.
  • Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a British statesman, army officer, and writer.
• The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.
  • Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British cabinet to India to settle terms with Indian leaders who were forthwith released.
  • Cripps proposed Dominion Status after the war but his proposal was rejected by all the political leaders.
  • As no party was agreed to accept these proposals, the Cripps mission ended in failure.
  • Gandhi said that Cripps' offer of Dominion Status after the war was a "post-dated cheque drawn on a failing bank".

• Clement Richard Attlee was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951.
• Pethick Lawrence or Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence was a British Labour politician and campaigned for women's suffrage.
  • From 1945 to 1947 he was Secretary of State for India and Burma, with a seat in the cabinet, and was involved in the negotiations that led to India's independence in 1947.
• Albert Victor Alexander was a British Labour Co-operative politician.
  • He was three times First Lord of the Admiralty, including during the Second World War, and then Minister of Defence under Clement Attlee.

(c) both (a) and (b) above

Cultivation of rice

Soil and climate: Rice cultivation extends from sea level to as high as 3000 m above mean sea level (amsl) in India. High temperature, ……. high rainfall have considerable effect …..of rice plant. Rice crop is grown during Kharif season …… but in south and northeastern parts of ……. 3 seasons. 

The wide range … variety of soils. ……grown on loamy sands and…. clay loams or clays … good water holding capacity ……..rice.

Major varieties:

Propagation /cultivation: 

Direct seeded rice

Rice is sown directly in dry soil (dry seeding) or wet soil (wet seeding), and irrigation is given to keep the soil sufficiently moist for good plant growth, but the soil is never flooded. Three methods are commonly followed in sowing dry and semi-dry crop. These are broadcasting, drilling or sowing in furrows behind country plough, and dibbling in general, a seed rate of 30-50 kg ha^-1 is required for drilling, while 60-100 kg ha^-1 is required for broadcasting. A row spacing of 15-20 cm is optimum for upland rice. There are mainly two methods of direct seeding

Major diseases and their management:

Commercial cultivation of marigold:

Soil: Marigold can be cultivated in a wide variety of soils. A deep fertile, friable soil having good water holding capacity and aeration is suitable for its cultivation. Sandy loam soil with a pH of 7.0-7.5 having good drainage is most preferred.

Climate: The environmental conditions markedly influence the growth and flowering of marigold. Mild temperature during growing period greatly improved flowering.

Varieties: Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Basanti Gainda, Pusa Arpita, Bidhan Marigold-1, Bidhan Marigold-2 etc.

Propagation method: Mostly through seeds and in some varieties by cuttings.

Planting distance: Generally distance between rows is kept 45-60 cm and from plant to plant it is 30-45 cm.

plant to plant it is 30-45 cm. Insect pests: Red spider mite, hairy caterpillars and leaf hoppers 

Diseases: Damping off, Leaf spots and blight, flower bud rot and viral diseases.

Cultivation of apple 

Soil and climate 

Apple can grow…..range of soils. Well-drained, …..deep, fertile, ….clay loam soils with pH 6.0-6.8 …. Sites with gentle slope…… requires about 1,000 to 1,500 hours ……. bud dormancy. 

Major varieties:

Propagation and rootstock 

Traditionally seedling rootstocks are used. Standard clonal rootstocks such as Malling (M) series (M9, M27) and Malling Merton (MM) series rootstocks (MM106, MM109, MM111) are used.

Major diseases and their management:

c. Removal of water

Redeemable preference shares are those shares which are redeemed or repaid after the expiry of a stipulated period.

RLEGP stands for Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme. It was introduced in August 1983. This programme guarantees employment to at least one members of every landless family up to 100daysin a year.

Costa of goods sold = Rs 400,000

Gross profit = 20% of Rs 400,000

= Rs \(\cfrac{20\times400,000}{100}\)

= Rs 80000

\(\therefore \) net sales = Gross profit + cost of goods sold

= Rs (400,000 + 80000)

= Rs 480,000

b. Research and development and Nutraceuticals

d. Mislead consumer

Commercial cultivation of marigold:

Soil: Marigold can be cultivated in a wide variety of soils. A deep fertile, friable soil having good water holding capacity and aeration is suitable for its cultivation. Sandy loam soil with a pH of 7.0-7.5 having good drainage is most preferred.

Climate: The environmental conditions markedly influence the growth and flowering of marigold. Mild temperature during growing period greatly improved flowering.

Climate: The environmental conditions markedly influence the growth and flowering of marigold. Mild temperature during growing period greatly improved flowering.

Propagation method: Mostly through seeds and in some varieties by cuttings.

Planting distance: Generally distance between rows is kept 45-60 cm and from plant to plant it is 30-45 cm.

Insect pests: Red spider mite, hairy caterpillars and leaf hoppers 

Diseases: Damping off, Leaf spots and blight, flower bud rot and viral diseases.

Galileo. 

Accuracy till a meter. Better for high latitudes, SAR feature, Free for everyone

All the public sector establishments and those private sector establishments which employ 10 hired workers or more are called formal sector establishments and those who work in such establishments are formal sector workers. All other enterprises and workers working in those enterprises form the informal sector. 

Thus, informal sector includes millions of farmers, agricultural labourers, owners of small enterprises and people working in those enterprises as also the self-employed who do not have any hired workers. 

There are several benefits enjoyed by the workers in the formal sector. 

Some of them are : 

• Those who are working in the formal sector enjoy social security benefits. 
• They earn more than those in the informal sector.
• Developmental planning envisaged that as the economy grows, more and more workers would become formal sector workers and the proportion of workers engaged in the informal sector would dwindle.

 We learn that there are about 400 million workers in the country. There are about 28 million workers in the formal sector. That is only about seven per cent (28/400 × 100). Thus, the rest 93 per cent are in the informal sector. Out of 28 million formal sector workers, only 4.8 million, that is, only 17 percent (4.8/28 × 100) are women. 

In the informal sector, male workers account for69 per cent of the workforce Since the late 1970s, many developing countries, including India, started paying attention to enterprises and workers in the informal sector as employment in the formal sector is not growing.

Workers and enterprises in the informal sector do not get regular income; they do not have any protection or regulation from the government. Workers are dismissed without any compensation. Technology used in the informal sector enterprises is outdated; they also do not maintain any accounts. Workers of this sector live in slums and are squatters.

• British government favoured a federal government at the center and regional governments at the states. 
• Third round table conference was organised to discuss the formation of govt. 
• Congress did not participate opposing the decisions of the British. 
• The British implemented the Government of India Act 1935. 
• The act gave political rights for Indians and elections were held. 
• Congress formed the government at the center. 
• The British took unilateral decision to participate in II World War. 
• Congress walked out of the cabinet opposing their decision. 
• Gandhiji declared personal Satyagraha. 
• The Britain Govt, sent Stratford Sripps to mediate.

a. Ms. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw

It is an institution of 27 European countries. It was founded in 1922 as per the agreement of Matrich among the member countries. It provides for common market, common currency and common agriculture and trade policy. 

The following are the subdivision of this organization.

1) Committee 

2) Commission 

3) European Parliament 

4) European Court of Justice.

The European Union resembles a federal government structure. As the founders asserted this strives for international peace and democracy in the world. This seems to be the continuation of earlier European Economic Community (EEC). The members states have given away some of their sovereign powers to the union willingly.

Raj, when he is busy in his farm contributes to production but he is not paid for his work. He helps his parents in agricultural jobs. As he is not paid, he is not a paid worker.

• The rainy season in India is known as South – West mons son season. 
• Temperature over land rises at the end of summer. 
• Low pressure develops over Central India. 
• High pressure over the Indian ocean. 
• Moisture laden winds blow towards Indian mainland from south – west bringing about 7570 rainfall. 
• The Arabian sea branch of S.W Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the western side of Western ghats. 
• Bay of Bengal branch of S.W monsson brings heavy rainfall in the hills of Meghalaya and Assam.

• Globalization promotes economic growth and generates a wider range of products and services. 
• Globalization helps to increase the standard of living of the people 
• Globalization has made the availability of the similar type of products all over the world. 
• Globalization increases the GDP of a country. 
• Globalization has helped in increasing the income of the people 
• By buying the products from other countries, customers are offered a much wider choice of goods and services. 
• Globalization creates competition for local firms and thus keeps the costs down. 
• Globalization promotes specialization. Countries can begin to specialist in those products that are best at making. 
• Economic interdependence among different countries can build improved political and social links.

• Because it is a process of an action of an entrepreneur takes to establish his enterprise. 
• It creates and build something new 
• It is a knack of sensing opportunity where others can’t. 
• It is an attitude of mind to seek opportunity. 
• Hence Entrepreneurship is a creative activity.

• Decentralization is the process of providing power and responsibility of developing their village to people themselves. 
• Power sharing occurs and people participate in decision making. 
• It aims at planning and development from the village level. 
• It reduces exploitation, increases human independence and dignity. 
• It nurtures human values such as compassion and co – operation. 
• Panchayat Raj system is the form of decentralization in India. 
• Panchayat Raj system was implement in 1993 throughout India.

In recent years, awareness of the harmful effect of chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides on our health is on a rise. Conventional agriculture relies heavily on chemical fertilizers and toxic pesticides etc., which enter the food supply, penetrate the water sources, harm the livestock, deplete the soil and devastate natural eco-systems. 

Efforts in evolving technologies which are ecofriendly are essential for sustainable development and one such technology which is eco-friendly is organic farming. In short, organic agriculture is a whole system of farming that restores, maintains and enhances the ecological balance. 

There is an increasing demand for organically grown food to enhance food safety throughout the world. Thus it can be stated that organic farming and sustainable development are closely related to each other.

1. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 

2. Forest Conservation Act, 1980 

British imperialism had many positive and negative effects on India. India was introduced to much more modern technology, communication systems, an increase in population and standard of living, but also lead to famine, and dependency on Britain.

A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a production unit. A small scale industry is one where the investment is less than one crore rupees.

Small scale industries play a very important role in the economic development of India. It is a known fact that small scale industries are more labour intensive i.e., they use more labour than the large scale industries and therefore, generate more employment.

Apart from the above, the small scale industries require less capital as they are small units. They are free from industrial unrest. They also depend on indigenous resources and need not depend on foreign resources. Small scale industries were also given concessions like lower excise duty and bank loans at lower interest rates.