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Discuss cultivation of rice under the following heads: Soil and climate, major varieties, and major diseases and their management

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Cultivation of rice

Soil and climate: Rice cultivation extends from sea level to as high as 3000 m above mean sea level (amsl) in India. High temperature, ……. high rainfall have considerable effect …..of rice plant. Rice crop is grown during Kharif season …… but in south and northeastern parts of ……. 3 seasons. 

The wide range … variety of soils. ……grown on loamy sands and…. clay loams or clays … good water holding capacity ……..rice.

Major varieties:

Cultivar typeRice cultivars
HybridsAPHR 1, DRRH-3, PA 6201, Pusa RH 10, HRI 120, Sahyadri-2, UPRH 27, Rajalaxmi, Pant Sankar Dhan 1, Pant Sugandh Dhan-17, PHB 71
Basmati / scented varietiesBasmati 370, Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati (Karnal local), Pusa Sugandh 3, Pusa Sugandh 4, Pusa Sugandh 6, PRH 10, Pant Dhan 15, Punjab Basmati-1, Pusa basmati 1121, Pusa basmati 6, Pusa Basmati 1509
Other improved varietiesMahamaya, GK 5003, Pusa 33, Pusa 169, Mehsuri, JKRH-401, Gurjari, GR-6, Dandi, Pusa 33, HKR-127, Bhrigu Dhan, Himalaya 2216, SKAU 23, SKAU 27, GK 5003, Gauri, Sweta , Ratnagiri 24, Rajeshwari, PR 108, PR 109, PMK 2, Pant Dhan 10, Pant Dhan 11, VL Dhan 221, IR 20, Jayanthi

Propagation /cultivation: 

Direct seeded rice

Rice is sown directly in dry soil (dry seeding) or wet soil (wet seeding), and irrigation is given to keep the soil sufficiently moist for good plant growth, but the soil is never flooded. Three methods are commonly followed in sowing dry and semi-dry crop. These are broadcasting, drilling or sowing in furrows behind country plough, and dibbling in general, a seed rate of 30-50 kg ha-1 is required for drilling, while 60-100 kg ha-1 is required for broadcasting. A row spacing of 15-20 cm is optimum for upland rice. There are mainly two methods of direct seeding

Major diseases and their management:

DiseaseSymptomsManagement
Leaf and neck blast Fungal diseaseLeaves become white to grayish green circular lesions/spots with dark green borders….. may enlarge and kill the entire leaf. Lesions on the neck cause the girdling of the neck and the panicle to fall over.
  • Early sowing of seeds and balanced use of fertilizers. 
  • Planting resistant varieties against the rice blast is the most practical and economical way. 
  • Systemic fungicides are effective against the disease.
Bacterial leaf blightWater-soaked to yellowish stripes on leaf blades or starting at leaf tips. Severely infected leaves tend to dry quickly.
  • Field sanitation such as removing weed hosts, rice straws, ratoons, and volunteer seedlings. 
  • Use of resistant varieties 
  • Seed treatment with bleaching powder (100µg/ml) and zinc sulfate (2%) reduce bacterial blight.


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