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The elements of weather and climate are :

temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation,

correct option is C) weather

correct option is D) weather

The warmest month in Leh is June The coldest month in Leh is January.

D) Western Disturbances – Bay of Bengal

B) Western Disturbances-Bay of Bengal

1. The drastic changes in climate influence the life on Earth. 

2. The raise in average temperature leads to the raise in sea levels. 

3. The habitations in coastal areas will be drowned. 

4. People may lose their livelihood. 

5. Unexpected changes may occur in rainfall. 

6. Droughts and floods may occur.

7. Agriculture will be influenced. 

8. Climate change happens at a global level and therefore, it affects all of us.

Earlier cycles of cooling and warming happened over very long periods of time. This allowed much of the life on Earth the time to adapt to the changes. The problem now is that the heating is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes. Much of the warming that has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution is because of human activities. Hence, the current global warming trend is called AGW (Anthropo-genic Global Warming anthropogenic means caused by humans).

1. The effects of climate change like global warming, increase of mean sea level, degradation of Ozone layer, etc. are not limited to one particular country. 

2. No country can escape from the negative impacts of climate change. Hence the effects of climatic change may be felt by all countries.

1. India is one of the most densely populated countries of the world. 

2. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq. km. 

3. Densities vary from 1102 persons per sq. km. in Bihar to only 17 persons per sq. km. in Arunachal Pradesh. 

4. Assom and most of the peninsular states have moderate population densities. 

5. Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less fertile soils have influenced population densities in these areas. 

6. The Northern plains and Kerala in the south have high to very high population densities because of the flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.

In a test cross the individual of unknown genotype is crossed with the recessive parent. If all progenies are dominant, then the genotype exhibits homozygosity and if the progenies have a dominant to recessive ratio 1 : 1, then the genotype exhibits heterozygosity.

Global warming: 

It refers to an unequivocal and continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth’s climate system. 

Human activities contributing to global warming:

1. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amount of greenhouse gases, aerosols and cloud liness. 

2. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. 

3. Greenhouse gases and aerosols effect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and out going infrared radiation that are part of Earth’s energy balance. 

4. Due to industrial revolution, industrial pollution increases day by day. 

5. Increasing of over population and using of power driven vehicles. 

6. New methods of agricultural practices.

7. Mining, the establishment of nuclear power plants and reckless deforestation, etc. 

Evil effects of global warming: 

1. The earlier changes of cooling and warming are more rapid and leading to catastrophic changes. 

2. If the climate is raised by 2° C, it leads to one meter raise in the sea levels. 

3. The faster melting of Himalayan glaciers would disturb the livelihood of fisher folk. 

Measures to minimize the influence of the global warming: 

1. Afforestation 

2. Reduction of burning of fossil fuels. 

3. Instead of coal use of solar energy to be encouraged.

4. Reduction in the use of vehicles and encouragement of public transport system. 

5. Release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere should be reduced.

Measures to reduce global warming: 

1. Afforestation 

2. Reduction of the burning of fossil fuels. 

3. Instead of coal, the use of solar energy to be encouraged. 

4. Reduction in the use of vehicles and encouragement of public transport system.

1. Now heating of earth is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes. 

2. Much of the warming has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution. 

3. Volumes of methane under the frozen tundras of northern latitudes is discovered. 

4. As global temperature increases, the ice in the tundra melts more. 

5. The methane trapped in, the ice escapes into the atmosphere increasing global temperatures. 

6. In turn, this causes even more ice to melt, releasing more methane, and so on. 

7. To minimize the influence of global warming, we should plan to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like CO₂, Methane, etc.

8. We should take up afforestation. 

9. We should encourage public transport. 

10. We should minimize the use of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc.

1. Usage of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc. by humans leads to global warming.

2. Usage of motor vehicles which run on fuel emits greenhouse gases.

 3. Usage of inorganic fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides. 

4. Releasing of effluences and wastes of industries. 

5. Excessive usage of natural resources.

The correct answer is B) Cover with bandage.

1. Choking occurs when the wind pipe is obstructed by an object leading to blocking of air. 

2. Choking has to be attended immediately as it is dangerous. 

3. In adults, hold the person from behind around the abdomen just below the ribs. 

4. Press quickly and repeatedly until the person gets relief by coughing or vomiting. 

5. In case of children who usually put seeds, coins or bottle caption their mouth and get choked. 

6. The child should be made to lie down upside down in the lap of an adult. 

7. Then, the part of the back between the shoulder bones has to be tapped strongly until the object comes out. 

8. Take him to the doctor immediately.

1. Bleeding takes place when we are injured or there is a cut, 

2. First the bleeding injury is to be washed with clean water. 

3. Use cotton or a cloth to clean the injured are ‘ 

4. Then use cotton or a bandage cloth to cover the injury to stop the flow of blood. 

5. Take the injured person to the nearest Doctor or Hospital if bleeding does not stop.

1. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes (other than domestic purposes of tribals) in the forests and vegetations of a large scale.

2. Trees make use of the most of the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into their food which is called photosynthesis using sunlight. 

3. If trees were cut down indiscriminately, it would result in the accumulation of CO₂, the green house gas. 

4. It will result in the increase of temperatures throughout the earth i.e., global warming. 

5. Thus, deforestation affects global warming.

B) Nylon (or) Acrylic

4R Principle is for creating an eco friendly environment. 

4R = Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover. 

Reduce: Reducing the usage of plastics by reusing them helps the negative conse-quences on environment. 

Reuse: When some things made of plastics are not in use to us, we can give them to others who need them. This helps the negative consequence or environment. This is eco friendly. 

Recycle: In this process, we can obtain a new substance from the old plastics. Recycling can be used to obtain materials from which the original products were made. 

Recover: The solid wastes in which plastics are major should be converted into resources such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel through thermal and biological means. In these ways 4R principle is ecofriendly.

1. A material which is easily decomposed by natural process is called bio degradable, 

eg : Peels of fruits, papers, wood, cotton bags, etc. 

2. A material which is not decomposed by natural process is called non-bio degradable, 

eg: Plastic 

3. Impact on environment: Slow decomposition causes environmental pollution. The burning process of synthetic materials is also pollute the environment. This pollution causes health problems to the living things.

1. PVC flexi banners can take several yea

2. These flexi banners contain dangerous chemical additives like lead, cadmium which can be toxic to our health as well as animals health.rs to decompose in land fills. 

The 4R principle involves 1) Reduce 2) Reuse 3) Recycle 4) Recover.

1. Reduce: Reduce the usage of plastic to avoid its negative consequence on environment. Land filling or plastics and burning of plastics in incinerators in the way of disposal of plastics. These have negative consequence on environment. So reduce the usage of plastic whenever it is possible. 

2. Reuse: Articles made of plastic is used again and again for its optimum utilization. There by we can decrease the usage of plastics. 

3. Recycle: We can recycle the plastic material from broken plastic material that will decrease the production of excess of plastic. 

4. Recover: The principle of recover plays major role in plastic waste management. The solid waste should be converted into resources such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel through thermal and biological means.

(OR)

1. Reduce: Try to use less plastic material in our daily life. 

2. Reuse: Whenever we need to use plastic material, use the same material again and again don’t go for new one every time. 

3. Recycle: Instead of throw away the waste plastic material try to give it the vendor. 

4. Recover: Aware the people about establishing “garbage to energy” plant in your area.

When a gene exist in more than 2 allelic form, the alleles are called multiple alleles.

Eg: The gene ‘I’ controls the human blood group. It exist in 3 different alleleic form i.e., I^A I^B and i.

(i) upper scala vestibuli 

(ii) middle scala media 

(iii) lower scala tympani

Ganglion cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells.

The organ of corti contains hair cells.

The spinal cord is a long, slender, cylindrical nervous tissue. It is protected by the vertebral column and surrounded by the three membranes as in the brain. The spinal cord that extends from the brain stem into-the vertebral canal of the vertebral column up to the level of 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra. So the nerve roots of the remaining nerves are greatly elongated to exit the vertebral column at their appropriate space. The thick bundle of elongated nerve roots within the lower vertebral canal is called the cauda equina (horse’s tail) because of its appearance.

In the cross section of spinal cord, there are two indentations: the posterior median sulcus and the anterior median fissure. Although there might be slight variations, the cross section of spinal cord is generally the same throughout its length. In contrast to the brain, the grey matter in the spinal cord forms an inner butterfly shaped region surrounded by the outer white matter.

The grey matter consists of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, intemeurons and glial cells. White matter consists of bundles of nerve fibres. In the center of the grey matter there is a central canal which is filled with CSF. Each half of the grey matter is divided into a dorsal horn, a ventral horn and a lateral hom.

The dorsal hom contains cell bodies of intemeurons on which afferent neurons terminate. The ventral hom contains cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons supplying the skeletal muscle.

Autonomic nerve fibres, supplying cardiac and smooth muscles and exocrine glands, originate from the cell bodies found in the lateral horn. In the white matter, the bundles of nerve fibres form two types of tracts namely ascending tracts which carry sensory impulses to the brain and descending tracts which carry motor impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves at various levels of the spinal cord.

The spinal cord shows two enlargements, one in the cervical region and another one in the lumbosacral region. The cervical enlargement serves the upper limb and lumbar enlargement serves the lower limbs.

(i) Reflex action is a form of animal behavior in which the stimulation of a sensory organ (receptor) results in the activity of some organ without the intervention of will. 

(ii) For a reflex action five things are normally essential: 

(a) receptor, 

(b) sensory nerve fibres, 

(c) a part of the central nervous system, 

(d) motor nerve fibres and 

(e) effector organ such as muscles and glands. 

(iii) The sensory nerve fibres bring sensory impulses from the receptor organ to the central nervous system. 

(iv) The motor nerve fibres relay the motor impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs.

(d) Spinal cord

Malleus, incus and stapes.

Middle ear: The middle ear contains three ossicles called malleus, incus and stapes which are attached to one another in a chain-like fashion. The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and the stapes is attached to the oval window of the cochlea. The ear ossicles increase the efficiency of transmission of sound waves to the inner ear. Eustachian tube help in equalising the pressure of either side of ear drum.

The path travelled by an impulse in a reflex action is called the reflex arc. 

It consists of five parts: 

(i) A receptor or skin, the neurons of which start a sensory impulse. 

(ii) An afferent nerve, which brings sensory impulse from the receptor to the central nervous system. 

(iii) The neurons present in the spinal cord change the sensory impulse into the motor impulse. 

(iv) An efferent nerve, which carries the motor impulses from the spinal cord to the specific effectors like muscles fibres or gland cells. 

(v) An effector, where impulse terminates and response is given.

Thalamus plays a key role in learning and memory. 

Hpothalamus acts as the satiety centre.

Aqueous humour and vitreous humour. 

Functions of aqueous humour: 

(i) Gives nutrition to non-vascular lens and cornea; 

(ii) Helps in inflating eye ball and gives shape to the eye; 

(iii) Supports the lens; and 

(iv) Refract the light rays to focus on retina.

Functions of vitreous humour: 

(i) Helps in maintaining shape of the eye; 

(ii) Supports retina and lens; and 

(iii) Refracts the light rays.

Infundibulum

Cerebral lobes and their main functions:

(i) Myelinated Neuron and Non-myelinated Neuron:

(ii) Receptor and motor end plate:

A neuron which releases acetylcholine as neurotransmitter.

Action potential is another name of nerve potential, which in contrast to resting potential propagates along the membrane from one point of neuron to its farthest extensions.

Human nervous system is divisible into three main parts: 

(i) Central Nervous System: It is a hollow, dorsally placed structure lying along the middorsal axis of the body. It comprises the brain and spinal cord. 

(ii) Peripheral Nervous System: The nerves arising from the central nervous system constitute the peripheral nervous system. The nerves originate from the brain and spinal cord and are known as cranial nerves and spinal nerves respectively. 

(iii) Autonomic Nervous System: It controls and co-ordinates organs which are under involuntary control. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

The nervous system of higher animals performs three basic functions: 

(i) They receive sensory input from internal and external environment by nerves. 

(ii) They process the input information; and 

(iii) They respond to the stimuli transmitting motor commands to determine the response of the body parts or cells.

There are five senses: touch, vision, hearing, smell and taste. While touch is a complex general sense, the other four are special senses. The general sensory receptors are simple receptors that are mostly modified dendritic ends of sensory neurons. Such receptors are present throughout the body: in the skin, mucous membranes, connective tissues and muscles. These monitor most of the types of general sensory information such as tactile sensation (a mix of touch, pressure, stretch and vibration), heat, cold, pain and muscle sense (perception). In contrast, special sensory receptors are distinct receptor cells that are actually confined to the head region and are highly localized within complex sensory organs like eyes and ears and tissues of the taste buds and olfactory epithelium. These sensory organs and tissues are collection of cells of many different types (receptor and non-receptor cells), working together to accomplish a specific receptive process.

The nervous tissue has two outstanding properties: excitability and conductivity. 

(i) Excitability: It is the ability of the nerve cells and fibres to enter into an active state called the state of excitation in response to a stimulus. Excitation arises at the receptors on account of various stimuli such as light, temperature, chemical, electrical or pressure which constantly act on the organisms. 

(ii) Conductivity: The excitation does not remain at the site of its origin. It is transmitted along nerve fibres. The transmission of excitation in a particular direction is called conductivity.

(i) Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre:

When a neuron is not conducting an impulse, i.e., resting, the axonal membrane is more permeable to K⁺ and nearly impermeable to Na⁺ . Similarly, the membrane is impermeable to negatively charged proteins present in the axoplasm. Consequently, the axoplasm contains high concentration of K⁺ and negatively charged proteins and low concentration of Na⁺ . In contrast, the fluid outside contains a low concentration of K⁺ , a high concentration of Na and thus forms a concentration gradient. These ionic gradients across the resting membrane are maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. As a result, the outer surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive charge while its inner surface becomes negatively charged and therefore is polarised.

(ii) Depolarization of the membrane of a nerve fibre: 

(a) Stimulation of an axon immediately enhances manifold its membrane permeability to Na⁺ . As a result, Na⁺ ions diffuse across the membrane from the extracellular fluid (ECF) where their concentration is higher, to the interior of the fibre where the concentration is much lower. But the membrane permeability to K⁺ starts rising somewhat later only, so there is simultaneous rise in the outward diffusion of K⁺ from the cell interior having a higher K⁺ concentration. 

(b) These effects lower the overall cation concentration outside and enhance its concentration inside the membrane. 

(c) The membrane is, thus deposited, with its interior becoming electropositive to the exterior. 

(d) The depolarization spreads a local current. It induces nearby passive Na⁺ channels to open and so as to depolarize the nearby site. 

(e) Hence the initial depolarization passes outward over the membrane and spreads out in all directions from the site of stimulation.

(iii) Conduction of nerve impulse along a nerve fibre: 

(a) It is a property of nerve fibre to become excited by a stimulus and then conduct that stimulus for the required and appropriate response. 

(b) In conducting a stimulus, the nerve axon has to pass through resting phase to active phase and then the recovery phase. 

(iv) Transmission of a Nerve impulse across a chemical Synapse: 

(a) The physiological junction between two neurons across which nerve impulses can be transmitted is known as synapse. 

(b) Synapse occur between the knob like axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites of cell body of another. 

(c) At the junction of two neurons a narrow fluid filled space called synaptic cleft is present. 

(d) Knob like endings of one neuron form many membrane bound vesicles called synaptic vesicles. 

(e) Since they help in the transmission of nerve impulse, they are also called as neurotransmitters. 

(f) When a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal the synaptic vesicles get stimulated and release their stored chemicals in the synaptic cleft. These chemicals then diffuse through these clefts to reach the membrane of the next neurons and stimulate the next neurons.

Nerve fibres terminate in three ways: 

(i) The axon of one neuron ends on the dendrites of the next neuron. Such a junction is called synapse. 

(ii) The axon of a neuron terminates on either a muscle fibre, or a gland cell. When it ends on a muscle fibre, it forms the neuromotor junction. The contact between a neuron and glandular cells is called neuroglandular junction. 

(iii) Many nerve fibres, for example in the skin, divides into fine branches known as the sensory nerve endings.

(c) Exoskeleton

A) Marsupials