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Correct answer is (b) Foramen ovalis

The biomass obtained from microorganisms can be treated or processed in industry to be used as food and is called single cell protein.

Significance of single cell proteins:

i. Its production reduces pollution as it uses organic wastes and industrial effluents.

ii. Single cell protein provides a protein-rich diet.

iii. It fulfills the demand of protein for human diet and takes off the pressure from agriculture system.

Gametes do not have the same genetic composition formed by the parent organism. 

Gametogenesis 

When male and female gametes are similar in appearance and it is not possible to differentiate between them, they are called homogametes or isogametes. When the male and female gametes are morphologically distinct, they are called heterogametes. 

Among heterogametes, the male reproductive unit is called antherozoid or sperm and female reproductive unit is called egg or ovum. 

Unisexual male flowers bearing stamens are called staminate flowers. 

Unisexual female flowers bearing pistils are called pistillate flowers.

The two main categories of mutagens are:

i. Physical mutagens, e.g., gamma rays

ii. Chemical mutagens, e.g., sodium azide

The SA node is called the pace-maker of the heart because the wave of contraction which conducts heart beat originates in it.

The mutation which occurs due to treatment by mutagens is called induced mutation.

Physical mutagen — Gamma rays

Chemical mutagen — Ethyl methane sulphonate.

Colchicine is used for doubling the chromosome number

(i) Large production of pollen grains. 

(ii) Another is well exposed 

(iii) Flowers are not attractive and scent emitting.

(iv) Feathery and sticky stigma. 

(v) The pollen Saints are light and non-sticky so that they can be transported in wind currents.

(vi) Flowers do not Possess nectar.

Detailed Answer : 

Wind  pollinated (anemophilous) flowers have the following characteristics : 

(i) Flowers are small, colourless, odourless, nectarless and inconspicuous. 

(ii) Calyx and corolla or perianth are reduced and are not attractive and scent emitting. 

(iii) Stigma feathery and sticky. 

(iv) Stamens exerted and well exposed. 

(v) Pollen grains, dry, light, small, dusty, non-sticky, may be winged as in pinus and produced in huge quantity. 

(vi) Numerous flowers packed into an inflorescence. 

(vii) They have usually single ovule in each ovary.

P is pancreas. H is insulin. D is diabetes or high blood sugar level.

Pituitary gland.

In wind pollinated flowers, pollination occurs by means of wind and this is known as anemophily.

In wind pollinated flowers, the inflorescence is generally pendant for the purpose of swinging. Stigma may be large and are feathery and projected beyond the floral envelopes so that they can easily catch the pollen carried by the wind. 

Therefore the stigma is feathery and exserted i.e. projecting beyond or outside the floral envelopes so as to trap the pollen in the air easily.

(a) Glucose is needed by cells for respiration. It is important that the concentration of glucose in the blood is maintained at a constant level. Insulin is a hormone produced by the a-cells that regulates glucose levels in the blood. In order for multicellular organisms to function properly, their cells must communicate. For instance, your muscles must contract when your brain sends a message to contract. Pancreas produces insulin and p-cells which increase glucose in blood. It also – produces digestive enzyme (pancreatic amylase). 

(b) Cell-to-cell signaling is a critical component of coordinating cellular activities. Through this communication, messages are carried from signaling cells to receiving cells, also known as target cells. This signaling occurs with proteins and other types of signaling molecules. Other things which happens in our body due to cell communication are – growth and development, cellular reproduction, tissue repair, sensing pain, etc.

(i) Pancreas, hormone - Insulin. 

(ii) Helps in regulating the blood sugar levels.

(iii) Diabetes.

Pancreas secretes a hormone when blood sugar rises in our body. Insulin is the hormone released by this organ and the name of the enzyme is pancreatic juice.

The correct answer is (A) birds

The phenomenon of excretion of urea as the predominant nitrogenous waste material is called as Ureotelism.

The four aspects in which uricotelism differs from ureotelism are: 

(i) Uricotelism is excretion of uric acid whereas ureotelism is excretion of urea. 

(ii) Uric acid is non-toxic whereas urea is less toxic. 

(iii) Uric acid is insoluble in water whereas urea is soluble in water. 

(iv) Uric acid can be excreted out in the form of crystals but urea does not form crystals.

Correct Answer is: C) Both a and b

The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans (the other is the Y chromosome). Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.

Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in cells other than egg cells.

Correct Answer is: (A) Jurassic period

Archaeopteryx lived around 150 million years ago — during the early Lithonia stage in the late Jurassic Period.

Correct option: (c) Raghunathrao

Peripheral Neural System (PNS) consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS. Components of PNS include nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors. A nerve is a chord like structure that encloses several neurons inside. Ganglia (singular-ganglion) are small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies and are located outside the brain and spinal cord.

Enteric plexuses are extensive networks of neurons located in the walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract. The neurons of these plexuses help in regulating the digestive system. The specialized structure that helps to respond to changes in the environment i.e. stimuli are called sensory receptor which triggers nerve impulses along the afferent fibres to CNS. PNS comprises of cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.

(a) Cranial nerves: There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, of which the first two pairs arise from the fore brain and the remaining 10 pairs from the mid brain. Other than the Vagus nerve, which extends into the abdomen, all cranial nerves serve the head and face.

(b) Spinal nerves: 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge out from the spinal cord through spaces called the intervertebral foramina found between the adjacent vertebrae. The spinal nerves are named according to the region of vertebral column from which they originate 

1. Cervical nerves (8 pairs) 

2. Thoracic nerves (12 pairs) 

3. Lumbar nerves (5 pairs) 

4. Sacral nerves (5 pairs) 

5. Coccygeal nerves (1 pair)

Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve containing both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibres. It originates as two roots: 1) a posterior dorsal root with a ganglion outside the spinal cord and 2) an anterior ventral root with no external ganglion.

Somatic neural system (SNS) or voluntary neural system is the part of the peripheral neural system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The sensory and motor nerves that innervate striated muscles form the somatic neural system. Major functions of the somatic neural system include voluntary movement of the muscles and organs, and reflex movements.

The 12 pairs of nerves which arise from the brain are called cranial nerves.

(d) Inner ear

(a) Trochlear nerve

The non-nervous special supporting cells of the nervous tissue are called neuroglia.

1. They provide nourishment to the surrounding neurons. 

2. They involve in the memory process. 

3. They repair the injured tissue due to their dividing and regenerating capacity. 

4. They engulf the foreign particles at the time of any injury to the brain.

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is neurons. They detect, receive, process and transmit different kinds of stimuli. They are sensory, motor and autonomic in functions.

Knowledge also spreads light.

(a) Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one’s cheeks burned.

(b) It did not actually beggar description, but certainly had that word on the look out for the mendicancy squad.

(c) Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard with envy.

(d) The next two hours tripped by on rosy wings.

(e) An ecstatic scream of joy; and then alas! A quick feminine change to hysterical tears and wails.

(f) Whenever Mr. James Dillingham Young came home and reached his flat above he was called ‘Jim’ and greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young.

Correct answer is: (d) Van Ermengem

Correct answer is: (a) Virus

Renewable resources are also called inexhaustible natural resources. Sunlight and air are renewable resources. They both need to be conserved for a better future. We all need a clean air to breathe and a proper sunlight for our survival. Thus, renewable resources are needed to be conserved.

(i) 65 ° C = (273 + 65)K 

● 338K 

(ii) 300 ° C = (273 + 300)K 

● 603K

a) 27°C = 27 + 273 = 300 K 

b) 367°C = 367 + 273 = 640 K

Gene  : Contains information that is required to express a particular trait /l unit of inheritance // segment of DNA called cistron // sequence of DNA coding for tRNA / rRNA / polypeptide/enzyme.

Allele : Genes which code for a pair of contrasting traits / different forms of the same gene / individual gene in a particular gene pair (for same character).

Detailed Answer : 

Gene is a unit of inheritance, specific segment of DNA or a specific sequence of DNA coding for tRNAlr{NA, polypeptide or enzyme that is transferred from the Parent to the offspring. It controls the expression of a character. 

Allele is an alternative form or forms of a single gene that lie on the same locus of homologous chromosomes. e.g. if a gene controls height then allele is which gives either tallness or dwarfness.

Methanogens are the bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material and produce large amount of methane along with CO₂ and water. 

• Present in cattle (rumen) a part of stomach. 
• They help in

(a) Breaking down of cellulose present in food of cattle. 

(b) Nutrition of animal for digestion of cellulose. 

The excreta of cattle is rich in these bacteria (methenogenes) and therefore can be used for generation of biogas.

(B) ozone depletion

a. small intestine 

b. Rhino virus 

c. nose and respiratory passage 

d. alveoli of lungs

1. a. Coal

2. a. smoothly, steady

3. b. Wasted

4. c. not serve our purpose

5. a. Low

In case of hydro power plant, flowing water causes the turbines to rotate and the water can be refilled due to rains and hence Hydro energy is considered to renewable source of energy. Moreover, hydro energy does not release any kind of environmental pollutants.

Coke, on the other hand, belongs to the category of non-renewable sources of energy and also leads to the evolution of gaseous pollutants.

Gregor Johann Mendel is called as the Father of Genetics.

(C) both (A) and (B)

To avoid the birth of child with fatal sicklecell anaemia,

(A) marriage between two homozygotes is discouraged

(B) marriage between two heterozygotes is discouraged

Correct answer is C.

Theophrastus – Father of botany

Stephen Hales – Father of physiology

Aristotle – Father of biology