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(c) Ethanol, C₂ H₅ OH

Nucleopolyhedrovirus

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the major producer of ethanol (C₂ H₅ OH). It is used for industrial, laboratory and fuel purposes. So ethanol is referred to as industrial alcohol.

(d) Coastal regions

Lady bird beetle & Dragon flies.

Correct option is: (b) Oxygen

The applications of biotechnology include: 

1.  therapeutics and diagnostics 

2.  genetically modified crops for agriculture

3.  processed food

4.  bioremediation

5.  waste treatment and energy production.

Rainfall occurring hear the Malabar Coast in Southern India is called Mango Shower.

Buculoviruses and Nucleopolyhedrovirus

Molasses, Com, Potatoes, Wood wastes.

Cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressant used in organ transplantation is produced from the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. It is also used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and antiparasitic properties.

The difference between maximum and the minimum temperature of a region is called Range of Temperature and it is expressed as daily, monthly or seasonal.

Global Warming: Atmosphere traps a lot of solar energy that reaches Earth by preventing it from totally escaping into space This is called Global Warming.

• Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stress
• Reduced the use of chemical pesticides 
• Reduced post harvest loss
• Increased mineral usage efficiency

GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has: 

1.  Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat)

2. Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops).

3.  Helped to reduce post-harvest losses.

4.  Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil).

5.  Enhanced nutritional value of food

e.g., Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice. In addition to these uses, GM has been used to create tailor-made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.

(a) Reduce usage of chemical pesticides: Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Btfor short). Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the bacteria and been expressed in plants to provide resistance to insects without the need for insecticides; in effect created a bio-pesticide. Examples are Bt cotton, Bt com, rice, tomato, potato and soyabean etc.

(b) Enhance nutritional value of food crops: Golden rice is the transgenic variety of basmati rice which gives high yield and rich in vitamin A, so it is used in the deficiency of vitamin-A causing night blindness and skin disorder.

Genetically engineered Streptococci are used as “clot buster” for, removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.

Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.

(c) In Southern India

A) If we go towards poles from equator, temperatures increase

Pressure zone: The exertion of force by one body on the surface of another.

correct option is A) Jaipur

More tolerant to abiotic stresses; pest resistant; reduction in post harvest losses; increased nutritional value of food

correct option is D) all are true

The slanting sun rays controls the snow line. The sun rays fall slanting on the southern slopes of Himalayas, while they fall straight on the northern slopes. Thus, the process of snow melting on the northern slopes is faster than that on the southern slopes and thereby this difference is found.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil dwelling bacterium which is commonly used as a biopesticide and contains a toxin called cry toxin. Scientists have introduced this toxin producing genes into cotton and have raised genetically engineered insect resistant cotton plants. 

During sporulation Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystal proteins called Deltaendotoxin which is encoded by cry genes. Delta-endotoxins have specific activities against the insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. When the insects ingest the toxin crystals their alkaline digestive tract denatures the insoluble crystals making them soluble. The cry toxin then gets inserted into the gut cell membrance and paralyzes the digestive tract. The insect then stops eating and starves to death.

correct option is C) Jet Streams

In India the southern part lies in the tropical belt closer to the equator. Therefore this region has a higher average temperature than the northern part. This is one reason for the climate of Kanyakumari being entirely different from Bhopal or Delhi.

The process of exhalation of air is called expiration.

A) The winds blowing steadily in the same direction

B) North – east

The correct answer is B) Inspiration.

1. The process of inhalation and exhalation of air is called Breathing. 

2. During the process of inhalation the air with more oxygen and less carbon dioxide enters the lungs through nostrils. 

3. During the process of exhalation the air with more carbondioxide and less oxygen is sent out from the lungs.

1. Inhale deeply. 

2. You may feel air moving inwards. 

3. The process of inhaling air is called inspiration. 

4. Now hold a finger under your nose and slowly release the air. 

5. You may feel air coming outside. 

6. The process of exhalation of air is called expiration. 

7. This activity shows us that there are two stages in breathing – Inhalation and Exhalation.

The process of inhalation and exhalation of air is called Breathing.

(1) Respiration is under dual control, i.e. nervous and chemical. Normal breathing is an involuntary process. Steady state of respiration is controlled by neurons located in the pons and medulla and are known as the respiratory centres. They regulate the rate and depth of breathing. 

(2) These centres are divided into three groups : dorsal group of neurons in the medulla (inspiratory centre), ventro-lateral group of neurons in medulla (inspiratory and expiratory centre) and pneumotaxic centre located in the pons and apneustic centre which is antagonistic in action to pneumotaxic centre.

(3) During inspiration, when the lungs expand to a critical point, the stretch receptors are stimulated and impulses are sent along the vagus nerves to the expiratory centre. It then sends out inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory centre.

(4) The inspiratory muscles relax and expiration follows. As the air leaves but, the lungs are deflated and the stretch receptors are no longer stimulated. Thus, the inspiratory centre is no longer inhibited and a new respiration begins. These events are called the Hering – Breuer reflex. The Hering – Breuer reflex controls the depth and rhythm of respiration. It also prevents the lungs from inflating to the point of bursting.

(5) The respiratory centre has connections with the cerebral cortex that means we can voluntarily change our pattern of breathing. Voluntary control is protective because it enables us to prevent water or irritating gases from entering the lungs.

During winter, the weather is generally pleasant with clear sky, low humidity and cool breeze.

correct option is C) Track

The pattern of the elements of weather and climate for a place can be shown using pictures called climographs or climatographs.

The process of inhaling and exhaling of air is called Breathing.

correct option is B) 1

Correct option is C) Rajasthan

The coastal areas enjoy a moderate climate as the temperature remains well above 20°C.

The elements of weather and climate are :

1. temperature 

2. atmospheric pressure, 

3. wind,

4. humidity and 

5. precipitation.

D) All the above

The state of atmospheric conditions over an area at a particular time refers to weather.

The absorbed oxygen reaching every part of body and reacting with digested food to give energy is called respiration

correct option is A) mangoes

January is usually the coldest month. Day temperature sometimes drops below 10°C in several parts of the country.