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The achievements of the Punjab Praja Mandal and the Riasti Praja Mandal under the presidentship of Sardar Sewa Singh Thikriwala were as under:

1. The Praja Mandal held its meetings to discuss the problems of the common people and the peasants.
2. It raised voice against the atrocities committed on the people of Patiala by its ruler.
3. It sought the help of Baba Hira Singh Bhattal, Teja Singh Swatantar, Sunder Singh etc. and opposed the State Government and the English rule.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) was the founder of the Arya Samaj. It was founded by him at Bombay in 1875 A.D. A branch of Arya Samaj was established at Lahore in 1877 A.D.

Its role in the freedom movement. Arya Samaj not only worked for religious and social reforms but also played a great role in the freedom movement. Its contribution to independence movement may be studied as under:

1. Aroused feelings of nationalism: The forceful assertion of Swami Dayanand that the ancient Aryan race and the ancient Indian culture were the most superior in the world, created the feelings of nationalism and self-respect among the people.

2. Provided leaders to the National Movement: The prominent Arya Samaj leaders welcomed the establishment of the branches of the Congress in Punjab and joined them. Again, it was Arya Samaj which produced such prominent leaders as Lala Lajpat Rai, Sardar Ajit Singh and Shardhanand, who infused a burning desire for freedom in the hearts of the Punjabis. Bhai Parmanand and Lala Hardayal were prominent Arya Samajists, whereas the great revolutionary Sardar Bhagat Singh was a student of D.A.V. College, Lahore.

3. Role in the Non-Cooperation Movement: This institution took an active part in the Non-Cooperation Movement started by Gandhiji. It opened many schools and colleges and supported the Swadeshi Movement.

4. Suffered atrocities of the Government: On watching these activities of the Arya Samaj, the British attitude towards it hardened and the members of Arya Samaj were harassed. The members of Arya Samaj who were in government service were suspected and considered as untrustworthy. They were denied promotions in the services. Even then they firmly followed their -path.

5. Split in the Arya Samaj: In 1892 A.D., the Arya Samaj was divided into two parts — the College Party and the Gurukul Party. Lala Lajpat Rai and Mahatma Hans Raj were the leaders of the College Party. They were in favour of education in English literature and Western Sciences. As a result, the gulf between the English Government and the Arya Samaj was soon removed. Even then the Arya Samaj continued extending cooperation to the freedom fighters. The newspapers of the Punjab belonging to Arya Samaj remained in the forefront in the freedom movement.

‘Kamagatamaru was the name of a ship which was chartered by a Punjabi Baba Gurdit Singh. Some other Indians along with Baba Gurdit Singh boarded this ship and reached Canada. But they were neither allowed to step down there nor were allowed to leave the ship at some other ports like Hongkong, Shanghai, Singapore, etc. on their return journey. On reaching Calcutta (Kolkata), the passengers took out a procession. The police fired on the procession. Consequently, 18 persons were killed arid 25 injured. The revolutionaries were now convinced that the British could be turned out of the country only by an armed rebellion. They, therefore established a party named the Ghadar party and started the revolutionary movement.

The aim of the Babbar Akalis was to kill the enemies of their religion and the supporters of the English rule. They called it Reformation. They were in dire need of arms. They wanted money to purchase arms. So they plundered many rich people and snatched arms from them. They appealed to the Punjabi soldiers to achieve independence with the help of arms. They also brought out a newspaper named Babbar Akali Doab. They killed many supporters of the Government. They taught the Punjabis the lesson of sacrifice and the way of fighting for the attainment of independence.

Alauddin Khalji raided Malwa and Gujarat and also defeated the Rajput rulers of Ranthambhor and Chittor. Next, he faced to the four wealthy kingdoms of the Deccan— Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiyas of Warangal, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra and Pandya Kingdom with its Capital at Madurai. The task of conquest of Deccan had been entrusted by Alauddin to his military commander, Malik Kafur.

The architectural style brought in by the Turks in India had four main characteristic features — dome, minarets, ‘arches and propped roofs. In the sphere of decoration, the Turks used geometrical and floral designs, combining them with panels of inscriptions containing verses from the Holy Quran.

It was passed in the Congress Session at Lahore in 1929.

Baba Balak Singh was the founder of the Namdhari Movement.

Kartar Singh Sarabha, Banta Singh and Arur Singh.

In the beginning of the twentieth century, the economic situation in India, especially in the Punjab, was very critical. The chances of employment were insufficient and the wages were very low. This was the reason that the people of the Punjab, particularly the Sikhs, migrated to other parts of the British empire to earn their living. Most of them settled in Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore and Thailand. There were many opportunities for them to get employment in Canada and America due to rapid industrial development there. In reality, the then governments of the U.S.A. and Canada welcomed the labourers from abroad with open arms. Consequently, about ten thousand people, from the Punjab, majority of them being Sikhs, settled at Vancouver in Canada. Due to continuous migration of the Black people, the Canadian government became suspicious.

The Canadian government issued two ordinances in this respect. According to the first ordinance, there should be at least 200 dollars with the emigrant who desired to disembark at the Canadian shore and according to the second ordinance, it was compulsory for such a person to reach Canada on a single ticket by a single ship directly from his place of birth or from that country of which he was a citizen. According to these two ordinances, even the dependent children of the Indian immigrants who had settled in Canada much long ago could not migrate to Canada because they could not reach Canada directly travelling by a foreign country’s ship. It looks as if the Indian British Government was in league with the Canadian Government in this matter.

Efforts made by Baba Gurdit Singh. Baba Gurdit Singh, Sarhali, a wealthy trader of Singapore, thought of a strange plan, He floated a ship-navigation Co. in Hong Kong in 1913 A.D. and chartered a Japanese ship named ‘Kamagata Maru’ by which the Indian migrants could be taken to Canada straight away. He collected 370 passengers and the ship sailed for Canada from Singapore on 14th April, 1914. It reached the port of Vancouver on 23 May, 1914. Though these migrants fulfilled the conditions laid down in both the ordinances issued by the Canadian government yet they were not allowed to disembark.

First of all the passengers refused to return to India but when the government threatened to open fire on the ship, only then they gave in. They did not get permission to disembark at any harbour during their return journey and the ship reached a port known Budge-Budge situated near Calcutta (Kolkata) on 29th September, 1914.

They were ordered to. board a special train in order to send them to the Punjab where they had to be imprisoned under a recently promulgated ordinance known as Ingress into India Ordinance. These passengers were thoroughly searched and no weapons or arms were found. Most of the passengers did not wish to go to the Punjab. The passengers then marched in a procession towards Calcutta (Kolkata). A company of British soldiers overtook them on the way and compelled them to return to the railway station. In the conflict, the soldiers opened fire and nineteen persons were killed. Six soldiers were also killed.

The police arrested many persons whereas others„evaded arrest by taking to their heels. Baba Gurdit Singh managed to escape. The police could not trace him for seven years. At last, he produced himself for arrest at Nankana Sahib on the birthday of Guru Nanak Dev Ji in 1921 A.D.

Baba Ram Singh was a great patriot. After the death of Baba Balak Singh, he led the Kuka Movement. In 1857, he baptised many people and reorganised the Namdhari Movement. The main objective of this movement was to work for religious and social reforms. Besides, it also opposed the English rule and followed a policy of non-cooperation with it.

Activities of Baba Ram Singh Ji:

1. Whenever Baba Ram Singh went from one place to another, his horsemen accompanied him. This made the English Government think that the Namdharis were preparing for a revolt.
2. The English watched the postal system of Baba Ram Singh with suspicion.
3. Baba Ram Singh divided the Punjab into 22 Subas to propagate his faith. The in charge of each Suba was called the Subedar. At this, the English were alarmed.
4. A Kuka Regiment was raised with the help of the Raja of Jammu. The Raja arranged for the military training of the Kukas.
5. During the British rule, cow slaughter continued openly in the cities of the Punjab. This greatly agitated the Namdharis. They were ready to make any sacrifice for the protection of the cow. They began to kill butchers. In 1871, they attacked the slaughterhouses at Amritsar and Raikot and killed many butchers.
6. A Kuka conference was held at Bhaini Saheb on 13th January 1872. The Kukas came to know here that cow slaughter was going on in the Muslim state of Malerkotla. A band of 150 followers of the Kuka Movement enthusiastically took a spot decision that they will punish the Muslim butchers of Malerkotla, despite the fact that Baba Ram Singh did not approve of such acts. The Kukas marched in a procession and suddenly attacked the palace and treasury of the Nawab of Malerkotla.

Many Kukas and the soldiers of Nawab were killed in this skirmish. But the Kuka followers were subdued and contained when fresh reinforcements arrived from Patiala and Nabha. The battle fought in the state of Patiala, resulted in the arrest of 68 Kukas and they were sent back to Malerkotla. Forty nine Kukas were blown off by the cannons by the orders of Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana.

After a trial, sixteen Kukas were sentenced to death. Baba Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon.

The truth is that the Namdharis under the command of Baba Ram Singh struck to their resolution and did not even care for their lives.

Baba Ram Singh Ji was opposed to the foreign government, foreign institutions and foreign goods. So he preached non-cooperation with the English. He boycotted government postal system, foreign clothes and government courts.

The Khilafat Movement was started by the Muslims against the English after the First World War. Turkey was defeated in the First World War and the victorious nations wanted to disintegrate the Turkish Empire. The Indian Muslims were much disappointed and were sympathetic towards Turkey.

They considered Khalifa of Turkey as their religious leader. They could not tolerate his disrespect and they raised their voice against the British Government. The Muslims started the Khilafat movement to protest against the British action. This movement became a part of the national movement of India and many leaders of the Congress also joined it. They helped in spreading it in the whole country.

The most eminent leaders of the Khilafat Movement were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

1. True

2. False

3. True

4. True

5. False

Following efforts were made by the Ghadar Party in the Punjab for the independence:

1. Thousands of volunteers were enrolled in the party. Ras Bihari Bose sent many volunteers to Lahore, Ferozepur, Meerut, Ambala, Multan, Peshawar and many other cantonments in Punjab. They incited the soldiers to rise in revolt.
2. Sardar Kartar Singh Sarabha sought the help of Lala Ramsaran Dass of Kapurthala to bring out a newspaper called Ghadar. But he could not succeed in doing so. Later, Ghadar Goonj was published.
3. In February 1915, Sarabha tried to begin an armed revolt at Ferozepur. But because of the treachery of Kirpal Singh, he could not succeed in doing so.

Two important features of mosques are:

1. The mosques have an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared varandah.

2. There is a prayer-hall having a recess or alcove called Mehrab in the western wall at the back of the hall.

Racial discrimination.

On April 13, 1919 A.D., the Baisakhi day, about 20000. people assembled for a peaceful meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar to protest against the arrest of their leaders Dr. Saif-ud-Din Kitchlu and Dr. Satya Pal and also against the Rowlatt Act. A large number of people who had come to visit Sri Harmandir Sahib also joined the meeting. Brigadier-General Dyer was seeking an opportunity to teach a lesson to the Indians for flouting the Government orders. He arrived at the Jallianwala Bagh with 500 troops who were ordered to open fire without giving the people a warning to disperse. About 400 innocent people were killed and nearly 1200 were injured. The tragedy is known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

General Dyer had hoped that his action would cool down disturbances not only in the Punjab but also in the whole of India. But his hopes were belied. A wave of horror and anger swept the country from one end to another. The great poet Rabindra Nath Tagore surrendered his title of “SIR” as a measure of protest. The people lost faith in the professions of goodwill by the British Government. After the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy, Martial Law was imposed in the whole of the Punjab. The people were tortured by the police. Such actions of the Government increased bitterness between the British and the Indians. The people were not frightened and were not prepared to surrender before the British. On the other hand, their determination to fight against the foreign rule became stronger.

1. Lahore, Ferozepure, Peshawar and Mianwali

2. Baba Ram Singh Ji

3. 1875, Bombay

4. Naujawan Bharat Sabha, 1925-26

5. Gurdawaras, Mahants

6. Political parties, Indian

1. Whenever Baba Ram Singh went from one place to another, his horsemen accompanied him. This made the English Government think that the Namdharis were preparing for a revolt.
2. The English watched the postal system of BabarRam Singh with doubt and suspicion.
3. Baba Ram Singh divided the Punjab into 22 Subas to preach his ideas. The incharge of each Suba was the Subedar. At this, the English got frightened.
4. A Kuka Regiment was raised with the help of the Raja of Jammu. The Raja’arranged for the military training of the Kukas.

The revolt took place at Lahore, Ferozepur, Peshawar, Ambala, and Mianwali in Punjab at the time of the War of Independence of 1857.

The people of the Punjab wanted to migrate to Canada to earn their living. But because of anti-Indian policies of the Canadian Government, no ship was ready to take them to Canada. In 1913 A.D. Baba Gurdit Singh of Amritsar district chartered a Japanese ship named Kamagata Maru by which the Indian migrants could be taken to Canada straight away. The ship was named Nanak Jahaz. In it, he tried to take the people who wanted to migrate to Canada. But when they reached there, they were ordered by the Canadian government to go back.

Udham Singh was a great patriot of India, who sacrificed his life for the sake of his motherland. In 1940 A.D., he killed in England Michael O’ Dwyer, who had been the Governor of the Punjab at the time of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Udham Singh was sentenced to death. He died on the gallows in June 1940 A.D.

End of the rule of the British East India Company.

The Indian National Army was established by Subhash Chander Bose in Singapore in 1943.

The keys of the treasury of Sri fiarmandir Sahib were with the British Government. The Shiromani Committee demanded the keys from it but it refused to hand over the keys to it. So the Sikhs launched the Morcha to secure the keys of the treasury of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Two new elements of architecture style introduced by the Muslims in India are:

1. Open Airy and Spacious Buildings.

2. Mosques and Tombs.

1. Denial of high jobs to the Indians.
2. treatment of Indians by the British officers.

Following were the causes of the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy:

1. Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British Government to crush the national movement. People called it Black Act. According to it, any person could be arrested without any warrants.
2. Arrest of Dr. Satpal and Dr. Kichlu: Hartals were organised at many places in Punjab to protest against the Rowlatt Act. Violent incidents also occurred. So the Government arrested two popular leaders of the Punjabis at Amritsar. They were Dr. Satpal and Dr. Kichlu. At this people were enraged.
3. Murder of Englishmen: The police opened fire on the excited people at Amritsar. In return, the people killed five Englishmen. So the administration of Amritsar city was handed over to General Dyer.

Gurudwara Guru Ka Bagh near Amritsar was under the charge of Mahant Sunder Dass who was a characterless fellow. The Akalis asked him to mend his ways but he paid no heed to it. So the Akalis sent Jathas to launch the Morcha of Guru Ka Bagh.

Under the ruler ship of Sundara Chola’s son, Rajaraja I, the Cholas rose to Imperial greatness towards the end of the 10th century AD.

Following were the two main causes for the rise of the Akali Movement:

1. To free the Gurudwaras from the corrupt Mahants.
2. To bring about reforms in the management of the Gurudwaras.

The inscriptions provide the following information about the Cholas. 

1. They tell us about the Chola administration. 

2. They record gifts and endowments to temples and brahmanas. 

3. They inform us about the construction of a temple or the setting up of a new image of the deity. 

4. Inscriptions on temple walls served the purpose of a public registrations by conserving a record of sales, mortageges and other forms of transfers of property rights in village lands. 

5. Inscriptions have preserved the decisions and agreements on meters of public importance.

The development of literature, art and architecture of the Chola period promoted the cultural value of the Chola rule. The Cholas made lot of improvements in these fields. The Chola rule marked a milestone in the history of Tamil literatures. The Chola kings gave many concessions and patronage to Tamil scholars and writers. Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance and trade with the revival of Cholas power in the middle of the ninth century, the awareness for the literature and art broadened for the first time in history, an imperial state encompassed the entire South India bringing with it the safety and security to the people and provided the opportunity for the people to experience cultures beyond their own. Tamil became a language of the people. One of the best known Tamil work of this period is the Kamban Ramayana by Kamban who flourished during the reign of Kulottunga III. It is the greatest epic in Tamil Literature, and although the author states that he followed Valmiki,his work is not a mere translation or even an adaptation of Sanskrit epic.

Balban adopted a policy of sternness and severity. He established order in the neighborhood of Delhi and instilled fear in the minds of the Turkish nobles by inflicting severe punishment on them even for slight offences. Some of them were even publicity flogged. The north-west frontier posts were strongly garrisoned.

When Alauddin Khilji came to the throne, he had to face a series of rebellions from the  nobles. 

So he took a number of measures to crush their power.  

1. The Nobles were not allowed to hold parties or festivities or to form marriage  alliances without the permission of the Sultan. 

 2. The use of wine and intoxicants was banned.  

3. Gambling was forbidden and gamblers were severely punished.  

4. He stopped paying the soldiers in land and introduced cash salaries. 

 5. He established an efficient spy system to keep a check on the activities of the  nobles.

Alauddin Khilji introduced a number of important measures to get maximum revenue. He brought all the land of the empire into his direct control. He introduced the practice of measuring land and fixing the state share accordingly. He increased the land revenue from one-third to one-half and demanded it to be paid in cash and not kind. He also appointed special officers to collect land revenue.

The word Punjab is a combination of two words:

• Punj
• Aab

These two words are of Persian language.

The meanings of these words are five rivers. These five rivers are:

• Satluj
• Beas
• Ravi
• Chenab
• Jhelum

The causes of the emergence of the spirit of national consciousness among the people of India were as under:

1. Impact of the Revolt of 1857: The great rising of 1857 had created among the Indians a feeling of national awakening. It gave birth to the movement for the liberation of the country.

2. Exploitation of Indians by the British: The British exploited India economically. Due to their commercial policy, India’s a trade and industry were destroyed. The educated Indians were also discontented with the British policy of denying high government jobs to them. They felt the need to organize themselves to struggle for their rights.

3. Western Culture and Education: Western education created in the minds of Indians the ideas of liberty, equality, and brotherhood. The educated Indians began to think of achieving freedom from the foreign rule.

4. Press and Vernacular Literature: The Indian newspapers and literature also helped in the growth of a new spirit in Indian politics. The well-known newspapers like Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Indian Mirror, The Hindu, The Kesri, The Bengali, etc. propagated the views of national leaders and exposed the evils of the British rule which awakened the national feelings among the Indians.

5. Effects of International Events: During this period, revolutions took place in France, America, and some other countries. The people of these countries changed the governments by sacrificing their lives. The Indians also drew inspiration from these revolutions and started thinking of fighting against British Imperialism.

6. British Policy of Racial Discrimination: The passing of the Vernacular Press Act and denying high posts to the Indians created bitterness against the British in the minds of Indians. It brought a political awakening to the country.

7. Modern means of Transport and Communication: The development of modern means of transport and communication like railways, roads, post and telegraph services also helped in the growth of the national movement. They linked villages and towns. They encouraged social contacts among the people. This promoted national unity and the cause of nationalism.

(a) The caste system very much prevailed in Southern Ind.a. Besides the prosperous Brahmins, merchants had emerged as a powerful class by virtue of their wealth. The social status of the lower castes was pitiable. They could not draw water from the common wells, nor were they allowed to enter temples. 

(b) The Chola emperors were worshipers of Lord Shiva, but they were by no means intolerant of other sects and religions. 

(c) The Chola era, was the ‘Golden Age’ of Tamil literature. Kamban translated the Sanskrit epic ‘Ramayana’ into Tamil in the ninth century AD, it came to be known as Kamban Ramayana. Kamban had translated its earliest Kandas (parts). The later parts (Uttarakhanda) were translated by Qttakuttan. Another renowned poet Pugalendi flourished in the 12th century. He wrote Nalavenda, which is based on the love story of Nala and Damayanti. The Buddhist and the Jain scholars also made a rich contribution to Tamil literature. The Jain Scholar Amrit Sagar wrote a book on poetics, the art of writing poetry. The Buddhist Scholar Buddhamitra wrote ‘Rasolium’, a grammar book.

The Cholas system of administration was highly organised and efficient, the king as the pivot of all administration. There was central government, provincial government and local self-government including ‘ur’ – assembly of normal villages, ‘ Sabha’- assembly of Brahmins and ‘nagaram’ – the assembly of merchants. All this well distributed and managed system of administration became strong and effective.

(a) Brihadesh vara temple at Tanjavur was built by the Chola King Rajaraja-1. 

(b) It is dedicated to Lord Shiv. 

(c) The main structure of the temple has a great vimana or tower consisting of 13 successive stores rising to a height of 190 feet. Its top is crowned by a massive dome of a single block of stone about 25 feet high and weighing about 80 tons.

Kalingattuparani is an important literary source about the Cholas. It was a war song by Jayankondar, the court poet of Kulottunga. It celebrates the victory of Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga King, Anantavarman Chodaganga in the Chola-Kalinga war. Kulottunga Chola I is the hero of this magnificent work.

The chief features of Chola temples are their massive vimanas or towers and spacious courtyards. Most of the Chola temples were built in the Dravidian style.

Alauddin was best known in history for his market regulations. He fixed the cost of all commodities from food grains, sugar and cooking oil to a needle, costly imported cloth, horses, cattle, slave boys and girls. He set up three markets at Delhi e.g. for food grains, cloth and horses, slave and cattle, under the control of ‘Shahna’ or the controller. Strict punishment was given for cheating.

1. The Nobles were not allowed to hold parties or festivities or to form marriage alliances without the permission of the Sultan.

2. The use of wine and intoxicants was banned.

3. Gambling was forbidden and gamblers were severely punished.

The Punjab had been reduced to an arena of intrigues under the rule of Ibrahim Lodhi.

At the end of the 12th century ce, a new kingdom based in Ghor arose in north-western Afghanistan (near Ghazni). The founder was Ghiyasuddin Ghori. His famous brother, Muizuddin Muhammad, is commonly referred to as Muhammad Ghori decided to conquer India and enrich his kingdom with India’s wealth. He first brought the frontier areas of Multan, Sind and Punjab under his control.