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(a) Pushyamitra Shunga – Shunga dynasty

The outlook of the members of the society and the social institutions should be Humanitarian

(d) Anne Besant

Achievements of Sawai Jai Singh: 

1. Sawai Jai singh was honoured with the subedari of Malwa in the first half of the 18th century. 

2. Maratha’s entrance to Rajasthan was due to Sawai Jai Singh’s intervention in the Bundi war of succession. 

3. To check the growing influence of the Marathas, Sawai Jai Singh with other rulers convened a sammelan of the Rajput Princes at Hurda and tried to unite the Rajputs in a strong hold.

The 18th century Marathas: 

1.Shivaji founded the Maratha empire in Maharashtra. 

2. In the first half of the 18th century, the Peshwas became more powerful than Cnhatrapati Shivaji. 

3. Peshwa Baji Rao gave extension to the Maratha power in other provinces as Malwa, Gujarat, Bundelkhand etc.

4. During the period of Balaji Baji Rao the Marathas extended their empire over most parts of India. 

5. By 1752 the Mughal rulers and wazirs (Mantri) too were under the control of the Marathas. 

6. In the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 the Marathas got a setback but they still continued their dominance. 

7. The British fought three battles against the Marathas and brought them under their (the British) control.

There was no law of succession. The mightiest succeeded as the ruler. In other words succession was based on the power of sword.

Shivaji was the first ruler to arouse the spirit of nationalism in the Marathas.

Ranjit Singh, the ruler of Bharatpur helped Yashwant Rao Holkar.

(c) Kushal Singh

Correct Answer is: (c) 31 May

Gandharv – Bai si was in the court of Sawai Pratap Singh.

(i) No one deserves dirty roads, Think before you litter 

(ii) NO Water = NO Life, Future is in our hands 

(iii) Reduce needs, recycle waste, and reuse things to reduce pollution 

(iv) Respect life; say no to female foeticide! 

(v) Make education your dream and it will help you to fulfil your dream 

(vi) Child is meant to learn not to earn, Stop child labour (vii) No excuse for Abuse 

(viii) The first step towards change is awareness. The second step is acceptance 

(ix) Jago grahak jago 

(x) Beti bachao beti padhao.

1. system 

2. complementary 

3. performing, 

4. Political

Both a and b are the factors to  be considered while voting.

It is the duty of the students towards society that they should study hard to become a useful member of the society.

All  the three  are the medium of mass communication.

(b) Living life with the feeling of unity, fraternity and co-existence

The citizen, who remains alert to protect his rights and automatically adheres to his duties, is known as politically conscious or politically aware.

Only by living with the feeling of freedom and spirit of coexistence, we can advance ourselves and the society.

Chokhamela is the first poet of untouchable group of india.

Samarth Guru Ramdas was a follower of Hanuman ji; symbol of devotion and strength.

Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti came to India in 1192 CE and afterwards, he started the Sufi sect in India. After visiting many places in India, he settled permanently in Ajmer. The tomb of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer is known as Ajmer Sharif’. His disciples or devotees recall him by the names of ‘Khwaja Sahib’ or ‘Garib Nawaz’. Chishti sect, considers music as the important source of displaying love for God

Important Saints of Naynaar sect are Appar, Sabandar, Sundarar, Manikkvasagar. These wandering saints were Shiv Bhakt. Important saints of Alvaar are Peryealwar, Peryalwar’s daughter Andal, Nammalwar, Tonderdippodi Alwar. These wandering saints were Vishnu Devotees. These wondering saints visited different villages and composed beautiful poetry in the praise of God.

In Bhakti movement of South India, wandering saints used to visit different villages and compose beautiful poetry in the praise of God. Many of these saints were born in classes like potter, farmer, hunter, soldiers, weavers, and other castes which were considered untouchables at that time. Inspite of this they were equally famous in country due to their preaching of ideal thoughts and moral values.

Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in territorial expansion in Central Asia.

Mahmud of Ghazni was a powerful ruler.

Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti came to India in 1192 A.D.

Moinuddin Chishti’s Dargah is situated in Ajmer. It is known by the name of Ajmer Sharif’.

Correct Answer is: (c) Rajasthan

Correct Answer is: (a) Marble

Meaning of Energy Resources: Any still or standing object needs energy for motion or to speed it up. The resources which do that activity are known as the energy resources. Things of our day to day use need energy, such as means of transport like motor-cycle, cars, buses etc. A few examples of energy resources are solar energy, hydo-electricity, coal, natural gas, Uranium, Coal etc. The best quality Lignite Coal is mined in Palana and Barsinghsor of Bikaner, and Jalipa, Kapurdi and Giral of Barmer in Rajasthan. Mineral oil and petroleum are found in Mangala and Saraswati, oil fields in west Barmer, Ghotaru, Tanot and Manihari, Tibba in Jaisalmer and in Bikaner and Jalore districts. Jaisalmer abounds in natural gas.

As regards hydro-electricity energy projects in Rajasthan, they are Chambal and Mahi Bajaj sagar, besides a few other dams raised to produce hydro-electricity in Rajasthan. The Western Rajasthan which has clear sky and direct sun rays has more probabilities for developing solar energy. The Western Rajasthan has developed many solar plants. Jaisalmer and Pratapgarh provide more solar energy for establishing solar power plants in the near future. Regarding Atomic energy, Rajasthan abounds mainly in uranium, besides thorium in the Monozite soil of Kerala. An Atomic energy plant in Rawatbhata near Kota has been set up.

Conventional: 

1. These energy resources are exhaustible once used cannot be replaced. 

2. Cause environmental pollution. 

3. Expensive sources of energy. 

4. Coal, petroleum, natural gas etc are the main conventional sources of energy.

Non conventional: 

1. These are non exhaustible that can be renewed in a short period. 

2. Do not cause environmental pollution 

3. Cheap sources of energy or free gift of nature. 

4. Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, nuclear energy are the major conventional sources of energy.

Mineral is a naturally occuring substance, having definite chemical composition. Its outer layer is rigid and hard. 

Classification of Minerals.

1. Metallic minerals: Those minerals from which we obtain metals like iron, gold, copper, silver, aluminium etc. 

They are of two types: 

(a) Ferrous: iron ore, manganese etc. 

(b) Non Ferrous: does not contain iron but may contain some other metals like- gold, silver, copper etc.

2. Non-metallic: they do not contain metals like – coal, mica, sulphur, potash etc.

1. Chambal and Mahi Bajaj Sagar. 

2. Four types of Coals: 

(a) Anthracite 

(b) Lignite 

(c) Bituminous 

(d) Peat  

3. Energy 

4. Extraction

Correct Answer is: (b) Rajasthan

Methods of mining:

1. Mining: 

(a) Open cast Mining and 

(b) Shaft mining.

When the minerals are found close to the earth’s surface, they are extracted by removing only the upper layer. This is called open cast mining. In case the minerals are lying deep in the earth’s surface they are extracting by digging pits, it is known as the shaft mining.

2. Drilling: Some of the minerals lie very deep in the earth’s surface such as petrol and Natural gas. They are extracted by a process under which deep wells are bored to take the minerals out. This processes is called drilling. 

3. Quarrying: Some minerals are found lying near the surface. They are simply dug out by digging. This process is known as quarrying.

Correct Answer is: (b) Narmada

1. Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India seventeen times in the course of twenty five years 

2. Mahmud’s raids exposed the weakness of the northern states and paved the way for the conquest of India. 

3. Qutbuddin Aibak took control of Muhammad Ghori’s Indian possessions and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate. 

4. Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa, and Gwalior and brought the whole of North India upto the river Narmada under his control. 

5. The Caliph of Baghdad recognized Iltutmish as the sovereign of India. He was succeeded by his daughter Razia.

Mahmud of Ghazni attached India as he was in wealth rather than setting up an empire in the Indian subcontinent.

Jalianwala Bagh massacre took place while protesting against Rowlett act.

1. The Rajputs were brave soldiers and skilled swordsmen. But they suffered defeat after defeat. The reasons for their defeat or, in other words, causes for Muslim success were the following:

2. The Rajputs lacked unity. They were always fighting with each other. Prithviraj Chauhan and Jaichand could not unite against Muhammad Ghori. 

3. Rajput chiefs were jealous of each other. 

4. The Rajputs had no standing army of their own, and hence had to depend on the feudal lords for contingents. 

5. The Rajputs were no match for the quick and swift army and cavalry of the Central Asian warriors.

The reasons which made Muhammad Ghori to invade India.The wealth and military resources of India, which he thought could be utilised to safeguard the Ghurid empire. Therefore, he strengthened his position at Ghazni and turned his attention towards India. He invaded India several times between 1175 and 1206.

The reasons which made Muhammad Ghori to invade India.The wealth and military resources of India, which he thought could be utilised to safeguard the Ghurid empire. Therefore, he strengthened his position at Ghazni and turned his attention towards India. He invaded India several times between 1175 and 1206.

In 1927, the British Government appointed a Commission. Its chairman was Sir John Simon. So, this Commission is known as Simon Commission. This Commission reached India in 1928. There was no Indian member in this Commission. Therefore, wherever this Commission went, it was greeted with black flags. Slogans of ‘Simon Commission go back’ were raised at many places. These peaceful demonstrations were suppressed by the Government cruelly. Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten with lathis at Lahore. He died of the injuries received by him a few days later. All the political parties condemned this policy of the Government.

The Rajputs were brave soldiers and skilled swordsmen. But they suffered defeat after defeat. 

The reasons for their defeat or, in other words, causes for Muslim success were the following: 

1. The Rajputs lacked unity. They were always fighting with each other. Prithviraj Chauhan and Jaichand could not unite against Muhammad Ghori. 

2. Rajput chiefs were jealous of each other. 

3. The Rajputs had no standing army of their own, and hence had to depend on the feudal lords for contingents. 

4. The Rajputs were no match for the quick and swift army and cavalry of the Central Asian warriors.

The establishment of Naujawan Bharat Sabha took place in Lahore in 1925-26. Its founder members were Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Sukhdev, Principal Chabil Dass, Yashpal, etc.

Main Objects: The main objects of this organisation were as follow:

• Spread of the spirit of fraternity among the people.
• Stress on simple life.
• To develop the spirit of sacrifice.
• To promote feelings of patriotism among the people.
• To propagate revolutionary ideas among the masses.

Membership: All the men and women between 18 years and 35 years could join this association. Only those persons could become its members who had faith in its programme. Many women and men of Punjab extended co-operation to this association. Durga Devi Vohra, Sushil Mohan, Amar Kaur, Parvati Devi and Leelavati were members of this association.

Activities: The members of this association were active at the time of visit of Simon Commission. In Punjab, under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai, the revolutionaries took out a procession against Simon Commission in Lahore. The English government lathi-charged the procession. In this Lala Lajpat Rai was badly injured. He died on 17th November, 1928. During this period, all the revolutionaries set up their central organisation which was named as Hindustan Socialist Republic Association. Members of Naujawan Bharat Sabha also started working in collaboration with this association.

Assembly Bomb Case. On 8th April, 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly and surrendered.

The police arrested Sukhdev and Rajguru, two other great revolutionaries. These revolutionaries were implicated in the second Lahore Conspiracy case and tried.

On 23rd March, 1931 Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged to death in Borstal Jail at Lahore. The pieces of their dead bodies were put in bags and were thrown half-burnt near Hussaniwala in Ferozepur on the bank of river Sutlej. A memorial has been built at Hussaniwala in the memory of these great martyrs. It is true that Sardar Bhagat Singh, the gem of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, set such an example of martyrdom of which the coming generations will always feel proud of.

The factors which led to the defeat of the Rajputs against the Turks were the following: 

1. The Turkish army consisted mainly of cavalry and its horses had greater stamina and endurance. 

2. The Turkish army comprised expert military leaders from different lands who employed new tactics of war. The Rajputs, on the other hand, followed outdated tactics. 

3. The Rajput soldiers were highly efficient in the use of spear and sword and excellent in hand-to-hand fighting. But as archers, they were inferior to the Turks. The Turks were aware of the weak points of their opponents. They avoided a close combat and usually made their attack from a safe distance. The Rajputs were divided into a number of clans, each of which laid greater importance to its own family traditions. The Turks had to fight not against a unified army but against a few dynasties

1. The Turkish army comprised expert military leaders from different lands who employed new tactics of wars. The Rajputs, on the other hand, followed outdated tactics.

2. The Rajput soldiers were highly efficient in the use of spear and sword and excellent in hand-to-hand fighting. But as archers, they were inferior to the Turks. The Turks were aware of the weak points of their opponents.

Shahabuddin Muhammad, also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam or  Muhammad Ghori, ascended the throne at Ghazni (in present Afghanistan) in 1173. He  was an ambitious ruler and wanted to establish his empire in India. The wealth and  military resources of India attracted Mohammad Ghori’s attention, which he thought  could be utilised to safeguard the Ghurid empire. Therefore, he strengthened his  position at Ghazni and turned his attention towards India. He invaded India several  times between 1175 and 1206.