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The provincial governors rose in revolt against her. Razia tried to crush the revolt but was defeated and imprisoned. She won over the leader of the rebels, Altunia, by marrying him. Their attempt to recover the throne of Delhi ended in failure and both were killed in 1240 ce.

(a) TheKing was the pivot of administration with the help of the council of ministers. The King also went on tours to observe the public problems. 

(b) Cholas were good administrators. They believed in local self-government. In many of the villages the administration was carried out, not by the government officials but by the villagers themselves. These villages had three types of village assemblies, namely, the ur, the sabha and the nagaram. There are long inscriptions on the walls of some of the village temples giving details of how the ur and sabha were organised.

(a) The revenue of the Chola Kingdom came from taxes on land and produce of the land and tax on trade. Part of the revenue was kept for the king and the rest was used for public works. 

(b) The administration was highly organised and divided into central, provincial and local self governments in order to get better results. 

(c) The three types of village assemblies were as follows: 

1. ‘ur’ — the assembly of common villages. 

2. ‘Sabha’ — the assembly of Brahmins. 

3. ‘nagaram’ — the assembly of merchants

The Cholas excelled in making images of gods and goddesses made of stone and bronze; e.g., the bronze image of Lord Shiva as ‘Nat4raja’ – Lord of Dance, is an excellent work of art.

The temple in the Chola kingdom was the center of social activity. The money donated by the people was used for decoration and maintenance of the temples. Some temples also participated in inland and overseas trade. The temples also provided employment to large number of people and also provided food, clothing and housing facilities and education. Medical aid and hospitals were also established by the temples.

There occurred a severe famine because of failure of rains. The people offered resistance, but the Sultan’s officers continued to realise taxes mercilessly. The cultivators were, therefore, forced to abandon their lands. The Sultan tried to help the cultivators by giving them loans to buy seeds bullocks etc. Arrangements were also made for the digging of wells for irrigation purposes. But the scheme failed.

(a) Alauddin Khalji raided Malwa and Gujarat and also defeated the Rajput rulers of Ranthambhor and Chittor. Next, he faced to the four wealthy kingdoms of the deccan— Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiyas of Warangal, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra and Pandya Kingdom with its Capital at Madurai. The task of conquest of Deccan had been entrusted by Alauddin to his military commander, malik Kafur. 

(b) The task of conquest of Deccan had been entrusted by Alauddin to his military commander Malik Kafur.Malik Kafur captured an immense booty which consisted of hundreds of elephants, thousands of horses and gold and jewels in large quantities. But Southern India was not annexed. Its rulers had to acknowledge the lordship of Delhi Sultan and pay him tribute in return for peace and protection.

Daulat Khan Lodhi had thought that the Sultan of Delhi would punish him severely.

Ibrahim summoned Daulat Khan to Delhi to punish him.

Military Reforms: Alauddin Khilji was the first ruler of Delhi who laid the foundation of a permanent standing army. He imported qaulity horses and started the system of branding horses (dagh) so that the soldiers could not replace them with inferior quality horses. He also introduced the system of chehra, i.e., giving a kind of identity card for every soldier.

Lakhbaksh means ‘giver of lakhs’. Qutbuddin Aibak was given this name because of his generosity.

(a) He increased the taxation in the Doab, the territory between rivers Ganga and Yamuna with a view to augment his resources. This scheme was defeated because of consecutive years of drought. 

(b) In 1329 the Sultan introduced Token Currency by proclaiming that brass and copper coins could have the same use or function as that of gold and silver coins. This experiment also failed. Soon the gold and silver coins disappeared from the market and forged copper coins manufactured by people at their homes came into circulation. Trade and business came to a standstill.

(a) It is a 12th century poem and a war song by Jayankondar, the court poet of Kulottunga I. It is the most fascinating historical work in Tamil literature which celebrates the victory of Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga King, Anantavarman Chodaganga in the Chola-Kalinga war. It gives a vivid and a graphic description of battle scenes and also provides details about the route taken by Kulottunga’s army. It is hailed as one of the masterpieces of Tamil literature with its majestic styles and diction. 

(b) Tamil Ramayan and stories from Ramayana and Mahabharat are the religious literature. The secular literature are treaties on grammar by Buddhamitra and Rawankashi

Qutubuddin Aibak is regarded as the founder of the Slave dynasty. Qutubuddin Aibak was a man of letters. Scholars like Hasan Nizami and Fakhre Mudir adorned his court. Because of liberal distribution of money, he earned the title of ‘ Lakhbaksh ’. Qutubuddin Aibak laid the foundation of Qutub Minar in Delhi, after the name of the famous Sufi saint Khwaja Qutub-ud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki.

The word Mamluk is an Arabic word that means ‘owned’. Since these Sultans were earlier either the slaves of the Turks or were the sons of the slaves, they were called Mamluk Sultans.

Qutubuddin known as Lakhbaksh because of liberal distribution of money, he earned the title of ‘Lakhbaksh’.

Dilawar Khan visited Delhi to meet Ibrahim Lodhi and to clarify his position regarding his relations with his father Daulat Khan. Ibrahim Lodhi threatened Dilawar Khan. He told Dilawar Khan that he would severely punish his father Daulat Khan for conspiring against him. Dilawar Khan was shown horrifying scenes of torture, which were inflicted on the rebels and afterward, even he was imprisoned by the Sultan. Somehow, Dilawar Khan managed to escape from the prison of Ibrahim Lodhi.

On reaching Lahore, he told his father Daulat Khan all the facts; the treatment meted out to him and happenings at Delhi. Daulat Khan got the message and also came to know the real intentions of Ibrahim Lodhi and decided to cross swords with him.

A description of condition of the Muslim women in the sixteenth century is given below :

1. They did not enjoy a respectable position in the Muslim society.
2. The women belonging to high class lived in highly protected environment of harems. The slaves and concubines were provided to serve them.
3. The Pardah system was rigorously observed. However, this system was not strictly observed in the rUral areas.
4. The women of the families of the common people working in the houses of upper-class people lived in separate portions of the houses. Their portion was called Zenana Khanpa. They could come out of their dwelling houses only in Pardah.

(a) The Sultan of Delhi was an unlimited despot. He was the chief executive of the state; he was also the highest judicial authority. The Sultan was the Commander-in-Chief of the army. His powers were very wide. He was responsible for the safety and security of the state. A direct appeal could be made to him against the highhandedness of any of his officials or judges. There was no constitutional method to remove a king from the throne. He could be removed only by a successful revolt which meant a Civil War. 

(b) The Sultan, however, could not manage the task of administration single-handed. The highest officer in the government was the Wazir, the Chief Minister. Other key functionaries and ministers were the Diwan (the Finance Minister), the Qazi (Chief Judge) and the Ariz (the Army Minister). The special responsibility of the Army Minister was to recruit, equip and pay the soldiers.

In 1524, Babur attacked India for the fourth time. Alam Khan, the real uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi, appealed to Babur to help him in occupying the throne of Delhi. Even the governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodhi, another relative of Ibrahim Lodhi, had sought the help of Babur against Ibrahim Lodhi. Consequently, Babur, passing through Bhera reached Lahore. On reaching Lahore, Babur learnt that Daulat Khan had been driven out of Lahore by the army of Delhi before his arrival.

Babur immediately took revenge of the defeat of Daulat Khan by defeating the army of Delhi. In the meantime, misunderstanding developed between Daulat Khan Lodhi and Babur at Dipalpur. Daulat Khan was expecting th&t Babur would appoint him as the governor of Punjab after his victory. But Babur gave him only the territories of Jalandhar and Sultanpur. The disappointed Daulat Khan was infuriated. He ran away to hilly areas in order to raise an army to take revenge of his insult at the hands of Babur. However, the situation took a new turn when Babur entrusted Dipalpur to Alam Khan Lodhi and left for Kabul to strengthen his army and make more preparations for another invasion of India.

Babur marched towards Sayyidpur (Emnabad) after occupying Sialkot. A large army stationed at Sayyidpur offered a stiff resistance to the cavalry of Babur. However, Babur won the battle. The defeated army was mercilessly killed. The people of Sayyidpur were also subjected to cruelties. Many of them were made slaves. Guru Nanak Dev Ji described the cruel deeds of Babur in his ‘Babur Vani’.

A society is generally divided into different classes having their separate characteristics.

The Muslim women wore shirts, ghaghras, and tight pajamas, covering their whole body. They covered their whole body with a cloak called Burka.

The main sources of entertainment of Muslim nobles, Amirs and military commanders were polo, horse riding, dance and music. The game of chess was equally popular among the Amirs or the Upper Class and the poor section of Muslim society or the Lower Class.

Babar won a victory in the first battle of Panipat in April 1526. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the Delhi Sultan.

Firoze Shah laid out about 1,200 gardens and orchards around Delhi.

On the basis of the study of Qutab Minar the given questions are answered as under:

(a) Qutab Minar is located in Delhi.

(b) The construction of Qutab Minar was started by Qutub-ud- din Aibak. It was completed by lltutmish.

(c) Qutub-ud-din, a Muslim saint of Ush, near Baghdad.

(d) 1. The structure is a circular tower which rises to a height of 72.5 metres;

2. It has five storeys, tapering as they ascend and separated from each other by projected balconies. Each storey has a different pattern and has finely wrought Arabic inscription

3. The entrance to the tower is through the doorway on the northern side. Inside, there is a spiral stairway leading upto each balcony

1. The entrance to the tower is through the doorway on the northern side. Inside, there is a spiral stairway leading upto each balcony. 

2. Red sandstone, marble and grey quartzite were used to construct the tower which is the highest stone tower in India.

Babur first attacked on Punjab in 1519 A.D.

The king was like a lion, judicial officers were dogs.

He wanted to occupy the throne of Delhi after conquering Punjab.

1. False

Correct statement: Qutb-ud-din Aibak died of mysterious injuries received during an accidental fall from a horse, while playing polo.

2. True

3. False

Correct statement: The Turkish nobles chose Iltutmish, son-in-law of Aibak, as Sultan after the death of Aibak.

4. True

Slave dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate i.e. Qutb-ud-din Aibak in AD 1199, built the Qutab Minar.

Iltutmish position was challenged from the very beginning since he had no hereditary claim over the throne. But Iltutmish proved himself as a strong and efficient ruler.

The strength of the army of Ibrahim Lodhi on the battleground of Panipat was one lakh soldiers. It was divided into four sections.

1. Advance Wing
2. Central Wing
3. Left-Wing and
4. Right Wing.

There were 500 elephants also in his army.

Babur had arranged 700 carts before his army. The wheels of those carts were tied to each other with leather, leaving gaps between the pairs of carts. The artillery was arranged behind those carts. Behind the cannons, the front and the central wings, the army was stationed. The Left and Right Talughmas (invading platoons, which adopted guerilla technique of war) flanked the main army. At the back of such a layout stood the cavalry, ready to charge the enemy.

In 1522 ce, Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India and help him overthrow Ibrahim Lodi, the cruel and unpopular sultan of Delhi.

Iqta is the land granted to army officials in lieu of a regular wage

1. The range of Khalji conquests is impressive: in the Punjab (against the Mongols), in Rajasthan and in Gujarat. With his northern frontiers secure, he sent his chief lieutenant Malik Kafur into the southern parts who took even the distant Madurai.

2. Thus Ala-ud-din Khalji consolidated the Delhi Sultanate.

Muslim rule in India was established by Muhammad Ghori in 12th century A.D. (CE).

Sikandar Lodi founded the city of Agra.

1. Firoz rewarded Sufis and other religious leaders generously and listened to their advice.

2. He also created charities to aid poor Muslims

3. He built colleges, mosques, and hospitals.

4. He banned inhuman punishments and abolished taxes not recognised by Muslim law.

5. He promoted agriculture by waiving off the debts of the agriculturalists and constructing many canals for irrigation.

6. He built new towns such as Firozabad, Jaunpur, Hissar and Firozpur.

In order to counter the possible attack of the Mongols, Iltutmish organised Turkish nobility into a select group of 40 nobles known as chahalgani or The Forty.

1. True.

2. True.

3. True.

4. True.

5. False.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq was Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s cousin.

6. False 

Ibrahim Lodi lost control over the Gangetic Valley.

7. False. 

Khizr Khan was the deputy of Sayyid dynasty.

Four renowned scholars in Kumbha’s court were: 

1. Mandan 

2. Kavi Atri 

3. Mahesh 

4. Kaanha Vyas.

Kumbha was labelled with various titles as Abhinava Bhartacharya, Hindu Surtaan, Chap Guru, Dan Guru, etc.