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1. The farmer with 1 hectare of land is considered as a small farmer.

2. He usually keeps large share of production for household needs. 

3. He does not have much saving for capital. 

4. When he thinks of inputs expenditure, he may borrow money from large farmer or moneylender. 

5. In case of borrowing from large farmer, he not only pays high rate of interest but he is also forced to work as a labourer in the large farmer’s fields. 

6. In case of borrowing from money lender, he has to pay high rates of interests.

1. The arrows indicate that 87% of the total farmers are cultivating only 48% of the total cultivated land. 

2. The remaining 13% of the farmers are cultivating the remaining 52% of the land. 

3. This indicates that there is no equal distribution of land among farmers. 

4. I would agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India. 

(OR) 

a) The farmers who possess less than 2 hectares of land. 

b) Yes. I agree because 87% of farmers are cultivating only 48% of land. On the other hand only 13% of farmers are cultivating 52% of land.

Rampur has a primary health centre run by the government and one private dispensary where the sick are treated.

Correct option is A) Fixed

1. Medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming. 

2. They make that money as the working capital needed for farming. 

3. They agree to give small farmers the loan at 36% per annum interest rate for four months, which is very high. 

4. They also take promise from the small farmers to work on their lands as farm labourers during the harvest season for ₹ 100/- a day, which is quite low. 

5. Thus they have the required labour. 

6. In our region also that is one practice. 

7. They get landless labourers for less wages.

(OR)

The large and medium farmers offer lower wages to get labour for their farms. In our region most of the villagers are job holders in the nearest town. So there is no such competition. The farm labourers are less in number. So they get better wages.

C) A farmer having less than 2 hectares of land

C) well – developed irrigation system

The shop is located on the land of the shopkeeper.

C) natural resources

Rampur has two primary schools and one high school.

Small scale manufacturing, dairy farming, transport services, etc.

80 upper-caste families own the majority of land in Rampur village.

Construction sites in most urban areas depend on migrant workers.

Correct option is C) Large

1. Mishrilal sells jaggery to traders in Jahangirabad.

2. He cannot sell all the jaggery he has made in Rampur itself. 

3. So he would sell it to the traders of Jahangirabad.

A) Uttar Pradesh to Delhi

Correct option is B) 60%

No, they do not have maternity leave.

Correct option is A) 91

1. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrate to West Asian countries. 

2. Nearly three fifths of workers going to West Asia are from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. 

3. A considerable section of these are engaged in construction projects, maintenance services, transport and telecommunications. 

4. Most work in oil exporting work. 

5. Nearly 30-40 years back many people from these three states went there. 

6. They are using the contacts and network in West Asia and making to migrate others from their birth places.

A) Kerala – Tamilnadu

Migrants are not able to access various health and family care programmes as they do not belong to the organised sector.

D) Both A and B

1. Migrants should get good food, health and family care programmes.

 2. It should be made possible for them to get food from fair price shops at their work places. 

3. Make-shift hospitals with doctors and nurses are to be established at or near the work places. 

4. Necessary care must be taken to prevent accidents in work places. 

5. Unorganised sector workers are also to be provided with access to various health and family care programmes.

During the last decade (2001 – 2011), people moved from states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu to states such as Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Karnataka.

Some of the migrations may not be captured by census data because the period of stay is often less than six months.

Most urban migrants have to work as labourers and find employment in the unorganised sector.

1. They have to face the problem for proper shelter and settlement. 

2. They may require references for jobs. 

3. As they have to work in the unorganised sector, they would have neither job security nor any incentives. 

4. They have to spend more on food.

A) Assertion II is correct

1. Professionals are able to go to developed countries. 

2. Unskilled workers cannot migrate to these countries. 

3. Developed countries depend a lot on industries and service sector. 

4. They require people with technical skills and professionals. 

5. So, the unskilled workers cannot serve the purpose. 

6. Thus, there is no scope for unskilled workers to migrate to developed countries.

When people migrate they cannot get food from fair price shops, they lack health and family care, no creche facilities and many children become dropouts.

They are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of origin and mostly belong to low-income households, Dalits and Adivasis.

1. Rural to urban migration increases the purchasing power of people in rural areas.

2. Remittances are an important means of supplementing or generating additional income for the rural families. 

3. Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to sell assets. 

4. The majority of migrants either remit or bring back savings. 

5. Migrant families buy house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables. 

6. Thus, their purchasing power increases.

Before the rise of large scale industrialization, home and workplace were one and the same. But now the disparity between men and women in the workplaces is a common issue. 

Workers acknowledge gender discrimination is possible in modem organizations, but at the same time maintain their workplaces to be gender-neutral. 

Women are facing a high degree of gender bias when it comes to their career. There is a general perception that women are less capable than men in matters of business and decision making.

It is often a strenuous struggle for a woman not just to her mettle but also to make a deserving way to the top. Career goals of women are considered less important compared to male counterparts. The disparity is also seen in the wages and salaries also. Thus the relationship is negative.

Embassies set up by the Indian Government in different countries are expected to follow the legal procedures and protect the welfare of the international migrants as given in the Emigration Act.

1. Yes, I agree that children become dropout if the parents are migrants. 

2. When families migrate, children also accompany their parents. 

3. They cannot get admission in schools in their parents workplace without transfer certificate. 

4. Schools in their native place refuse to take them when they come back. 

5. When parents migrate, the elder child especially the girl child, has to take care of the younger siblings. 

6. Due to the above reasons, the children become dropouts.

1. Most children of migrant families become dropouts. 

2. I do agree with this statement. 

3. Children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities.

4. Grown-up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’ new work places. 

5. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they come back. 

6. They finally become dropouts. 

7. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become dropouts.

1. b. Mining

2. a. TRUE

3. a. Gangue

4. d. All of the above

5. a. TRUE

1. Yes, it is true. When families migrate most of the children of migrant families become dropouts. 

2. At the place of migration, creche facilities are not available for the children. 

3. Even if there are such facilities poor families cannot afford them. 

4. Sometimes even schools are not available at migrant places. 

5. Schools in their native places refuse to take them again when they come back. 

6. This is damaging their interest in studies. 

7. Young girls in migrant families often required to take care of their siblings. 

8. Now – a – days government schools are admitting such students. 

9. But even then, they are lagging behind in their studies. 

10. Special training should be given to them during the holidays.

Education and Employment are the main reasons for international migration.

Write any one reason for international migration is: 

Many people leave their home countries in order to look for economic opportunities in another country.

C) Brick workers going from Odisha to Andhra Pradesh

1. Migrations can happen due to many reasons. 

2. Females reported marriage as the most common reason. 

3. Males migrate on employment or seeking employment opportunities. 

4. Dissatisfaction with employment opportunities in the native place is one reason. 

5. Better opportunity for studies, loss in business, family feuds are some other reasons for migration.

Many families have residences both at their origin- (native place) and at the destination. They shift between the two depending on work and seasons. The migration does not necessarily involve the movement of all members of the family, and often the wife remains in the rural area.

Migration of the people from one country to another country due to various reasons is called “international migration”.

Reasons: 

1. For higher education 

2. For better employment opportunities 

3. For business needs Consequences: 

4. Financial conditions of the migrant families improve. 

5. They are able to pay back loans and buy assets. 

6. Changes occur in their lifestyle. 

7. Brain drain has become a major hazard to the progress of the country’s economy.

Road transport scores over rail transport in the following ways. 

i. Unlike railways, road transport is an independent mode of transport, i.e., people have a choice of vehicle and schedule. 

ii. Unlike railways, it is possible to have road transport in hilly and inaccessible regions. 

iii. Unlike railways, road transport provides a single mode of transport from source to destination. 

North East India is a hilly region and hence it is not feasible to build railways which can transport bulk goods. Due to this reason, it is essential that bulk goods are transported along water routes. Additionally, these people in these states are poorer compared to the rest of India, so water transport is able to provide a cheap mode of transport. 

Two reasons why inland waterways are not well developed in India are: 

i. Most rivers in India are non perennial 

ii. Most rivers in India flow through a very rough terrain making them non-navigable.  

NWAI stands for National Waterways Authority of India. 

Its functions include: 

i. Development of inland water bodies as national waterways. 

ii. Developing infrastructure for floating and fixed terminals along these waterways.

Correct option: (c) mining