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(i) Agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining and lumbering are the economic activities shown in the map.

(ii) In Antarctica region we do not find any activity because of permafrost and uninhabited continent.

(iii) Lumbering activity is primarily found in 50° to 70° North latitudinal region.

(iv) Fishing can develop only in those areas in the oceans where continental shelf is broad and shallow, meeting of cold and warm ocean water currents and availability plankton food for fish, cool climate etc. Since these physical factors are found only certain areas, so fishing occupation is developed in certain areas only. 

For example, Dogger banks in Europe or Grand Banks in north eastern part of USA etc.

(v) Agriculture, lumbering, mining and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities found in Europe.

(vi) A star (★) symbol for mining is shown for the production of mining in seas and oceans. 

(vii) Mining is not found in the continent of Antarctica.

(viii)The world’s fishing is mostly carried out in the Atlantic Ocean.

(ix) Agriculture, mining, fishing, lumbering and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities found to the south of Tropic of Capricorn.

(x) Agriculture, fishing, and lumbering are the economic activities found in the islands of South East Asia.

(xi) Out of the four continents less agriculture is practiced in the continent of Australia.

(xii) Considering latitudinal extent except North Africa agricultural activities are important economic activities in latitudinal belt 8° to 50° North parallel of latitudes in the northern hemisphere and 20° to 45° latitudes in the southern hemisphere.

• Climate is the most important deciding factors in the development of agriculture.
• With the exception of a few areas, no country in this latitudinal belt experiences snowfall or frost. These weather phenomenon are harmful for the development of agriculture.
• Rainfall in this latitudinal belt is also sufficient and fairly distributed except deserts in continents of Asia and Africa.
• These are all generalised statements. However, agriculture in these latitudinal belts is affected as per the local variations in local weather conditions and physiography of the region

Migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural areas so that potential migrants can engage in the rural-based job search. In most cases, migration is a survival strategy for many families.

(i) Yes, there is correlation between animal husbandry and grassland because animals are grazed on grassland.

(ii) In Africa continent animal husbandry not practiced on large scale.

 (iii) In North America, Europe and Asia animal husbandry and agriculture coincide. 

(iv) Animal husbandry is found between 30° North to 60° North and 30° South to 55° South.

(v) In a zone between 5° North to 5° South latitudes, animal husbandry is not found on large scale. This zone has equatorial climate, so dense forest growth and inhospitable climate and lack of good quality grass are the reasons for no development of animal husbandry in above mentioned zone.

(vi) For the development of animal husbandry, climate is more important factor. In eastern part of Australia, the climate is suitable for the growth of good quality grass, therefore, animal husbandry is more developed.

(vii) The arid regions of interior of the continents receive very low rainfall.

• Only grass grows in low rainfall areas.
• Due to limited water supply, other economic activities cannot be developed.
• Therefore, only animal husbandry can be developed with the help of grass.

• Mining is one of the oldest economic activity of man.
• Man cannot produce minerals that are naturally found in the crust of the earth.
• This activity solely depends on the presence of minerals.
• It also depends on geology of the region, value of minerals, quality of minerals, capital investments, technology and availability of skilled labour, etc.

• We should stop effluent flow into water bodies.
• Provide safety drinking wafer to the affected villages. 
• Continuous vigilance in discharge of effluents. 
• Medical care to pollution victims. 
• Cancellation of licence to pollution causing industries.

• The best way to solve the problems of jute industry is to increase production. 
• There is an urgent need to replace the old machinery. 
• Jute mills are needed to be modernized. 
• New Jute products are to be developed.
• The product range of jute is to be diversified.

(a) Golden Quadrilateral

(b) Expressways

(c) 5846 km

NHDP (National Highways Development Project) has the following features. 

i. It was initiated by NHAI in 1998. 

ii. The objective of NHDP is to set up 45000 km of world class roadways. 

iii. The project will be carried out in 7 phases. 

iv. The cost of the project would be Rs. 2,25,000 crore. 

v. ‘Golden Quadrilateral’, the first phase of the project has already been completed. 

Srinagar and Kanyakumari 

Broad Gauge, Metre Gauge and Narrow Gauge 

Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata

• Hunting, gathering, fishing, rearing animals, mining and agriculture, etc., are the important primary economic activities of man.
• These activities are solely dependent on nature.
• Primary activities mean extraction of natural resources.
• These activities mainly produce raw materials required in different types of industries.
• Natural calamities affect most of the primary activities.
• In developing countries very large proportion of working population is engaged in primary activities, since there is less use of machinery.
• In developed countries there is less proportion of working population engaged in primary activities, since there is more use of machinery.

• Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in 30°N to 60°N latitude, and 30°S to 55°S latitudes.
• Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in temperate grassland regions of steppes in Russia, prairies in North America, downs in Australia and velds in South Africa and Pampas plains of Argentina.
• In these areas there is cultivation of crops as well as grass for animals.
• In these areas agriculture and animal husbandry is done together.
• This type of farming needs huge capital investment and more use of modern machinery, advanced technology, market and large land.
• In North and South America, it is carried with the help of advanced technology on a commercial scale.

1. The government should take care of their security i.e., the embassies. 

2. They should not believe on unauthorized intermediators. 

3. Legal documents should be verified properly.

• Care should be taken to increase the supply of raw material. 
• Obsolute machinery which resulting in low productivity and inferior quality should be replaced. 
• Government should provide adequate power to textile industry.
• Care should be taken that textile industry shall not lost in the stiff competition with power loom and synthetic fiber products. 
• Many textile mills are sick, government should help them run properly.

(c) Hobbes statement

Porbandar and Silchar 

Correct option: (c) Climate

Commercial lumbering is well developed in coniferous forest region of Canada, North Western Europe and Soviet Union.

The important factors responsible for the development of commercial lumbering in the above areas are as follows.

• In coniferous forest one species of trees are found over an extensive area.
• Coniferous trees are tall and away from each other so lumbering is easy.
• Wood is soft and durable. Coniferous forests provide good raw material for paper and pulp industry and furniture making industry.
• Due to good quality of wood (softwood) it has great demand in the world market.
• Cool and pleasant climate is favourable for labour to work throughout the year.

Correct option: (b) Transport

• Plantation agriculture is an extensive type of agriculture having large farm size on which one crop is cultivated. This is known as monoculture.
• Care has been taken to maintain the quality of the crop using scientific methods. This type of agriculture is modern as well as capital intensive agriculture.
• Since most of the work is done by human labour this type of agriculture is also referred to as labour intensive agriculture.
• The plantation crops once grown provides production for 10 to 15 years.
• Tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, cashew nut, spices, etc., are the most important crops. 
• For example, Rubber plantations in Kerala or tea plantations in Assam.
• Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Caribbean islands are the important countries where plantation agriculture is practiced.

The following are the characteristics of market gardening.

• It is a modern type of agriculture developed mainly on the fringe of highly industrialised and densely populated urban areas.
• Vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, meat etc., are the important products produced.
• Size of the farm is very small like garden.
• Scientific and technological knowledge as well as manual labour to some extent is used in production.
• Use of capital is very high.
• Natural organic manures and chemical fertilizers are used.
• Developed in areas lying at the distance of overnight journey by trucks, so that perishable products can be carried to nearby city market as early as possible. 
• For example, vegetables and fruits grown at Vasai and Virar are carried to Mumbai.

(c) Two Treatises of Government

Solapur and Nasik

Correct option: (c) Eastern coastline of Africa

The term ‘fishing’ includes all human efforts to obtain the aquatic animals in the sea, inland water and rivers.

Breeding, rearing and transplantation of fish by artificial means is called pisciculture.

In other words, pisciculture is fish farming. It involves raising of fish commercially in tanks or enclosures.

• Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in densely populated countries like China, India. Japan, Sri Lanka and east Asian countries.
• Since there is large population and limited fertile agricultural land, there is small land holding.
• Farmers work intensively to get maximum yield from available small land.
• Rice is the dominant food crop produced in this region.
• Mostly manual labour and animals are used for all agricultural activities.
• Most of the production is consumed locally and hence no surplus is available for export.
• Yield per hectare is high but yield per capita is low.

Development of fishing requires specific physical factors.

Therefore, it is developed on a commercial scale where physical factors are favourable for fishing.

The following are the important physical factors, which can be responsible for the development of fishing.

• Broad continental shelf, with shallow water is favourable. 
• For example, continental shelf along the eastern coastline of Japan is broad and water is shallow.
• Warm and cold ocean currents should meet near the coastline, so that plankton (favourite fish food) is available in plenty.
• Broken coast line which provides natural ports and harbours.
• Cold climate is favourable for natural preservation of fish.
• Since above all physical factors are present on the north-east coast of USA, north western coastline of Europe as well as in Japan, commercial fishing is well developed.

(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Limited monarchy

(b) Thomas Hobbes

(c) Political society

Following factors affect commercial fishing.

• Extensive continental shelf with shallow water. 
• For example, Dogger bank fishing area.
• Confluence of warm and cold ocean water currents, which is favourable for the growth of plankton. 
• For example, Gulf warm pcean current and Labrador cold current meet together near Dogger bank on North Eastern coast of North America.
• Broken coastline for the development of ports and.
• Traditional skills of some local people who are expert in fishing.
• Large size of population to provide demand for fish.
• Limited land to grow protein rich food, so that fish becomes staple food of people.
• Use of advanced fishing boats and fishing nets.
• Cool climate for natural preservation of fish.
• Forest resources to provide wood for ship building industry.

(a) John Locke

(d) Richard Hooker

• Unclear and difficult 
• Supports a autocracy of the state

Thomas Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.

• Social contract 
• Government contract

(a) Social contract theory

(b) Social contract theory

(d) All of the above

(a) Aristotle

Evolutionary theory.

• One – sided explanation of human behaviour 
• Wrong portrayal of natural state

Locke’s second contract forms State.