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• Two contracts in place of one. 
• Formation of state is the outcome of public consensus

Locke’s first contract forms Society.

(c) Evolutionary theory

Locke’s Social Contract Theory: 

The description of Locke’s social contract theory can be done with the help of the following points. 

1. Human Nature: 

With regard to human behaviour, Locke presents positive views. Hobbes gives recognition of savage attributes in humans. Simultaneously, he accepts human qualities also. Locke accepts a human as articulate and intelligent. According to Locke, there are attributes such as love, sympathy, mercy, cooperation, charity, etc. which are embedded in humans as humanitarian natural virtues. He derives direction of life from natural laws.

2. Natural state: 

Locke has portrayed the positive side of humans in the description of natural state. According to him, natural state was the state of peace, goodwill, mutual cooperation, and safety. All the persons were equal in natural state. This was the state of freedom, not the state of licentiousness, because the people respected natural and moral rules and conventions. There was no system of ‘accepted’ explanation of natural laws. People used to analyze natural laws as per their wisdom. According to Locke, All the individuals had three rights in natural state: 

• Right to life 
• Right to freedom 
• Right to property

3. Causes of contract: 

Despite having peaceful life in natural state in accordance with natural laws, the people started facing three inconveniences 

• Natural rules were not clear 
• There was no institution or any unbiased judge to explain the natural laws, 
• There was no power to supervise the enforcement of authorized decisions as per natural rules.

4. Form of Contract: 

According to Locke, all the people came to terms and got two contracts made. In the first contract, a society was formed, ending the natural state. The second contract was between the king and the people, wherein the people authorized the ruler to frame laws, explain and enforce them. However, the king was restricted in respect of his power that the laws framed by him should be in accordance with natural laws. The formation of the state was by the second contract. If the administrator works against public interests, then the society has the right to oust him from power.

5. Characteristics of the contract: 

1. Establishment of the state is as per the people’s wish. Here, the state is the result of public consensus, 

2. In the process of contract for the formation of the state, there were two cor contracts in place of one. By the first contract, a society of citizens was formed by the second contract, the state was established. 

3. Under the first contract, all place indicate there right not to a person or group of persons, but to the entire society. 

4. In the second contra ct, the king is also a party, and as such, it is the responsibility of the king that he safe guards the natural rights of the people. 

5. The ruler is a partner of the contract and as such all conditions of the contracts are applicable upon him. 

6. By the contract, there establishes a limited and benign monarchy. 

7. The contract makes the distinction between the state and the government. The first is stable, whereas the second is unstable. Both are having different sets of works. In this way, this principle supports the division power. 

8. This theory authorizes the people, for revolution against despotic ruler.

The correct explanation of origin of state is done by the evolutionary theory. This theory is based on psychological, historical and sociological evidences. According to it, the state is neither an artificial institution, nor of a divine origin. This is a combined form of many factors, such as blood relation, religion, power, political awareness, economic activities, social life etc.

In this way, the state is developed for the sake of interests of all. According to this theory, the development process of the state has been going on since primitive period. Because of this continuous development, the state has acquired a form of nation state.

According to the, political thinker, Burgess, “A state is a continuous development of human society, beginning of which was in an incomplete and distorted form.” According to Leacock, “The origin of the state has been on the basis of continuous development of the state, wherein there are natural social nature, political awareness, blood relation religion, power and economical necessities, etc”.

1. Natural Social Nature: 

The state is the result of basic natural social nature of a human being. Aristotle regards a person as social in natural form, and he says that a person can live outside the society if he is either God or an animal. The state came into existence for security of human life and it is meant for good life.

By this, it is clear that the state is a natural institution and it is the result of social nature of an individual. In general, a human being cannot live without state and society. With the development of civilization, social spirit got consolidated and its caused the development of social awareness. Simultaneously, there followed the development of political institutions and the state.

2. Blood Relation: 

In primitive time, blood relation triggered the emotions of unity and organization. According to Henriman, ‘The modern research of the ancient history of the society indicates that the initial element to bind the people in a thread of unity was blood relation”. Maclver writes that “Blood relation gives birth to the society, and then the society gives birth to the state.” 

3. Religion: 

Like blood relation, religion has also played an important role in the development of the state. Blood relation and the state are two side of the same coin. According to Wilson, “In early society, religion and blood relation were the expression of unity”. According to Gettel, “Blood relation and religion are two sides of the same coin.” In the primitive time, religion infused the spirit of respect, obedience and morality in place of savage instinct in the people. In primitive period, another form of religion was the worship of deity.

The people started worshipping the things, which were beyond their understanding and this resulted in a source to bind the people in unity. The relation between the state and the religion existed since primitive time. Even today, we witness a deep relation between religion and politics in many countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, etc.

4. Force (Power): 

In the evolution of state, the contribution of force has been enormous. War was the means to give practical form to power. The war gave birth to the king. It is a basic human tendency that he wants to rule over others. In the course of the develcj. mmi of the state, agriculture, property and wealth also progressed and this lead to war for their safety. The people started to accept powerful person as their leader. Because of power, there emerged a sense of obeisance and devotion towards the rvi:r. The people’s support made the king stronger, and thus, state was developed.

5. Ecoanomic Necessities : 

In the origin and the development of the state, there was as important role of people’s necessities. “Property grew by economic activities, by which people gained basic amenities such as food, house, etc. and afterwards, the origin of the state became indispensable for the security of property. “Only the state can manage the economic system of the society, and as such, people’s requirements are fulfilled”.

6. Political Awareness : 

Besides religion, blood, relation and social awareness, the role of political awareness is the most important in the development of the state. By political awareness, certain definite political goals have been gained. On account of population increase, and for safety to the people and their property, there was felt a necessity to form a political organization and set of rules and laws by which entire system could be governed properly. Though in the beginning, the form of political organizations and laws was not clear and mature, yet it played a decisive role in the development of the state.

Social Contract Theory: 

Social contract theory is regarded as the most important among the theories in relation to origin of the state. The birth of this theory came as a rejection of the Divine theory of the origin of the state. In 17th and 18th century, this theory had a great deal of importance.

Social contract theory is regarded as an imaginary theory. According to it, the state is not a creation of God, instead, it is a man – made institution. Its creation is the result of that social contract which was done by the people to end the natural state.

It is the conviction of the supporters of this theory that people spent their time in the lack of any state institution in an anarchic or natural state. How was the condition of people in this lawless time? Political thinkers differ on it. According to some scholars, there was an ideal state in this period, wherein people mutually behaved as per religious tenets. Other scholars think that the people were poor, sinful and burtal.

At a later stage, the people felt the necessity of a state institution on account of many reasons and then they decided to ink a contract, and as a result, there was emergence of the state. After the advent of state institution, people, on their own, accepted their subordination to the society and the state. In lieu of surrender to the state, people received the patronage of the entire society.

Historical Background and Development of the Theory: Despite the social contract theory being a modern concept as regards origin of the state, it is very ancient with historical viewpoint. This theory (principle) gained huge support. There is a detailed description of this theory in the shanti Rarva of Mahabharata. Acharya Chanakya (Kautilya) accepted this principle in relation to the origin of state institution. There is also a reference of this theory in Jain and Buddhist literatures.

In ancient time, sophist thinkers of Greece firstly propagated this theory. They regarded the state as an artificial institution and a result of a contract agreement. Roman thinkers emphasized on the point that people are the ultimate source of monarchy. Richard Hooker, a scholar, explained this theory scientifically for the first time. Scholars Gracias and Spinoza nurtured this further.

Between 16th and 18th centuries, many scholars came to the fore in Europe who propagated this theory in a pure form, but the contribution of this theory being propagated in a scientific and systematic form goes to Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau.

Hobbes, through this principle (theory), tries to justify autocratic monarchy, whereas Locke justifies limited monarchy and Rousseau promotes popular sovereignty. According to Hobbes, each time, people came together to form the state out of fear of their lives. According to Locke, people formed the state by mutual contract in order to weed out many inconveniences. According to Rousseau, humans, in order to gain their lost freedom, formed the state by inking a contract.

(c) Radioactivity

The form of ‘Social Contract Theory’ propagated by Rousseau: 

Rousseau, in his social contract theory, regards two forms of an individual – personal and social. According to Rousseau, when struggle and war started in the natural state, the people started to ponder as to how to save themselves from these terrific circumstances. As a result, the people voluntarily ended the natural state and decided to establish a civic society. Under the contract, the people voluntarily surrendered their rights to the society.

As result of the contract, there developed a General Will in the society and all the people started working in accordance with the General Will. As every person is a member of the society, and hence, by virtue of the contract, he becomes a part of the formed society and hence stands eligible to get back all his rights from his social worth.

As a result of the contract, insecurity, violence anarchy, etc. ends, and the origin of the state takes place. Rousseau promotes the concept of apparent democratic state, wherein entire slew of powers get cent-red in the name of General Will in the society. If the government works against the General will of society, then the people have the right to dismiss it.

Main characteristics of Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory: 

The following are the main characteristics of Social Contract theory of Rousseau: 

1. Two forms of an individual under the contract: 

Under the social contract theory of Rousseau, two forms of an individual are apparent – personal and collective. In personal capacity, he entrusts all his rights to the society and gets these rights back in the capacity of being member of the society, which he gave up at the time of the contract. 

2. No impact on the freedom of an individual: 

By the contract, there is no impact on the freedom of an individual. Instead, a person gets positive liberty. 

3. Formation of General Will: 

General Will is formed by the contract. That is, the sovereign, the government and all the people of the society have to follow its order. None has the right to violate the order. 

4. Only a social contract: 

Rousseau mentions only social contract. He does not describe any political contract.

Criticism of Social Contract theory on legislative (legal) basis: 

On legal basis, the criticism of the Social Contract Theory is given below: 

1. Contract in natural state not possible: 

Any contract is only recognized when the state recognizes it and accepts the onus to implement it, but the so-called contract was done, when the state was not in existence. 

2. Contract – injustice to the future generations: 

In legal perspective, the contract is binding only when it is accepted by choice, but under social contract, many generations down the line were automatically bound by its conditions, whether they liked it or not. Therefore, the contract was defective.

The Social Contract Theory of Jean Jacques Rousseau: 

Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva, Switzerland. Like Hobbes and Locke, he was also a supporter of the social contract theory. Rousseau, in respect of origin of state, has endeavored to present a mixed form of thoughts of Hobbes and Locke in the social contract theory. Rousseau was a supporter of democracy, but he was a strong opponent of the divine rights of kings.

This thought made a deep impression on the French revolution in 1789, and as such, he is called the father of this revolution.

Rousseau had described his social contract theory with the help of the following points:

1. Human Behaviour (Nature): 

In respect to human nature, Rousseau has quite distinct thoughts from the ones of Hobbes and Locke. Rousseau has regarded the to be always innocent and ingenuous. According to him, freedom and self – reliance are his special natural traits. He is free from jealousy, worry, arrogance, etc. A human is decent and unselfish and gets influenced by emotions, instead of logic. 

2. Natural state:

Rousseau divides the natural state into two steps,

• First step
• Second step

In the first step, because of being selfless and charitable, the human was free. In the second step, with the advent of private property, man became selfish. In this phase, selfishness, violence, strife, jealousy, etc. and similar other vices crept into human psyche.

3. Form of the contract:

When there began struggle and war in the natural state, the people became unhappy and started thinking of some means to get rid of these circumstances. At last, the people decided to establish a civic society, ending the natural state. Under the contract, all the people handed over their rights to the society. As a result of the contract, a ‘General Will’ emerged for the entire society and all persons started working in accordance with the ‘General Will’.

4. Characteristics of the contract: 

The following are the main characteristics of the contract:

(1) Two forms of an individual under the contract: 

There appear two forms: 

individual and social, of a person under the contract. I individual capacity, a person dedicates all his rights to the society and by virtue of being a member of the society, he gets back all the rights, which he had abdicated in the contract.

(2) Contract does not impede the freedom of an individual: 

Instead of imposing any restriction on the freedom of an individual, it supports freedom. 

(3) Formation of General Will: 

‘General Will’ is formed by the contract. It is sovereign. The government and all the people of the society comply with it. None is authorized to oppose it. 

(4) ‘General Will’ always appropriate: 

‘General Will’ is always rational, and therefore, it is the supreme duty of all the people to work in accordance with the “General Will’. 

(5) Obtaining of Social freedom by the contract: 

Natural freedom comes to an end by the contract and ‘social freedom’ takes its place. An individual who loses natural freedom though the contract, gets social liberty and ownership over his things m lieu.

(6) Only one, social contract: 

Rousseau describes only the social contract, not the political contract. Hence, an entirely sovereign society is formed on “General Will”. 

5. Right to oust the Government: 

The government responsible in the formation of General Will can be ousted if it becomes autocratic and irresponsible.

Criticism of Rousseau’s Contract Theory:

1. Natural state – imaginary: 

The natural state, which has been portrayed by Rousseau, is not in accordance with history. It is quite imaginary. It has been established by the historical research that the people were not peaceful in the natural state. 

2. Mutually contradictory: 

According to Rousseau, the contract is inked between individual and society, whereas there was no society at that time. Where did the social side come from? 

3. Supporter of Imperialism: 

Rousseau’s General Will hints at dictatorial rule, which is not proper. In this administration, there is a great possibility of the people to be oppressed.

4. Dual persona of an individual: 

Rousseau provides dual persona of a person. The person, besides being the ruler, is also obedient. In this way, the situation of a ruler becomes untenable. 

5. State is a result of development, not of contract: 

Rousseau believes that the state is formed as a result of social contract. In fact, state is a result of development though a long period of time. It is not the result of any imaginary and non-historical pact. 

6. Importance of the theory: 

Rousseau’s social contract theory carries a great degree of importance. His ‘General Will’ theory has influenced the development of modern era. Public dissent and democratic thoughts impacted the system of that time to extent, that there erupted the French revolution, and it also developed the principle of fraternity.

Social Contract Theory of origin of State: 

Social Contract’ theory as regards origin of state is thought to be an imaginary principle. According to it, the formation of the state was based on the mutual contract among the people living in the natural state. The main founding scholars of this theory are Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. They have enlisted this principle in distinct forms based on human nature, natural state, the cause of contract, nature of contract, the result of contract.

Main characteristics of Social Contract Theory: 

The following are the main characteristics of the Social Contract Theory, as proposed by Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau: 

1. Explanation of human nature: 

All the there thinkers, Hobbes, Locke and and Rousseau, have described the human nature prior to the analysis of the natural state, and on the basis of this, they have portrayed the natural state. Locke and Rousseau termed the human as having good nature, but at the same time, Hobbes describes the human as being selfish, peevish and arrogant. 

2. Imagination of condition of natural state: 

The state is not a perpetual institution. It is not omnipresent in its existence. All the three scholars, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, have portrayed the state (condition) prior to the origin of the state, which they have named the ‘Natural state’. 

3. Causes of contract: 

Stateless ‘Natural state’ was not beneficial for the interests of the people. Locke and Rousseau had initially described the natural state as decent and peaceful, but later on, it became strife-torn and anarchic due to infusion of some selfish tendencies, etc. Now, people wanted to get rid of them. 

4. Social contract theory: 

In order to get freed from the natural state, all the people went for the social contract on the basis of equality and with mutual consensus and cooperation. In this way, the people in the natural state formed the civic society in a planned way, ending the natural state. 

5. Result of contract: 

The ‘Civic society’ is different from its prior state of ‘Natural state’ in a way that in civic society, the state is present and the management of the society in done by sovereignty. It was imagined in the social contract that the formation of the state is done with the purpose of serving the interests of all the people. 

Criticism of Social Contract Theory: 

After remaining popular for two centuries, this theory was negated and its criticism started on historical, philosophical, logical and legal bases. 

The criticism of the social contract theory can be done on the following bases: 

1. Criticism on historical basis: 

Many scholars have criticized the social contract theory on historical basis. Hume, the British philosopher, said that no proof is found about this contract in the primitive state. Another scholar, Green, termed it as ‘fantasy’, Whereas Henriman termed it as ‘rubbish’. Most of the scholars believe this principle imaginative and non – certified. According to them, this theory unilaterally defines human nature, and that, state is a result of development, not of creation. 

2. Criticism on philosophical basis: 

Different scholars have criticized the social contract theory on philosophical basis, as this principle expects imagination of a state by such an organization whose membership is optional, whereas, in fact, the membership of the state is mandatory. The state is not an artificial institution, instead, it is a natural institution based on natural human tendency. This theory incites rebellion and anarchy. 

3. Criticism on legal basis: 

Many scholars have criticized this theory on legal basis. According to them, this theory does not hold ground on legal basis. If people are going to have a contract in the natural state, then it is wrong in legal terms, because to award legal recognition to the contract, there has to exist a state for its acceptance. There was no ‘State’ in the natural state. The contract is enforced on them who ink it, and therefore, this contract is not acceptable in eye of the legal premise.

Comparison of thoughts of Social Contract Theory of Thomas Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. All the three scholars Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau have propagated Social Contract Theory of origin of the state in their own way and as such, distinction is found in their analysis.

The comparison of their thoughts can be done under the following heads: 

1. Comparison on the basis of portrayal of human nature:

(i) Hobbes: 

According to Hobbes, human nature was cruel, selfish, violent and inspired by fear and greed of power. He was dominated by wild tendencies. He was quarrelsome by nature. Hobbes terms a human as the mine of vices.

(1) Locke: 

According to Locke, human nature was good, merciful, cooperative, charitable and full of liberal emotions. Locke makes a positive description of human behaviour. He regards an individual to be rational and peaceful.

(2) Rousseau:

According to Rousseau, in the beginning, human nature was, in fact, decent. He was a noble savage, but in due course, he developed mentality of “that is yours and this is mine.” Rousseau calls a human naive and sinless, but also calls him impulsive and wild. It is quite clear that Hobbes calls a human selfish, lonely, quarrelsome, but Locke and Rousseau call him summarily decent.

2. Distinction on the basis of portrayal of natural state: 

(1) Hobbes:

According to Hobbes, the natural state was full of undeclared war and unpredictability. There was a presence of violence and lack of morality. In this state, the powerful persons used to oppress the weaker ones.

(2) Locke:

Locke says that the natural state was quite contrary to what has been decided by Hobbes. All the people used to spend their lives in accordance with the natural laws. The state was full of morality, rationality and social cohesion.

(3) Rousseau:

Rousseau also describes the natural state as being full of bliss and happiness. This state was without conflict. Human needs were limited. He had no fear nor worry. In this way, it is quite clear that the thoughts of Hobbes about the natural state were quite to different from those of Locke and Rousseau.

3. Comparison in relation to causes of the contract:

• Hobbes:

In order to end the anarchy born out of continuous struggle in the natural state, and also for the safety of life, the people got compelled to enter into the contract.

• Locke: 

In order to explain the natural laws in the natural state, enforce them and also to wipe out the lack of governance for delivery of justice, the contract was made.

• Rousseau:

In order to wipe out the conflict arising out of the rise of personal property in the natural state, for the safety of life and also for re – creating the ideal shape to the society, the social contract was inked.

4. Distinction on the basis of form of the contract:

• Hobbes:

According to Hobbes, the people went for the contract only for the formation of the state. In this, a person dedicates all his right to the ruler, except the rights of self defense.

• Locke: 

According to Locke, the contracts were of two types – by the first contract, state or society was formed, and by the second contract, the state was established.

• Rousseau: 

According to Rousseau, ‘General Will’ was formed by the contract.

5. Distinction on the basis of sovereignty:

• Hobbes:

Hobbes supports autocratic monarchy. In Hobbes’s contract, king is not a party to the contract, but he is the result of the contract. As such, revolution cannot be dared against the king or the sovereign.

• Locke:

Locke supports limited monarchy. In Locke’s second contract, sovereign (government) is a party to the contract and it is bound with the conditions of the contract. In case, it does not comply with the conditions, the society can expel it.

• Rousseau:

Rousseau supports democracy and asks for ‘public welfare will’ to be sovereign, which he terms ‘General Will’. This ‘General Will’ resides in the people.

6. Comparison on the basis of power transfer: 

Hobbes goes for complete transfer of governance of an individual. Locke proposes a limited transfer of power of the governance of the person, whereas Rousseau prefers to change the form of governance of an individual.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the lithosphere is divided into six major plates and twenty small plates. 

The minor plates are the following:

1. Cocos Plate: Its position is between the Central America and the Pacific Ocean Plate. 

2. Nazca Plate: It is between the South America and the Pacific Ocean Plate. 

3. Arabian Plate: This includes mostly the peninsular parts of Arabia. 

4. Philippine Plate: It is located between the of Asia – Pacific and Pacific Ocean Plate. 

5. Caroline Plate: Located in the north of New Guinea between the Philippine and the Indian Plate. 

6. Fuji Plate: Its position is in the north – east of the continent of Australia.

The principle of plate tectonics is a universal principle that relates to the earthquake incidents, volcanic activity, mountain formation, island creation, etc. Due to this principle, today, most of the geographers, and geologists have embarked on re – accepting the truth of continental displacement. At present, the scholars are unanimous on all other issues except propelling force. Recent research studies have revitalized the concept of thermal convection currents in relation to plate tectonics.

The principle of plate tectonics is of the utmost importance. This theory has proved to be the most meaningful in explaining the origin of the continents and the oceans as also the description of earthquake, volcanic activity, origin of island arc and the structure of mountains and their types.

The sea called Tethys divided the Pangaea into the two huge landmasses: Angara land (Laurasia) to the north and Gondwanaland to the south of Tethys.

Correct option is C) Bombay

D) Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as the Royal Indian Navy’s head.

Sarada, before she got married, was a well educated and cultured young woman. She was intelligent, capable, quick-witted and she had a sense of humour and elegance. She used to stand first in her class. She was good at music and dance. She used to paint good pictures.

Falling to her beauty, and intelligence and attracted by the dowry her father offered, a young man married her. Later he showed his house and told her that it was her house. Immediately she began to swab the floors and decorated the floor with rangoli designs. On seeing this, her husband praised that she was dexterous at swabbing the floor. Overjoyed by his applause, Sarada began living with swabbing as a mission of her life. Thus, her life went on scrubbing the house spotlessly and decorating the house with multi-coloured designs. In her scrubbing zeal she had forgotten her name. One day she tried to recollect what her name was. But she could not. She became restless. She asked her maid servant, her neighbours, her husband, and her children about her name. But they all told the name by which they used to call her by using their relation. Her husband laughed and did not take it seriously.

Finally the housewife decided to go to her parents’ house and look for her name in her certificates. But her certificates were kept on the attic. Meanwhile she met her classmate. She called the housewife by her name ‘Sarada’. At once Sarada felt like a person. Because our name gives us our personal identity and self-respect. Our name is our own- unique to us.

Here the author wants to tell that every woman has her own responsibility in nation-building. Women should be given equal rights with men. Women should not be confined to the four walls of the house. She should be let free. She can reach to the heights of sky. She can ascend to the pinnacles of any success and thus she can make any nation greater and stronger.

I think ’SHREE 420’ is a North Indian movie. It was directed and produced by Raj Kapoor. Raj Kapoor, Nargis, and Nadira were the main characters in this movie. It hit the screen on 6th September 1955.

The title refers to section 420 of the Indian penal code, where crimes of theft and deception are punished, which relates to the troubles of the main character. In Sanskrit, the name of the main character, "Vidya", means knowledge, while "Maya" means Illusion

1. It is a poster. The word/expression “RAJKAPOORS” tells us that it is directed by Raj Kapoor, a well-known Hindi actor. “SHREE 420” is the title of the movie. The persons in the picture are the actors of this film. Hence, it is evident that it is the poster of a movie.

2. The persons in this picture are cine actors. They are Raj Kapoor and Nargis.

Roberge wanted to meet Ray in person but it took him nine years after reaching Kolkata and joining St. Xavier’s college, to meet him. Although he wanted to meet Ray right way, he didn’t want to just go and see him as he was a living museum piece. Roberge wanted to prepare himself, get to know his works more, so that when they met, there could be a worthwhile dialogue between them. If I were in Roberge’s place, I would do the same as he did.

(a) Francis Xavier arrived in Goa in 1542. For the next three years he had been a Christian preacher in India among the pearl-fishers along the East Coast of Southern India as well as in northern areas of the Cape Comorin. His preaching made him immensely popular among the Paravas, Katesars, kadaiyars and Mukkuvars. He had become a missionary of great eminence and respectability among the Pattamkattiyars. Their family-members had been the head of the Fisher Coast. 

(b) Many Children were bom of parents (Portuguese sailors and Indian women) who were not legally married at that time. Francis Xavier gave such children instruction about beliefs of the Christian Church. In order to save the Child from the slur of being called ‘an illegitimate child’, he tried to see that the child’s parents united themselves in holy matrimony. Francis Xavier died in 1552. His embalmed body became the object of holy pilgrimages.

In Ganga delta Sundari trees are more.

The Nagarjuna sagar wild life sanctuary is in Telangana state.

There are 99 National parks in India.

Banerghatta and Nagara Hole are the important National parks of Karnataka.

Forest provides shelter to wild life.

In India, there are 18 Biosphere reservers.

Norway is called “Land of Midnight Sun. Its latitude is 60.47°N. Some other countries like,

1. Sweden -59.26°N. 

2. Iceland – 64.83°N. 

3. Lapland -67°N. 

4. Denmark – 55.72°N. 

5. Finland -62°43″N 

6. Alaska -61°18″N 

7. Russia – 54°82″N 

8. Yukon – 63.63°N 

9. Canada – 56°75″ N etc.

comes under this session also. Whereas Latitude as Andhra Pradesh is 80°E;

The Biosphere reserves are a special category of protected area of land or coastal environments. Here people are an integral component of the system. The main objectives of Biosphere reserves are conservation, research, education and local involvement.

The author has described Bepin Babu as a serious and hardworking man. He worked daily in his office. It was a big firm and he was doing a responsible job. He had been with the firm for twenty-five years. He had a reputation for being a tireless, conscientious worker.

Answer is B. males.

The monsoon enters India from east and south somewhere around mid of May. It reaches northern part of the country around second week of June. The monsoon ends around September. We take out our rain coats and umbrellas to face the monsoon.

When the mist comes up, the hills appear to change. It covers the whole area with a white blanket. It conceals the hills. On the other hand, this silences the birds as it gives them a feel of nightfall. So the forest appears deathly still and silent.

June 24 is the first day of monsoon mist. The hills are concealed by the mist. It blankets the hills with a cover of silence. The real monsoon shower comes on June 25. The whole nature welcomes it. The first cobra lily rears its head from the ferns. By August 2, the people become weary of the monsoon. There is no storm, no thunder, just a steady tropical downpour. People keep in their houses and enjoy the sound of raindrops falling on their roofs. Snakes and rodents take shelter in roofs, attics and godowns. March 23 heralds the end of winter. The sky starts to become clear after a hailstorm. And a rainbow starts forming in the clear sky. One can enjoy this sight of rainbow which shows the beauty of nature.

The grandmother asked the children not to kill the Chuchundar because it was considered lucky. She said that it brought money.

Wild balsam, dahlias, begonias and ground orchids begin to appear. The seeds of cobra lily are turning red. These signs show that the monsoons are about to end.

It rained for eight or nine days without stopping . Since there was nowhere to go, the author paced in his room and looked out of the window at a few bobbing umbrellas.

The snakes and rodents take shelter in roofs, attics and godowns in order to save themselves from rain water.

(i) Bijju is not seen but his voice is heard because of the mist in the surroundings. 

(ii) The writer describes the hill station and valley as a paradise that might have been. 

(iii) The leopard was successful in attacking one of Bijju’s cows but had to flee when Bijju’s mother came screaming curses. 

(iv) The minivets are easily noticed because of their bright colours. 

(v) It looks like a fashion display on the slopes when ground orchids, mauve lady’s slipper and the white butterfly orchids bloom. 

(vi) During the monsoon season, snakes and rodents are found in roofs and attics because they have been flooded out of their holes and burrows.

Bepin Babu had completely forgotten about his visit to Ranchi. Dr Chanda suggested him to go to Ranchi once again in order to get7 back his lost memory.

It was because Parimal Ghose knew a great deal about him. He knew about his (Bepin Babu’s) wife’s death, his brother’s insanity, etc. If the man knew so much about him, how could he make such a mistake about the Ranchi trip.

Bepin Babu’s hobby was reading books. Every Monday, he would purchase books of; crime stories, ghost stories and thrillers from Kalicharan’s shop.

Bepin Babu was a lonely chap. His ailment began only after his meeting with – Parimal Ghose. Parimal Ghose knew many intimate details about Bepin Babu. He also remembered clearly the time Bepin Babu spent: in Ranchi. Somehow, the Ranchi episode was totally wiped out from Bepin Babu’s memory.
In fact, Bepin Babu’s memory loss was an imaginary ailment caused by the clever plotting of Chunilal.

1. Bepin Babu was trying to make an effort to become calm and think clearly lying in his bed.

2. Bepin Babu thought that it was possible to lose one’s memory through an injury in the head. But that was not the case with him.

3. Chunilal was Bepin Babu’s schoolmate. He wanted Bepin Babu to find him a job.

4. The phrase ‘turn up like a bad penny’ suggests ‘appearing at a place where one is not welcome’.

Bepin Babu’s encounter with Parimal Ghose made him really very restless. Even in the office, he noticed that with every passing hour, his encounter with Parimal Ghose was occupying more and more of his mind.