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The correct answer is A) Krishna and Nellore.

(i) Mining: Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars in states such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.

(ii) Over irrigation: Over irrigation in the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, has caused water logging and increase in salinity of soil.

(iii) Overgrazing: Overgrazing in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra is a huge cause due to cattle population.

(iv) Industries: Mineral processing industry like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust, this retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil.

(v) Industrial waste: Industrial effluents also have become a major source of land degradation.

(i) Climatic conditions along with present rock material are important factors for making of black soil. The parent rock is volcanic rock.

(ii) It is ideal for growing cotton because of the following reasons:

(a) It has capacity to hold moisture.

(b) It is rich in soil nutrient such as calcium carbonate and potash.

(c) Deep cracks in the oil help in aeration.

(i) Mining: Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars in states such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.

(ii) Over-irrigation: Over-irrigation in the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, has caused waterlogging and increase in salinity of the soil.

(iii) Overgrazing: Overgrazing in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra is a huge cause due to cattle population.

(iv) Industries: Mineral processing industry like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate a huge quantity of dust, this retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil.

(v) Industrial waste: Industrial effluents also have become a major source of land degradation.

(i) Two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil erosion are deforestation and overgrazing, mining, construction, etc.

(ii) Types of Soil Erosion:

(a) Cullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels/gullies. The unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or ravines.

(b) Sheet erosion: Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The top soil is washed away. This process is known as sheet erosion.

The accumulated fat roughens the inner wall of blood vessels. Here platelets and RBCs may clump together to form blood clots, named thrombus. This condition is called thrombosis.

Since, poverty relates to some specific groups of society who have been in an unchanged condition since the beginning. Therefore, poverty is a social dimension.

(i) The parent rock is the first factor which provides the basic material for the formation of soil.

(ii) Climate breaks the parent rock into small pieces.

(iii) Vegetation: Plant and animal organisms help in the weathering of the rocks slowly but continuously.

(iv) Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc., contribute to the formation of soil.

(v) Chemical and organic changes take place in the soil.

(c) Priority to modern machinery system

The parameters of poverty in India are:

1. Consumption of minimum calories. 

2. Expenditure per capita per month.

The Universal Rural Employment Program includes: Employment Guarantee Plan and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana.

According to specific group formed by the Planning Commission, a person in rural area, who consumes less than 2400 calories and in urban area less than 2100 calories per day is included below poverty line (BPL).

The priority is given to the people belonging to scheduled caste and tribes, women (one – third) and the BPL families.

On the basis of minimum consumption-expenditure, Tendulkar Committee (2011 – 12) decided that every rural person with expenditure above Rs. 27 per day and urban person with expenditure above Rs.33 per day will not be included below poverty line.

According to Rangarajan Committee (2014) 36.30 per cent of Indian population is included in the group of BPL.

Italian Honey bee

African continent has temperate climate on its most parts. The main reason for this is that all the three lines- the Equator, the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn pass through this continent.

‘The Great Lake Region’ lies in North America continent. Major lakes of the great lake region include the Superior, the Michigan, the Huron, the Erie and the Ontario.

Northern Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean from the business point of view.

(a) The Pacific Ocean

The extent of the Europe continent has been determined by both – land and water. Arctic Ocean lies in its north, Mediterranean Sea lies in its south, Atlantic Ocean lies in its west, while the Ural Mountains and Asia continent lie in the form of land part towards its east. Caspian Sea also lies in its east.

The continent of Antarctica is located around the South Pole and therefore it remains covered with a thick layer of snow all the year round. Due to excessive cold, there is no permanent human habitation here. In 1960, the first Indian who went there was Dr. Giriraj Singh Sirohi. Research centres of many countries are situated here. India has established its research centre here at a place named Meitri.

The Suez Canal and the Red Sea separate Asia continent from Africa continent. In the east, it is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, in the North by the Arctic Ocean and in the South by the Indian Ocean. Ural Mountains and Ural River separate Europe and Asia.

1. (f)

2. (e) 

3. (a) 

4. (b) 

5. (c) 

6. (d) 

This is the world’s smallest ocean which lies around the North Pole. It is the only ocean covered with ice. This is connected with the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Water Treaty (Bering Strait) and with the Atlantic Ocean through the Denmark Water Treaty (Denmark Strait).

Water region is found on around 71 per cent part and land region is found on around 29 per cent part of earth.

Monsoon type of climate is found in Asia and there is variation in relief over here, due to which many types of vegetation and many types of small and big organisms are found here. Elephant, lion, rhinoceros, reindeer, zebra, deer, fox, etc., are the large animals found here and there are many small animals also found here. Along with two – horned rhinoceros, zebra, deer, African lion, elephant, many other small and big animals are found here.

Canada, United States of America and Mexico are the major countries of North America. The Arctic Ocean lies to the north, the Gulf of Mexico lies to the south, the Atlantic Ocean lies to the east and the Pacific Ocean lies to the west of North America.

• Government expenditure is also known as public expenditure. 
• From the point of view of development, public expenditure is classified as 

1. Development expenditure 

2. Non-development expenditure. 

• From the point of view of creation of capital assets, public expenditure is classified as 

1. Revenue expenditure 

2. Capital expenditure

North America is the world’s third biggest continent with the point of view of surface area. Various geographical conditions are found here. Very cold climate as well as very hot climate is found here. Aplacian Apiarian mountain range situated in its north west is the oldest mountain range and the Rocky Mountain is the newest mountain range. The Dead Valley of California is the lowest place. Canada and United States of America have vast fertile plains. Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio are the major rivers of this place. The world’s biggest and deepest trench, the ‘Grand Canyon’ is also situated on River Colorado.

South American continent is’mostly situated in the Southern Hemisphere. This is the world’s fourth biggest continent and Brazil is the largest country of this continent, which is spread on almost half of its part. The world’s longest mountain range, the Andes, is situated in its western part and Ancancagua peak situated here is the highest peak of this continent. Along with many active volcanoes, the world’s highest waterfall, named Angel, is also situated here. The world’s biggest river, the Amazon River and the world’s driest region, the Atacama Desert situated in Chile, is also a part of this continent. Chile is a country whose Southern part is a region where no rainfall is considered to be a boon. It is because large deposits of salt peter available here.

1. Europe 

2. Dead Sea 

3. Victoria 

4. Denali

There are four oceans in the world. Following are their brief descriptions :

1. Pacific Ocean – This is the largest ocean which is spread on almost one-third part of the total surface area of the world. Its surface area is even more than the total surface area of all the seven continents. It is surrounded by Asia, North America, South America, Antarctica and Australia continents. Many important islands are v. situated here. The deepest place of the earth, the Mariana Trench, whose depth is around 11 kms, is present in this ocean. Volcanic and earthquake belts are situated at the coastal region of this ocean.

2. Atlantic Ocean – Atlantic Ocean is the world’s second largest ocean with the point of view of size. The ‘Daggar Bank’ and the ‘Grand Bank’ are the main fishing regions of this ocean. A fully submerged system of mountains, known as the Central Gorge, is present at the centre of this ocean. The North Atlantic Ocean is the world’s busiest sea route.

3. Indian Ocean – Indian Ocean is situated in the south of India. It is surrounded by continents on all its four sides. It is joined to the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Many small and big islands are situated in this ocean.

4. Arctic Ocean – This is the world’s smallest ocean which surrounds the North pole. This is the only ocean which is covered with ice.

Total government expenditure = 23,00,000 crores Share of food subsidy = 3%

Total food subsidy = 23,00,000 × 3/100 = 69,000 crores. 

2. 

• The government has assumed responsibility for supply of essential commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene etc. 
• The prices of goods sold through Public Distribution System (PDS) are less than ‘ that of the market price and the difference in price – is borne by the government. 
• So the government spends 69,000 crores on-food subsidy.

Indian Ocean has been named after our country Hindustan (which is other name of India). This ocean is surrounded by Africa and Madagascar in the west, Asia in the north, Australia in the east and Antarctica continent in the south. On the basis of size, this is the world’s third largest ocean. This ocean is connected with Pacific Ocean in the east and with Atlantic Ocean in the west. In its northern part, Arabian Sea lies in the north – west and Bay of Bengal lies in the north – east as its parts. Many islands are also present in this oceanic part, in which, Andaman and Nicobar island group, Lakshadweep, Mauritous, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, etc., are the major ones.

(b) continents and oceans

Answer is: (a) Africa

• Tax rate is same for all people i.e. 10%. 
• So Jyothi has to pay 10% of 1500 i.e., Rs. 150/- 
• Asif has to pay 10% of 8000 i.e., Rs. 800/- 
• Nithesh has to pay 10% of 30000 i.e., Rs. 3000/- This is not fair. 

This is against the progressive taxation which insists that the rate of tax has to be increased when income increases. Hence charging 20% of tax on Nithesh is quite fair.

According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax. 

Those with less well-off pay have to pay lower taxes. 

In the above example, Jyothi, Asif, and Nithesh are paying same tax of Rs. 50/- though their incomes vary a lot. Hence this type of taxation is not fair.

12% of the cost of the TV is charged as tax. The consumer pays Rs. 1,200 by way of tax.

• All producers and traders will have to keep genuine record of their sale and purchase.
• Everyone has to keep proper records and ask for bills for purchase. 
• It is only on this basis they can show the tax already paid on cost of inputs. 
• The tax inspectors will be able to match records of the seller and purchaser for verification. 
• These records and verifications in VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods.

(b) Plat eau of Tibet

1. Taxes are the compulsory payments and are the main sources of revenue for the government.

2. The taxes are broadly classified into two categories, a) Direct taxes b) Indirect taxes.

The indirect taxes are that type of taxes where tax is levied on one person but the tax burden is shifted to some other person.

e.g.: Sales tax, excise tax, customs tax, VAT, entertainment tax, etc.

• Increase in the prices of diesel and petrol leads to the increase in the cost of transportation.
• Which in turn rise the prices of important commodities.

• Ordinary food items, such as grains, pulses, oil, etc., are goods that are essentials, 
• The poor spend almost all of their income on these goods. 
• Hence imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor.

The taxes on iron and steel increase or affect the cost of other goods because they are intermediate goods.

• The increase in the price of petrol influence the every family’s expenditure.
• Raghava’s family budget on transportation is increasing from Rs. 4,500 to 4,680 due to hike in petrol prices. 
• Along with transportation important daily commodities prices also increases. 
• So, Raghava family should reduce their daily expenditure to fulfill needs. It effect on Raghava’s family very badly.

• The taxes that are directly levied on the individuals are direct taxes.
• e.g.: Income tax and corporate tax. 
• The incidence and the effect will be on the same person.

• Increase in the prices of diesel and petrol leads to the increase in the cost of transportation. 
• Which in turn rise the prices of important commodities like fruits, vegetables pulses and other food items have become more expensive.