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Parathormone regulates the calcium balance in the body. It increases blood calcium level by increasing reabsorption of calcium from bones.

Diabetes insipidus is caused by the deficiency of ADH.

Correct option is (d) Tyrosine

The blood glucose level is maintained by the joint but antagonistic action of insulin and glucagon. Insulin is hypoglycemic hormone while glucagon is hyper/glycemic hormone. 

When there is excess sugar in the blood, more insulin is secreted by the pancreatic islets. This causes the conversion of blood glucose into glycogen. This process is known as glycogenesis. This causes decline in the level of glucose in the blood.

When there is less blood glucose level then the glucagon is secreted. It causes stored glycogen to be converted into glucose. This process is called glycogenolysis.

Semicircular canals help in balancing the equilibrium of the body.

Receptors are tissues which are capable of receiving any stimuli and start the impulse which is passed to the CNS. 

Three types of receptors are: - 

1. Olfactory receptor: - They detect the smell 

2. Gustavo receptor: - They detect the taste 

3. Thermoreceptor: - they detect the temperature of the outer world. 

Receptor through sensory-motor passes the information to the spinal cord which then sends the information to the brain.

The Human brain has three parts- fore-brain, mid-brain, and hind-brain. Forebrain is the main part which is involved in thinking. It has all the sensory receptors so it receives all the sensory impulses. Different parts of fore-brain are responsible for hearing, seeing etc.

Endocrine cells of pancreas form groups of cells called Islets of Langerhans. There are four kinds of cells in islets of Langerhans which secrete hormones.

1. Alpha (α) cells : They are 20% and secrete glucagon. Glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone. It stimulates liver for glucogenolysis and increases the blood glucose level.

2. Beta (β) cells : They are 70% and secrete insulin. Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone. It stimulates liver and muscles for glycogenesis. This lowers blood glucose level. 

3. Delta (δ) cells : They are 5% and secrete somatostatin. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin. It also decreases the gastric secretions, motility and absorption in digestive tract. In general it is a growth inhibiting factor. 

4. PP cells or F cells : They form 5%. They secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP) which inhibits the release of pancreatic juice.

Correct answer is (a) Cretinism .

Correct answer is (b) gigantism

Correct option is (c) Acetyl choline

Correct answer is (b) aldosterone

1. Hormones are specifically produced in response to a certain stimulus. 

2. Depending on nature and intensity of the stimulus, the rate of secretion of a hormone varies from low to very high. 

3. Hormones are produced in one organ and show their effect on distant ‘target’ organ. The source and the target region may be distantly located. 

4. Hormones are directly poured in blood circulation and always carried through blood. 

5. Hormones are always bound to specific carrier proteins while being transported through the blood. 

6. Hormones have a high degree of target specificity. 

7. Every hormone acts basically by modifying some aspect of cellular metabolism. 

8. The excessive secretions or deficiencies- of hormones may lead to serious disorders. Such disorders are called hyper – and hypo- disorders, respectively.

Testosterone is a steroid sex hormone secreted by testes and cortex of adrenal glands. It controls the secondary sexual characters in males.

1. When Rakesh fell down from his motorbike, the inner membranes that protected his brain were meninges, viz. dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater. Morevover, CSF must have also acted as a shock absorber. 

2. Dura mater : It is the outer tough membrane protective in function. 

3. Arachnoid membrane : It is the middle web-like membrane which communicates with fluids of upper sub dural space and lower sub arachnoid space. 

4. Pia mater : It is the innermost highly vascularised nutritive membrane in close contact with brain and spinal cord.

(1) Hypersecretion is excessive secretion. In children, the hypersecretion of GH causes gigantism. In adults, it causes Acromegaly. 

(2) Hyposecretion, i.e. lesser secretion of GH in children cause dwarfism. The person is also referred to as midget. There are two types of dwarfs, viz. Frohlic dwarf who are mentally abnormal and Lorain dwarf who are mentally normal. 

(3) Hyposecretion of GH in adults cause Simmond’s disease.

Correct answer is (b) myxoedema

Polydipsia, i.e. frequent thirst and polyuria, i.e. frequent urination are the symptoms of the disease caused by hyposecretion of ADH.

Ophthalmic, Maxillary and Mandibular.

1. The surface of tongue is with gustatoreceptors. 

2. These receptors are sensitive to the chemicals [sweet, salt, sour, bitter and umami (savory)] present in the food.

3. The receptor cells get stimulated, generate the impulse which is given to the sensory neuron.

1. Sympathetic Nervous System is formed by 22 pairs of sympathetic ganglia. These ganglia are linearly arranged on two sympathetic cords. Sympathetic nerve cords run on either side of the vertebral column. 

2. Sympathetic nerve cords are connected to CNS by rami communicans of spinal nerve fibres.

3. This system works during stress, pain, anger, fear or emergency. It is supposed to bring about fight, flight or fright reactions. 

4. Action of sympathetic nervous system is dependent on adrenaline or noradrenaline. This neurotransmitter is secreted by sympathetic nervous system as an emergency hormone

Hypoglossal.

1. Hyposecretion of thyroxine in children : Cretinism. 

2. Hyposecretion of thyroxine in adults : Myoxedema.

Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline are the emergency hormones secreted by sympathetic nervous system.

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and GIPT or Gastric inhibitory peptide.

Correct answer is (c) Oxytocin

Correct answer is (d) thyroid

Steroid hormones.

1. The pituitary gland was formerly considered as a master endocrine gland, because all other endocrine glands are under the control of pituitary hormones. 

2. But now it is known that the pituitary gland itself is under the control of hypothalamus through hypo thalamo – hypophysial axis. 

3. Through various releasing factors and release inhibiting factors, the secretions of pituitary are regulated by hypothalamus. 

4. Pituitary in turn controls growth, secretion and maintenance of glands such as adrenal cortex, thyroid and gonads.

Correct answer is (d) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i

Serotonin and melatonin are hormones of pineal gland which are concerned with metabolic activities and regulation of biological rhythm respectively

• It is located near the centre of the brain, dorsal to the diencephalon.

• It produces the hormone melatonin.

• Melatonin affects reproductive development, modulation of wake and sleep patterns, and seasonal functions.

Hypersecretion of growth hormones in adults causes abnormal elongation of long bones of arms and legs and of lower jaw i.e. acromegaly.

The endocrine gland, thymus plays an important role in improving immunity.

Tastes endocrine gland is present in males but not in females.

The hormone secreted by the pineal gland is Melatonin

Because when adrenaline is secreted the blood supply to digestive system decreases and so concentration in liver decreases and whereas blood flow increases so the all undigested food concentration of glucose in blood increases.

Thymosins are hormones secreted by thymus gland which promote the production of antibodies.

Hormone secreted by pituitary gland- Growth hormone 

Function of growth hormone- This growth regulates the growth and development of body.

1. Rosa Parks wanted to sit down after the heavy work of the day. 

2. Rosa walked to the bus stop and got into a bus. 

3. She occupied a seat in the bus with the least thought of breaking any rule. 

4. She refused to give up her seat to the white passenger. 

5. The bus driver got angry.

Functional areas and status of the brain can be mapped by several imaging techniques available such as

1. MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging 

2. CT : Computed Tomography 

3. PET : Positron Emission Tomography

(i) Testes in males produces hormone testosterone. Ovaries in females produces hormone oestrogen. 

(ii)Pituitary gland present in the brain is responsible for body growth, development of bones and muscles (if excess-gigantism) (if less-dwarfism).

In plants, control and coordination is brought about by means of chemical substances called phytohormones. In addition, environmental factors like water, temperature and light, controls growth and development.

Heart secretes ANF or Atrial Natriuretic Factor.

1. EEG stands for electroencephalography. 

2. It refers to the recordings of the brain’s spontaneous electrical activities in certain period of time. 

3. These are recorded using multiple electrodes. 

4. EEG is non-invasive method and measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons. 

5. The basic concepts involved in this are similar to ECG. 

6. It is used to diagnose conditions like epilepsy, sleep disorders, encephalopathies, coma, etc.

Trigeminal, the Vth cranial nerve is called a dentist nerve.

Correct answer is (d) XI