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The oxidation number of C in CH₂O is zero

Molecular mass of carbon = 12.011 u

Molar mass of carbon = 12.011 g mol^-1

Number of carbon atoms in one mole = 6.023 x 10²³ mol^-1

Mass of 1 atom of carbon = {12.011 g mol^-1}/{6.023 x 10²³ mol^-1} = 1.99265 x 10^-23 g

1 mol of 12C atoms = 6.022×10²³ atoms = 12g

∴ Mass of 1 atom 12C = 12/6.022×10²³ g = 1.9927×10^-23 g

Correct option: (A) law of definite composition

Copper Nitrate.

Sodium chloride.

(a) The first step is to convert insoluble lead carbonate into soluble lead nitrate by treating lead carbonate with dilute nitric acid.

(b) PbCO₃ (s) + 2HNO₃(dil) ⟶ Pb(NO₃)₂ (aq) + H₂O (l) + CO₂ ↑

(c) When dilute sulphuric acid is added directly to lead carbonate, the lead sulphate thus formed will be deposited on solid lead carbonate disconnecting lead carbonate from sulphuric acid.

Sodium chloride.

i) CuO + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂O

ii)  2 KOH + H₂SO₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2 H₂O

iii) PbCO₃ + 2 HCl → PbCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂

A is calcium carbonate or calcium hydrogen carbonate. C is water and D is carbon dioxide. E is calcium carbonate and F is water.

‘A’ is acetic acid and its dilute solution is called vinegar.

a) Zn_(s) + 2HCl_(aq) → ZnCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)

b) NaOH_(aq) + HCl_(aq) → NaCl_(aq) + H₂O_(I)

c) CaCO_3(s) + 2 HCl_(aq) → CaCl_2(aq) + H₂O_(I) + CO₂ ↑ 

NaHCO_3(s) + HCl_(aq) → NaCl_(aq) + H₂O_(I) + CO_2(g) ↑

d)  CaO_(s) + 2 HCl_(aq) → CaCl_2(aq) + H₂O_(I)

e)  CO_2(g) + 2 NaOH_(aq) → Na₂CO_3(aq) + H₂O_(I)

Alkaline nature

The permanent hardness of water is due to chloride and sulphate salts of magnesium and calcium, which can be removed by adding washing soda.

1. The solution whose pH value 6 is acid and has more hydrogen ion concentration. 

2. The solution of pH value 8 is basic and has less hydrogen ion concentration.

According to Arrhenius theory acids produce H⁺ ions and bases produce OH^- ions in aqueous media. The combination of H⁺ and OH^- ions is called ‘neutralization’. Thus acids neutralize bases.

Olfactory indicators are the substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media.

Eg: Vanilla, onion.

The acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H⁺ (aq) ions in the solution. The formation of OH^- (aq) ions in the solution are responsible for the basic nature of a substance.

When a base reacts with a metal with the evolution of hydrogen gas, a salt is formed.

When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate gives the corresponding salt, carbon dioxide gas and water.

Examples of olfactory indicators : Onion, vanilla extract.

Some substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are called Olfactory indicators.

(a) Those substances whose smell (odour) changes in acidic or basic solution are called olfactory indicators, e.g. onion and vanilla. 

(b) H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ are strong acids.

Those substances whose smell (or odour) changes in acidic or basic solutions are called olfactory indicators. Onion and vanilla extracts are olfactory indicators. When a basic solution like sodium hydroxide solution is added to a cloth strip treated with onions (or onion extract), then the onion smell cannot be detected.

(a) An indicator is a ‘dye’ that changes colour when it is put in an acid or a base. The three most common indicators are: Litmus, Methyl orange and Phenolphthalein.

(b) Litmus.

(c) Red.

(a) Universal indicator is a mixture of many different indicators which gives different colours at different pH values of the entire pH scale. It is used to obtain an idea of how acidic or basic a substance is.

(b) When an acid or base solution is added to the universal indicator, it produces a new colour which is used to find the pH value of the acid or the base solution by matching the colour with the colours on pH colour chart.

(c) Green colour.

Universal indicator is a mixture of many different indications (or dyes) which give different colours at different pH values of the entire pH scale. The colour produced by the universal indicator is used to find. the pH value of acid- or base by matching the colour with the colours on pH colour chart.

Litmus solution indicator just shows us whether the given sample is acidic or basic and tells us nothing about the strength of the acid or the base. Blue litmus solution turns red under acidic conditions; red litmus solution turns blue under basic /alkaline conditions.

On the other hand, universal indicator solution tells us or depicts through its colour exactly how much strong an acid or a base is. It has different colours as reference for different pH values from 0 to 14 indicating the strength of the acid or the base.

Natural indicators- The indicators which are prepared from natural substances are known as natural indicator. 

Example – litmus, turmeric indicator.

Synthetic indicators – The artiicial indicators which are prepared in the lab are known as synthetic indicators. Example – Phenolphthalein, methyl orange etc.

i) Saturated hydrocarbons are Alkanes, So the examples are methane (CH₄), Ethane, (C₂H₆). 

ii) Cyclic compounds are cycle alkanes, eg : Cyclo propane (C₃H₆), Cycle butane (C₄H₆). 

iii) Unsaturated hydrocarbons are Aikynes, eg : Ethene (C₂H₄), Propene 

iv) The examples for functional groups are ‘ 1. Aldehyde – CHO, 2. Alcohol = OH 

v) A series of carbon compounds that differ by – CH₂ with similar chemical properties is called homologous series. eg: 1, Alkane, 2, Alkene

Types of chemical reaction

1. Combination reaction 

2. Decomposition reaction 

3. Displacement reaction 

4. Double displacement reaction.

• Be²⁺ ion has very small ionic size and therefore, it has very high charge density.
• Due to this, it has high tendency to distort the electron cloud around the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl^-) which is larger in size.
• This results in partial covalent character of the bond in BeCl₂.
• Mg²⁺ ion has very less tendency to distort the electron cloud of Cl^- due to the bigger size of Mg²⁺ as compared to Be²⁺.

Hence,

BeCl₂ is covalent while MgCl₂ is ionic.

Molecular mass of MgCl₂ (M) 

= (Atomic mass of Mg) x 1 + (Atomic mass of Cl) x 2 

= (24 x 1) + (35.5 x 2) 

= 24 + 71 

= 95

∴ Molecular mass of MgCl₂ (M) = 95

• The type of chemical bond in NaCl and MgCl₂ is ionic bond.

a) Dehydration ethanol in the presence of Cone. H₂SO₄ forms ethene.

b) Methanol on oxidation turns to methanoic acid.

c) Methane in the presence of light forms chloroform.

d) Unsaturated compounds are ethene and ethyne. 

e) The compounds containing alcohol group are methanol, ethanol.

The molecular formula of ethanol is-

C₂H₅OH

D) a → ii, b → iii, c → i

Correct Interest on drawings = Amount of drawings x Rate of interest x 6/12 

= 6000 x 10/100 x 6/12 

= 300

Assumption : The date of drawings is not given. In such case the interest should be 6 months on the whole of the amount.

Fluctuating capita method

A:M:S = 2:1:1 

Guaranteed amount of profit = 20,000 

Net Profit = 1,00,000 

Sinu’s share = 1/4 = 1,00,000x 1/4 = 25,000

Sinu should get her actual share of profit i.e. Rs. 25,000. Since her actual share of profit is more than the guaranteed amount of Rs. 20,000/-.

(a) 

1) Partnership is the relation between two or more persons. 

2) Partnership are governed by Indian Partnership Act, 1932. 

(b) Partnership deed is a written document containing the rules and regulations regarding the conduct of business. It contains.

• Name and address of the firm 
• Names and addresses of partners 
• Duration of Partnership 
• Nature of business Salary, commission etc. payable to partners 
• Profit-sharing ratio

a) Total amount withdrawn by Anwar = 2500 x 12 = 30,000 

Interest on drawings = Total drawings x Rate x Average Period 

Average period = \(\frac{12+1}{2} = 6.5\) months 

Interest on drawings = 30,000 x\(\frac{9}{100}\) x \(\frac{6.5}{12}\) = 1462.50

b)

Interest on drawings = 1,35000 x \(\frac{9}{100}\)= 12,150 

Interest for one month = 12,150 x \(\frac{1}{12}\) = 1012.50

Correct answer is (c) Interest on loan

Items which are omitted while preparing P&L Appropriation A/c can be brought into accounts through P&L adjustment a/c by passing the following entry.

Partner’s current A/c

a) Profits and losses are to be shared equally among partners. 

b) Firoz is entitled to get an interest of 6% p.a.

In India Partnerships are governed by the Indian Partnership Act 1932. The following are the rules applicable as per the Partnership Act in the absence of an agreement. 

1. Prots and Losses – Prots and losses are to be shared equally among partners. 

2. Salary or remuneration – Partners are not entitled to salary or any other remuneration.

3. Interest on capital- Partners are not entitled to interest on capital. 

4. Interest on drawings – No interest is charged on drawings made by partners. 

5. Interest on loan – partners are entitled to get an interest at 6% per annum for any loans they have given to the firm.

Partnership deed is a written document which contains the rules and regulations regarding the conduct of business. 

Contents of Partnership deed: 

1. Name and address of the firm. 

2. Name and Address of partners 

3. Nature of business 

4. Duration of partnership 

5. Capital introduced by partners 

6. Interest on capital 

7. Drawing made by partner 

8. Interest on partner drawings 

9. Salary, commission and other remunerations payable to partners

10. Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Partners.

Partnership is the result of agreement between two or more persons. The agreement may be oral or written. The written agreement is called Partnership Deed. 

It is always advisable to put the partnership agreement in writing because of the reasons given below: 

1. To avoid disputes, quarrels, and misunderstanding among the partners. 

2. To remind the partners about their rights, duties, and liabilities. 

3. To maintain healthy atmosphere to carry on business smoothly.

In the absence of agreement, partners are not entitled to interest on capital contributed by them. So Sabu’s claim is not admitted. 

1. In the absense of agreement, partners are not entitled to any salary or other remuneration.

2. In the absence of written agreement, partners are entitled to share profits equally, Here, net profit is divided equally among Sabu and Sekhar. 

Profit for the year = 50,600 

Less: Interest on Sabus loan (20000 × 6/100 × 6/12) = 600 

The actual profit = 50,000 

In the absence of agreement, partners are entitled to interest on loan (to the firm) at the rate of 6% p.a. Sabu’s share of profit = 50,000 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 25000 

Stephen’s share of profit = 50000 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 25000.

Jayaraman: 

Interest on drawings: 10,000 × 12/24 × 6/100 × 12 = Rs. 3600