Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option is (d) Human Relations Approach

Correct option is (a) Dislike work

Correct option is (c) Existence, relatedness and growth

(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong navy

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their ways of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate measures by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to protect the local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonisers.

Correct option: (d) All of the above

The Portuguese emissary who met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Gonsalo Martez.

Correct option: (a) 1667

Correct option is (a) Planning organising staffing directing controlling reporting budgeting

Correct option: (b) stop the British trade of salt

Correct option is: (c) Agyaris

लोथल के कारीगर धातुओं से दाँतरा, आरी, सूई, शारडिया, मोड़दार करवत जैसे ताँबे और कांसे के औजार बनाना जानते थे ।

• इन औजारों के उपरांत बर्तन, मूर्तियाँ, पात्र बनाए जाते थे ।
• युद्ध के लिए धातु के शस्त्र बनाते थे । गेहने बनाते थे ।
• ताँबा, पीतल, काँसा जैसी धातुओं का उपयोग बर्तन और मूर्तियाँ तथा लोहे का उपयोग हथियार बनाने में करते थे ।

The ancient Nalanda University was situated at Badgaon village of Patna district in Bihar.

• The university was divided into seven huge halls or say rooms or sections.
• There were 300 rooms for delivering lectures.
• Special monasteries were built so that students could stay in the university.
• Many villages were donated to the university so that it could survive, teach maximum students and flourish.
• Whatever the university earned from the donation of these villages it used to spend it for the free food and clothing facilities for the students.
• The area where the books were kept was known as ‘dharmgunj’.
• During 5th to 11th century BC, Nalanda was a very reputed center of learning.
• Nalanda gave more importance to Buddhism and Jainism.
• Mahavir Swami had performed fourteen chaturmas in Nalanda. Hence, this ancient university also became an important pilgrimage centre for Jains.
• In the 5th century Kumar Gupta built a monastery here. Since then fame of Nalanda increased more.
• The university had a collection of thousands of precious manuscripts.
• The university had the best of education as well as books.
• Such was the glory of Nalanda that its students were considered the ideal students of India.
• Nalanda was a pious place of Indian culture.
• Students from various parts of the country as well as world used to come here for study and research.
• The great traveller Huen-Tsang came from China to study at Nalanda in 7th century.
• While returning he took 657 books from the university.
• Today, the great university exists only in ruins. But amidst the ruins, one can visualize the glorious culture of India.

There are four Vedas in India.
(1) Rigveda: It is the oldest of all the four Vedas and hence the oldest of the Indian literature. It consists of 1028 verses. It is a wonderful work divided into 10 divisions. Most of the verses are prayers of God. These prayers were used during the yagnas. Among them, the verses that preach about worshipping Usa (The Goddess of drawn) are fascinating. This work was composed by people residing in Sapt Sindhu region.

(2) Samveda: It was composed to focus on the process of recitation of verses. Hence, it is known as the Gangotri of music.
(3) Yajurveda: It is called a veda of Yognas. It is composed in both the forms: prose and verse. This describes the hymns recited at time of Yogyas, the religious practices and rituals.
(4) Atharvaveda: It describes various types of rituals and sanskaras.

सही विकल्प है (C) 18

Pada and Prabhatiya.

Takshashila: Ancient university of Takshashila was located at Rawalpindi. It was the capital city of ancient Gandhar region. It is believed that Takshashila University got its name after the name of ‘Taksha’, the son of Bharata, brother of Lord Rama. Takshashila was a renowned center of learning during the 7th century. The university imparted education in 64 subjects. The subjects included teachings of Vedas, military science, Gajvidhya, archery, grammar, philosophy, warlord, astronomy, astrology, etc. Students were free to study the subjects of their interest.

The teacher-student ratio was 1:20. Most of the students stayed at the ashram to study and practice with guru. ‘Jivak’, the disciple of Lord Buddha, studied Ayurveda at Takshashila. Chanakya, the writer of ‘Arthashastra’ and the mentor of Chandragupta Mauiya also studied here. Moreover, students from distant places like Varanasi, Rajgriha, Mithila and Ujjain used to visit Takshashila in large numbers to study. Princess of Varanasi, Prasenjit, the king of Kaushal, the great grammarian Panini, etc. studied here. Chinese scholar Fa-Hien visited Takshashila in the beginning of 5th century.

Ancient city of Vallabhi which is presently known as Vallabhipur is located in Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Vallabhi was a very famous center of education in 7th century.

• The rulers and people of Vansh dynasty together made Vallabhi a well renowned and a huge center of education.
• It was a world-renowned university preaching knowledge of arts and science.
• Vallabhi was the center of Hinayana cult of Buddhist religion.
• Buddhist scholars like Sthirmati and Gunmati were among the most renowned and leading principals of Vallabhi University in the middle of 7th century.
• The brahmin students from the distant areas of plains of Ganga and Yamuna used to come here for higher studies. Chinese traveler ‘I-Tsang’ noted that Vallabhi competed with famous education center Nalanda.
• Vallabhi was also a capital and an international port from480AD to 775AD.
• The rulers of Vallabhi belonged to Maitrak dynasty.
• It is important to note that even though these rulers were not Buddhists, they helped the development of Vallabhi University.
• In 775 AD, the Arabs attacked Maitraks and defeated them. This led to the closure of the university.
• The university had a tradition of writing names of famous scholars on the university gate.
• Scholars passing from this university used to display their intelligence and skills to the kings and earn higher ranks in the Court.
• Knowledge, worship and a specific system of education made the university famous all over India and abroad. Hence, students from India and abroad used to come to study here. It was an international university in the real sense.
• Almost all the branches of knowledge were taught here.
• The expenses of university were taken care through the charity obtained from the kings and landlords.

Kathak dance style developed with ‘Shrungar Bhakti’ of Vaishnav community.

Saint Chaitanya started to write devotional songs in Bengali.

‘Rajatarangini’ is the first historical book of India.

‘Fatwa-e-Jahangiri’ was written by Ziauddin Barani. It is based on political theory.

Saint Eknath and Namdev wrote devotional songs in Marathi.

In Kashmir, Somdev wrote ‘Katha- Sarit Sagar’ and Kalhan wrote ‘Rajatarangini.

The medieval literature is discussed in following points:
Literature developed in North India:
During the beginning of Medieval age, the language of literature in north India was Sanskrit. Two great works were written in Kashmir namely, Somdeva’s Kathasaritsagar and Kalhana’s Rajatarangini. Rajatarangini is of great importance as it depicts the histoiy of Kashmir. It is considered as the first historical book of India. Jaydeva wrote ‘Geetgovind’.

Literature developed in Apabharams:
Those languages which did not strictly follow the norms of the Sanskrit language i.e. deviated were called Apabharams. Hindi is one such language originated from Apabharams. One of the earliest works in the form of Hindi was ‘Prithviraj Raso’ by Chandbardai. It is about the heroic deeds of Prithviraj Chauhan.

Literature developed in South India:
Sanskrit and Telugu literature got more encouragement in the region of kings of Vijayanagar. Raja Krishnadevrai, the great king of Vijayanagar wrote the ‘Amukta Malayd’. Works on Jainism in Kannada language. Poet Pampa composed ‘Adipuran’ and Vjkramarjun Vijayant’. The poet Ponna wrote ‘Shantipuran’ describing the life of 16th Jain Tirthankaras. The poet Ranna composed books namely ‘Ajitnathpuran’ and Gada Yudh’. Poet Kamban composed ‘Ramayana’ in Tamil language. Also, several other famous literary works were written in Tamil language.

Development of Indian languages during the Delhi Sultanate:
Indian languages and composition got a good encouragement during the Delhi Sultanate. During that period, two forms of Delhi language namely ‘Khadi Boli’ and ‘Brij Bhasha’ began to be used for writing literature. Many devotional songs were composed in these two languages.

Moreover, many heroic poems and stories were composed in Rajasthani language, which is similar to Hindi and Gujarati. The heroic works like ‘Alha’, Tidal’ and Visaldev Raso’were popular at the time. A book called ‘Chandrayan’ written by Mulla-Daod is the oldest book in Awadhi language.

Literature in Persian language: Persian was the language of court of Delhi Sultanate. Ziauddin Barani wrote the Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi which gives an account of the region of the Khilji and Tughluq kings. He also wrote a book on political theory called Fatwa- e-Jahangiri.

Amir Khusro was the most outstanding literary figure of the Delhi Sultanate. He was a poet, historian, mystic saint and composer of music. He did several works in Persian language. He wrote the ‘Ashiquea’, the ‘Nah’, ‘Sipiher1, the ‘Kiratual Sadayan’, the ‘Khazain-ul-Futuh’ and several other works of poetry. He also composed verses in many other languages. He wrote a number of billingual quatrains and verses in Hindi and Persian languages.

Literature in Bhojpuri and Awadhi:
Bhojpuri and Awadhi were the major dialects during those days. Kabir, the great saint and poet mainly composed his work in ‘Sadhukhadi’. Among them, Kabir’s dohas have become a part of folklore. Malik Muhammad Jayasi wrote ‘Padmavati’ in Awadhi. Tulsidas wrote ‘Ramcharit Manas’ in Awadhi.

Apart from the main languages, there were several literatures done in other languages. Some of them are discussed below:

Kritta Vasa wrote Ramayana in Bengali. Famous poet Chandidas wrote hundreds of lyrics under the patronage of the rulers. Saint Chaitanya began the tradition of writing devotional songs. Narsinh Mehta wrote devotional songs in Gujarati and Namdev and Saint Eknath in Marathi. Important developments took place in Kashmir under Zainulabidin. Under his patronage, many Sanskrit works like the ‘Mahabharata’ and Rajtarangini were translated into Persian.

Development of literature during the Mughal period:
Babar, the first Mughal ruler, was one of the most prominent Turkish poets. He wrote a valuable autobiography Tuzuk-e-Babar’ in Turkish. This was later translated into Persian under the name Babamama. Gulbadan Begum, sister of emperor Humayun, wrote ‘Humayunnama’. Jahangir wrote his great autobiography, Tuzuk-e- Jahangiri. Tulsidas and Surdas wrote during the Mughal period.

The great poet Keshavdas wrote on love and separation. Rahim’s ‘dohas’ are still popular all over India. Abul Fazl wrote the ‘Ain-e-Akbari’ and the ‘Akbamama’. Abul Fazl’s brother Faizi was great Persian Poet and he translated many Sanskrit works into Persian. Akbar had established an independent department for translation of Sanskrit works like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, the Atharvaveda, the Bhagwad Gita and the Panchatantra.

Development of literature in Urdu language:
One of the most significant developments during the medieval period was the birth of Urdu language. Urdu language produced great poets like Wali, Mir Dard, Mir Taqi mir, Nazir Akbarabadi, Abdullah Khan, Galib, Iqbal and others. Urdu prose also developed in the early 18th century when the translation of most of the historical works from Sanskrit into Urdu began. Muhammad Hussain Azad’s Darbar-e-Akbari’ is one of the best works of Urdu language.

सही विकल्प है (A) भुज

(D) B और C दोनों

‘Geetgovind’ was written by poet Jaydev. It is one of the finest poems of Sanskrit literature.

Wali, Mir Dard, Mir Taqui Mir, Nazir Akbarabadi, Asdulla Khan, Gali etc. were the great poets of Urdu.

Works in Bhojpuri and Awadhi:

During the medieval era, the regional kings gave a great impetus to regional languages and literature. Bhakti saints started preaching people in local languages i.e. dialects so that they could understand the preaching. Bhojpuri and Awadhi were the major dialects during those days. Kabir was one such great Bhakti saint and poet. The work of Kabir are chiefly composed in ‘Sadhukhadi’. Among them Kabir’s Dohas have become a part of folklore. Malik Muhammad Jayasi wrote ‘Padmavati’ in Awadhi. Tulsidas wrote ‘Ramcharit Manas’ in Awadhi. There were also many other poets and writers of Awadhi in this period.

A classical typical Tamil literary work refers to a group of three different types of works which includes:

1. ‘Ethutokoi’ (Composition of 8 poems)
2. the Tolkappiyam’ (Grammer) and
3. the ‘Patthuppattu’ (The 10 songs)

The most outstanding literary figure of the Delhi Sultanate was Amir Khusro. He was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya. He was a poet, historian, mystic saint and composer of music. He did several works in Persian language. He wrote ‘Ashiqua’, Nah’, Sipiher’, ‘Kiratual Sadayan’, ‘Khazain-ul-Futuh’ and several works of poetry. He took great pride of his being an Indian and praised India as the ‘Earthly Paradise’.

He praised India’s flora and fauna, its beauty, its architect, etc. He strongly believed that in many aspects Hinduism resembled Islam. He considered ‘Hindawali’, the Hindi spoken around the region of Delhi, his mother tonque and composed many verses in it. He also composed verses in many other languages. He wrote a number of bilingual quatrains and verses in Hindi and Persian languages.

गरबा शब्द ‘गर्भ-दीप से आया है । घड़े को रंग कर उस पर द्वीप रखकर, उसे सिर पर रखकर गोलाकार नृत्य करना गरबा है ।

• समग्र गुजरात राज्य में गरबा नवरात्रि-आसो सुद 1 से आसो सुद नवमी दरम्यान खेला जाता है ।
• आद्यपा शक्ति माँ जगदंबा की पूजा और आराधना इस पवित्र पर्व गवरी गुजबी, माताजी के गरबे गाते है ।
• सामान्य रूप से चौक या मैदान के बीच माताजी की मांडवी होती है और उसके घूमते गोलाकार बड़े भाग में तालियों के ताल और ढ़ोल के धबकारों के साथ गरबे होते है ।
• सामान्य रूप से गरबा में गानेवाले, गरबा करनेवाले और ढ़ोल के ताल गीत, स्वर और ताल प्राप्त करके दो ताली, तीन ताली और चिपटी के साथ, हाथ के हिलोरों के साथ गरबा गाया जाता है ।
• गुजरात में गरबा के उपरांत गायी जानेवाली गरबियों का संबंध कृष्ण भक्ति के साथ है ।
• गुजराती कवि दयाराम ने गोपी के भाव से श्रीकृष्ण प्रेम की रंगभरी गरबियों की रचना कर गुजराती महिलाओं के कण्ठों गुंजती कर दी ।

भुज से लगभग 140 कि.मी. दूर भचाऊ तालुके के बड़े रेगिस्तान में खरीदभेट के धोलावीरा गाम से दो किमी दूर आया हड़प्पा का समकालीन बड़ा व्यवस्थित और प्राचीन नगर प्राप्त हुआ है ।

• गुजरात के राज्य पुरातत्त्व विभाग ने, आर्कियोलोजिकल सर्वे ऑफ इण्डिया के अधिकारियों ने संशोधन किया ।
• ई.स. 1990 में रविन्द्रसिंह विस्त के मार्गदर्शन के अधीन विशेष उत्खनन हुआ है ।
• धोलावीरा के किले, मेहल तथा नगर की मुख्य दिवारों को सफेद रंग किया गया होगा उसके अवशेष प्राप्त हुए है ।
• नगर की किलेबंधी की मजबूत सुरक्षा व्यवस्था है । यह दीवार मिट्टी, पत्थर और ईंटों से बनी है ।
• यहाँ पीने का पानी शुद्ध साफ होकर आये ऐसी व्यवस्था की गयी थी जो व्यवस्था आज आधुनिक युग में भी हम नहीं कर सकते ।
• पानी की शुद्धीकरण की यह व्यवस्था अद्भूत हैं ।

भारत में समुद्री किनारा लम्बा होने से प्राचीनकाल से ही हीरा-मोती का व्यापार होता है ।

• भारत के कारीगरों द्वारा बने हीरे-मोती के आभूषणों की प्राचीन काल से ही खूब माँग रही है ।
• विश्व विख्यात कोहिनूर और ग्रेट मुघल हीरा भी भारत में मिले थे ।
• भारत के लोग आभूषणों के शौकीन होने से आभूषणों के अलावा श्रीमंत वर्ग, राजा-महाराजा और अमीर विविध हीरामोती के आभूषणों का उपयोग करते थे ।
• आभूषणों में हीरा-मोती, माणेक, पन्ना, पुखराज, नीलम आदि रत्नों का उपयोग होता था ।
• गुजरात में मोती काम का विशेष उपयोग होता था ।
• मोती के कलात्मक तोरण, मालाएँ, कलश, धरूँ, खिड़कियाँ, चौकी, विवाह के नारियल, ईढाणी, पंखे, बैल के सुशोभन के मोडिया, सींग के झालर बनाए जाते थे ।
• विश्वभर में सोना-चाँदी, मीनाकारी, कला-कारीगरों में भारत अग्रिम स्थान पर है ।
• मीनाकारी में लाल, हरा और आसमानी रंग के पत्थरों का उपयोग होता था ।
• ऐसी मीनाकारी के कौशल्यवाले कारीगर जयपुर, लखनऊ, दिल्ली, वाराणसी और हैदराबाद में विशेष पाये जाते है ।

गुजरात में आदिवासियों में होली और दूसरे त्यौहारों, विवाह, देवी-देवताओं को खुश करने के लिए और मेलों में नृत्य किया जाता है ।

• अधिकांश विवाह के नृत्य गोल-गोल घूमते, ढोल और परंपरागत मंजीरा, थापी, तूर, पावरी, तंबूरा आदि स्थानिय बोले में गायन के साथ उपयोग होते है ।
• ऐसे नृत्यों में ‘चालो’ के रूप में प्रसिद्ध नृत्य में मोर, गिलहरी, चिड़िया जैसे पक्षियों की नकल की जाती है ।
• डाँग में ‘माली की चाली’ तथा ‘ठाकर्या चालो’ नृत्य पाये जाते है ।
• जबकि भील और कोली जातियों में श्रमहारी टिप्पणी नृत्य में मोटी लकड़ी के नीचे लकड़ी के टुकड़ों पर जमीन पर मारकर ताल द्वारा समूह नृत्य किये जाते है ।

Correct option is (4) Manimekhalai

Work in Gujarati literature existed since the ancient times. With time, Gujarati language developed and many literary works were composed. Narshin Mehta, Mirabai, Dayaram, Premhand, Pritam and others were among the most important persons who made the heritage of Gujarati literature quite renowned. These people composed beautiful verses, songs, garba, narrative poems and chhappas, etc. Later, scholars like Narmad, Navalram, Kishorilal Mashruwala, Mahipatram, Pannalal Patel, Umashanker Joshi, Mahipatram Ruparam Nilkanth, Goverdhanram Tripathi and other enriched Gujarati lierature with their works.

The poets Pampa, i.e., Ponna and Ranna are known as The Trio’ of Kannada literature.

Poet Pamp composed ‘Adipuran’ and ‘Vikramarjun Vijayant’. The poet Ponna wrote ‘Shantipuran’ describing the life of 16th Jain tirthankar. The poet Ranna composed two books, i.e., ‘Ajitnathpuran’ and ‘Gada Yudh.

गुजरात में निम्नलिखित गुफाएँ प्राप्त हुई है:

(1) जूनागढ़ गुफाएँ : जूनागढ़ में तीन गुफाओं का समूह प्राप्त हुआ है ।

(i) बावाप्यारा का गुफासमूह : यह गुफा बावाप्यारा के मठ के पास आयी है । ये गुफाएँ तीन क्रम में और लगभग समकोण में जुड़ी है । पहले क्रम में चार, दूसरे क्रम में सात और तीसरे क्रम में पाँच गुफाएँ प्राप्त हुई है । कुल 16 गुफाएँ है । वे ई.सन् के आरंभ की दूसरी-पहली सदी के दरमियान बनाई गयी है ।

(ii) ऊपरकोट की गुफाएँ: ये गुफाएँ दो मंजीलें थी, नीचे-ऊपर जाने की सोपान श्रेणी है । ऊपरकोट की गुफाएँ ई.स. दूसरी सदी के उत्तरार्द्ध से चौथी सदी के पूर्वार्द्ध तक बनाई गयी है ।

(iii) खापरा कोडिया की गुफाएँ – कुंड उपर की गुफाएँ : ये गुफाएँ मंजीलोंवाली होती होगी ऐसा प्राप्त अवशेषों से पता चलता है । इन गुफाओं में कुल 20 स्तंभ है । इस गुफा का निर्माण ई.स. की तीसरी सदी में होने का अनुमान है ।

(2) खंभालीडा गुफा: राजकोट से 70 कि.मी. दूर भावनगर जिले में ई.स. 1959 में ये गुफाएँ प्राप्त हुई थी । इनमें तीन गुफाएँ विशेष है । बीच की गुफा स्तूपयुक्त, चैत्याग्रह, प्रवेश मार्ग के उभय तरफ वृक्ष के सहारे खड़ी बौद्धिसत्व और कुछ उपासकों की बड़ी आकृतियाँ दूसरी-तीसरी सदी की है ।

(3) तलाजा गुफा: शेāजी नदी के मुख के पास भावनगर जिले में तलाजा का पर्वत आया हुआ है । यह ‘ताल ध्वजगिरि’ तीर्थधाम के रूप में प्रसिद्ध है । पत्थरों को खोदकर 30 गुफाओं की रचना की गयी है । इन गुफाओं की स्थापत्य कला में विशाल दरवाजा है । सभाखंड और चैत्यगृह सुरक्षित और स्थापत्य की दृष्टि से उत्कृष्ट है । बौद्ध धर्म के स्थापत्यों से इन गुफाओं का निर्माण ईसवीसन की तीसरी सदी में हुआ था ।

(4) साणा गुफा – गिर सोमनाथ जिले के उना तालुके के बांकीया गाँव के पास रूपेण नदी पर साणाना पर्वतों पर ये गुफाएँ है । साणा पर्वत पर मधपुड़ा की तरह 62 गुफाएँ है ।

(5) ढांक गुफा: राजकोट जिले में उपलेटा तालुका के ढ़ाँक गाँव में ढंकगिरि आया हुआ है । ढाँक की गुफाएँ चौथी सदी के पूर्वार्द्ध की है ।

(6) झींझुरीझर: ढांक के पश्चिम में सात किमी के अंतर में सिदसर के पास झींझुरीझर की घाटी में कुछ बौद्ध गुफाएँ है । ई.स. की पहली और दूसरी सदी में ये बनी थी ।

(7) कच्छ की खापरा कोडिया की गुफाएँ: कच्छ के लखतर तालुका में जूना पाटगढ के पास पर्वत में ये गुफाएँ स्थित है । इसमें कुल दो गुफाएँ है । के. का. शास्त्री ने ई.स. 1967 में इन गुफाओं को खोजा था ।

(8) कंडिया पर्वत गुफा : भरूच जिले के चट्टान में से जघडीया तालुके में कडिया पर्वत की तीन गुफाएँ प्राप्त हुई है : ये गुफाएँ बौद्ध धर्म की है । एक ही पत्थर में तरासकर 11 फूट गहरा एक सिंह स्तंभ है । स्तंभ के सिरेवाले भाग में दो शरीरवाली और एक मुँहवाली सिंहवाली आकृति है ।

(b) Amir Khusro was a great scholar of Turkey language.

Alha, Udal and Visaldev Raso are the heroic works of Rajasthani language.

Khadi Boli and Brij Boli are the two forms of Hindi language during the period of Delhi Sultanate.

ई.स. 1922 में सर जॉन मार्शल और कर्जन मेक के मार्गदर्शन के अधीन रखालदास बेनर्जी और दयाराम सहानी नामक भारतीय पुरातत्त्वविदों ने सिंध में खुदाई के आधार पर निम्नानुसार नगर के तत्त्व पाए जाते है ।

(1) मार्ग:

• इस नगर की रचना का विशिष्ट लक्षण यहाँ के मार्ग है ।
• यहाँ के मार्ग 9.75 मीटर चोड़े थे ।
• छोटे-बड़े मार्गों समकोण पर मिलते थे ।
• एक से अधिक वाहन गुजरे इतने चौड़े थे ।
• रास्ते के आसपास रात्रि प्रकाश के लिए खंभे होते है ।
• नगर के मार्ग सीधे और चौड़े होते थे, कहीं भी मोड़ नहीं थे ।
• दो राजमार्ग होते है । एक मार्ग उत्तर से दक्षिण और दूसरा पश्चिम की तरफ जाता है । दोनों मार्ग मध्य में समकोण पर मिलती है ।

(2) गटर योजना:

गटर योजना इस नगर की विशिष्टता रही है ।

• यह गटर योजना समकालीन सभ्यताओं में भूमध्य सागर के क्रीट नगर के अलावा कहीं नहीं थी ।
• नगर में से गंदा पानी के निकास के गटर बनाए जाते है ।
• प्रत्येक मकान में एक खार कुआ होता था ।
• ऐसी सुव्यवस्थित गटर योजना से लगता है कि उस समय सफाई की कार्यक्षम व्यवस्था होती थी ।
• इसको देखकर लगता है कि उस समय प्रजा के स्वास्थ्य और सफाई का कितना ध्यान रखा जाता था ।

The dohas of Kabir have become a part of folk-literature. The dohas are composed in Sadhukhadi’s language.

Persian was the court language of Delhi Sultanet.

सही विकल्प है (D) सोमनाथ

सही विकल्प है (B) 1922

सही विकल्प है (A) वायव्य