Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Corrosion phenomenon responsible for this process.

The radiations from the Sun that are absorbed by ozone layer is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation causes skin damage, in some cases the DNA damage causes genetic mutations. Prolonged exposure of UV radiation which can lead to skin cancer. Long exposure to eyes causes cataract.

Methods to prevent Rancidity:

(i) Refrigeration of cooked food at low temperatures.

(ii) Packing of food materials in air tight containers.

(iii) By adding antioxidants e.g., BFIA (Butylated hydroxyanisole

When fats and oils are oxidised, the food becomes rancid i.e., their smell and taste changes. The type of chemical reaction is oxidation.

Definition: Rancidity is the process of slow oxidation of oil and fat present in the food materials resulting in the production of foul odour and taste in them.

Fungi are useful

1.  Fungi as food: Mushrooms and morels are rich in protein vitamin and mineral contents so used at food.

2.  Fungi as decomposers: Since most of them are saprophytes they decompose dead organic matter and help in recycling.

3.  Fungi in drug industry : Many fungi are used in drug industry to extract useful antibiotics. Penicillin is a wonderful antibiotic extracted from Penicillium notatum.

4. Fungi and biological control: Several parasitic nematodes are controlled by fungi.

The answer is a. Chitin 

Corrosion: It is a process of slow and gradual conversion of a metal into its undesirable compounds (sulphides, carbonates, oxides, etc.) by the attack of air and moisture (water) present in the atmosphere.
For example,reddish brown coating on iron, black coating on silver and green coating on copper are some examples of corrosion of iron, silver and copper respectively. Corrosion of iron is known as rusting.

The answer is  d. One 

b. Upper oogonium and lower antheridium on the same plant

When the food items are kept for a long period, the fats and oils present in them get oxidised and their smell and taste change. They become rancid and so the process is called rancidity.
For example, rancid (decaying) flavour or smell in old cooking oil.

The versatility of carbon can be explained in the following ways: 

(a) Catenation: 

The self-linking capacity of an element is referred to as catenation. Carbon can form long straight chains, branched chains, or ring structures by bonding with other carbon atoms. No other element exhibits catenation up to this extent. Carbon can link with other carbon atoms using single, double or triple bonds. 

(b) Tetravalency: 

Carbon has a valency of 4. It is satisfied by forming bonds with 4 other monovalent atoms. Carbon can also form multiple bonds (double or triple bonds) with atoms like oxygen and nitrogen. The bonds formed are highly stable and thus forms stable compounds.

Carbon is a versatile element because it forms covalent bonds with large number of elements and has catenation capacity to form compounds by chain of bonds with 

Pancreas secretes insulin hormone.

Correct option is B) Thalamus

Let us hold a Dhatura flower by its stalk. This stalk is green in colour and has a slightly swollen head. This is called thalamus. It is the seat on which the parts of a flower are present.

1. If we remove the tube of fused sepals in the flower carefully we see 

2. There is a funnel shaped corolla. This is formed of fused petals.

(a) crop

(b) preparation

(c) float

(d) water, nutrients

Soyabean pulse contains highest amount of protein.

Correct answer is (d) Gram

Sonalika, Kalyan Sona.

This is a scientific method to obtain lac. The harm to the next crop is minimized by this method because lac is obtained at different stages. Research for production of lac is being continuously carried out at Indian Lac Research Institute Ranchi, Jharkhand.

This method is quite old and unscientific. This method is used by tribal people. In this method, the lac tree is chopped to obtain lac. This method destroys lac insects which damages the next crop.

(d) Tertiary xylem

Plant fibres are very important for us. Different parts of plants make thick-walled structures which are utilized to make clothes, ropes, bags, etc. 

These thick-walled structures are called fibres. Some fibre yielding plants are as follows:

•  Jute (Corchorus capsularis): Jute is a coarse fibre which comes from jute plants. Stem of jute plant is treated and processed to obtain fibre. Jute is used for making ropes, gunny sacks, mattresses, carpets, etc.
•  Sanai (Crotolaria juncea): Sanai too is a coarse fibre and comes from the stem of plant. Sanai is used for making ropes, gunny sacks, etc.
•  Coconut (Cocos mucifera): Fibre from cocondt plant is called coir. Coir is used for making ropes and mattresses.

Three types of honeybee are found in a beehive. 

They are as follows:

(a) Queen bee

(b) Worker

(c) Drones

Timber plays important role in fulfilling the need for house which is one of the three fundamental needs of humAnswer:The tertiary xylem formed in perennial plants which belong to gymnosperms and angiosperms. This tertiary xylem is called wood. Wood is utilized for making furniture, windows, doors, etc. Wood used for making these items is also called timber. 

Some timber producing trees are as follows:

1. Teak (Tectona grandis): High quality furniture is made from teak.

2. Shaal (Shorea robusta): Used for making furniture, doors and windows.

3. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo): Used for making furniture, doors and windows.

4. Rohira or Marwar Teak (Tecomella undulata): Rohira is the state flower of Rajasthan

5. Khejri (Prosopsis cineraria): This tree has been given the status of the State Tree of Rajasthan.

6.Deodar (Cedrus deodara) : Used as ayurvedic medicine.

1.(i) Oil and Natural Gas Corporation – Oil and natural gas exploration and production . 

  (ii) Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL) – Steel production.

  (iii) Aarey – Dairy and dairy products. 

 (iv) Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) – Electric locomotive manufacturing.

 (v) Maharashtra Agro Industries Development Corporation (Limited) MAIDC – Production of pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed, agro-engineering (introducing new kinds of farm implements, sale and repair of tractors, harvesters etc.) and processing food (like jams, jellies and sauces)

 (vi) Khadi and Village industries Commission (KVIC)-Establishment and development of khadi and village Industries in rural areas. 

 (vii) Central Silk Board (CSB) – Silk production. 

 (viii) Rashtriya Chemical and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF) Chemical and fertilizer production

2.

3.(i) Iron ore, coal, limestone etc.: Chhota Nagpur plateau area of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra etc. 

(ii) Natural Gas: Krishna-Godavari Basin. Mumbai High, in Arabian Sea

(iii) Mineral Oil: Mumbai High in Arabian sea, Digboi in Assam, Ankleshwar in Gujarat.

 (iv) Milk: Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Maharashtra, Punjab, Gujarat etc.

 (v) Cotton: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh. 

(vi) Silk: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir.

The boundaries of the Punjab territory varied from time to time throughout its history:

1. According to the Rig-Veda, the boundaries of Punjab included the regions covered by the rivers Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj and Saraswati.
2. During the Mauryan and Kushaii periods, the boundaries of Punjab extended upto Hindukush mountain ranges and Taxila.
3. During the Sultanate period (1206-1526), the boundaries of Punjab extended from Lahore to Peshawar. During the Mughal period (1526-1707), the Punjab was divided into two provinces, namely, Lahore Suba and Multan Suba.
4. During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the boundaries of Punjab extended from the river Satluj to Peshawar.
5. The British named the territory of Lahore kingdom of Maharaja Dalip Singh (son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) as the Punjab after annexing it to the British Indian Empire.
6. After the partition of India, a major part of die Punjab was transferred to Pakistan.
7. On the basis of language, Punjab was divided into three states, namely Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

1. Chipko movement brought about the issues of ecological depletion.

2. The BKU farmers organization complained a neglect of the agricultural sector.

3. Dalits led the mass struggle against social and material conditions.

4. Anti-arrack movement focused on negative fallouts of what was considered development.

The following are the main four benefits of the Himalayan mountains:

1. The rivers of Himalayas flow during the whole year. They make the land of the Punjab fertile.
2. There are dense forests in the Himalayan mountains. These forests provide many herbs and large quantities of wood.
3. The high snow-covered peaks of the Himalayas protect India from the attacks of foreign invaders from the North.
4. The Himalayan mountains check the monsoon winds and help in bringing rains.

The Punjab was called Saptsindhu during the Vedic period of Indian history. During that period, Punjab was a region of seven rivers.

NFF had organized a nationwide strike in July 2002 to protest in giving Fish Catching license to Foreign Companies by the Government.

The government policies of economic liberalization opened up India’s waters to large commercial vessels including multinational fishing companies which threatened the local fish workers who came together on a national level platform in the form of organization ‘National Fishworkers Forum’ needed by fish workers from Kerala.

‘Chipko Movement’ was an environment protection movement which started from the State of Uttarakhand.

The four main tribes were the Aryans, Sakas, Greeks and Kushans.

The people of the plains of Punjab are prosperous. For Punjab, its plains were like a stage, where the drama of history was played. They are spread between the river Indus in the North-West and river Yamuna in the South-East.

These plains are counted among the most fertile plains in the world:

(A) The two regions of the Plains: The plains of Punjab are divided into two regions: The Eastern -plain and the Western Plain. The plains surrounded by Yamuna and Ravi rivers are called the Eastern plains. They are very fertile. They are also densely populated. The plains between Ravi and Indus rivers are called Western plains. They are less fertile as compared to the Eastern Plains.

(B) Five Doabs: The word ‘Doab’ is a Persian word which means two waters or two rivers. Hence, the territory between two rivers is called Doab. The plains of Punjab consist of five Doabs. It was during the reign of Akbar that Punjab was divided according to the boundaries of its Doabs for the first time and since then its administrative boundaries have been retained. The naming of each Doab is quite interesting and done on a very scientific basis. The name of a Doab is formed by joining the first letters of those two rivers between which the plain to be named is situated.

The description of these Doabs is as follows:

1. The Sindh Sagar Doab: The region situated between the rivers Indus and Jhelum is called the Sindh Sagar Doab. It is not a very fertile region. Jhelum and Rawalpindi are the important cities of this Doab.
2. Rachna Doab: This area situated between the rivers Ravi and Chenab is quite fertile. The important towns of this Doab are Gujranwala and Shekhupura.
3. Bist-Jalandhar Doab: This Doab consists of the plains situated between the rivers Beas and Satluj. It is a very fertile area. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur are the leading cities of this Doab. It is also the most popular Doab. Its popularity can be judged from the fact that its local people mean to talk about Punjab whenever they use the single word Doab or Bist-Jalandhar Doab.
4. Bari Doab: The territory between the rivers Beas and Ravi is called the Bari Doab. It is also a fertile region. It is popular as Majha as it refers to central location of the area in the Punjab. The two most famous cities of Punjab, namely, Amritsar and Lahore, are situated in this Doab.
5. Chaj Doab: The territory between the Chenab and Jhelum is called Chaj Doab. The important cities of this Doab are Gujarat, Bhera and Shahpur.

(C) Malwa and Bangar: The wide plain situated between the rivers Satluj and Yamuna is a part of Punjab. The plain can be divided into two parts namely, Malwa and Bangar.

1. Malwa: The area extending from the banks of river Satluj to the banks of river Yamuna is called Malwa. Ludhiana, Patiala, Nabha, Sangrur, Faridkot, Bhatinda etc. are the prominent cities of Malwa. The area is known in Punjab as Malwa and the people belonging to this area are called Malwais. The area got its name from the name of a republican tribe called Malava, which lived here during the ancient period of Indian history.
2. Bangar or Haryana: This region extends from river Ghaghar to river Yamuna. Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Rohtak, Karnal, Gurgaon, Faridabad and Hissar are the prominent cities of this area. This area has. great historical importance because numerous battles which influenced the course of Indian history, were fought here.

The five passes of the North-West mountain ranges are —Khyber, Tochi, Gomal, Kurram and Bolan.

‘Chipko Movement’ was led by Mrs. Gaura Devi, who was the Head of the organization of Village Women.

Urban Educated Dalit youths created an organization known as Dalit Panthers to combat caste based atrocities against Dalits and work for their (Dalits) upliftment.

(i) Farmers related to BKU grew cash crops for the market while other farmers in India engaged in subsistence agriculture.

(ii) They were from prosperous community and belonged to the same region, but other farmers were not so.

NFF is a national forum of local organizations of Fishermen.

The landscape of Punjab had numerous features. The boundaries df Punjab make a triangle. They extend from the Himalayas in the north o Sindh and to Rajasthan in the south. They touch the Sulaiman mountain ranges in the west and in the opposite direction in the east, reach upto river Yamuna.

The Himalayas and North-West Mountains: The description of the geographical features of the Punjab is as follows:

(A) The Himalayas: There are a number of Himalayan ranges in Punjab. There are many important valleys in these ranges. The average width of Himalayan ranges in the Punjab is 250 kilometres. However, these ranges are not very high.

These ranges can be divided into three parts on the basis of their average height, which are:

1. the Great Himalayas,
2. the Middle Himalayas and
3. the Outer Himalayas.

1. The Great Himalayas: In the east, the mountain ranges of the Great Himalayas reach upto Nepal and Tibet. In its western part, it is again called the Great Himalayas. The Great Himalayas separate the Punjab regions of Lahul-Spiti and the strict of Kangra from Kashmir. The scenic Kulu Valley and Rohtang Pass are situated in these ranges. These ranges rise from 5851 metres to 6781 metres. These mountain ranges are always covered with snow.

2. The Middle Himalayas: They are popularly known as the Pangi mountain ranges. These ranges start from Rohtang Pass. They cover the valleys of Chamba and Dharamshala. They extend from Kashmir to the districts of Rawalpindi, Gujrat and Jhelum. These ranges rise upto a height of 923 metres and are called ‘Mountains of Dholadhar’.

(B) North-West Mountains: The North-West Mountains form the western part of the Himalayas in Punjab. These mountains include the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges. They have not high rising ranges. The most important feature of these ranges is the presence of a number of passes in them which link India with the other parts of Asia. Among these passes, the Khyber Pass is the most important. It is 1100 metres above the sea level and links Kabul with Peshawar. It remained a major entry point to India for the invaders. Apart from Khyber, there are Kurram, Tochi, Gomal and Bolan Passes. All these Passes are to the south of Khyber and link Afghanistan with India. The Bolan Pass is in the south extreme of the Sulaiman Mountain range from where begins the Kirthar Mountain range. Bolan Pass is a wider pass. It permits transit between Quetta City and Afghanistan.

Women played important role in ‘Chipko Movement’.

BKU means Bharatiya Kisan Union. It was prominent Farmer’s organisation of Haryana and Western UP in 1980s.

Fisheries is a part of State list.

The two main demands of BKU were:

a. Increase the purchase price of Wheat and Sugarcane by the Government agencies.

b. Remove interstate restriction on the Agricultural products.

Chipko Movement was the mass-movement.

The BKU were protesting against World Trade Organisation.

‘Dalit Panthers’ led a Dalit movement in Maharashtra.