Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(a) Brunner’s glands are present in the submucosa of stomach and secrete pepsinogen

Pepsinogen is activated by HCl.

(b) Duodenum

(d) Pancreatic juice

Protein I enzyme is absent in Bile.

(c) Intestinal juice

Degree of obesity is assessed by body mass index (BMI). A normal BMI range for adult is 19 – 25; above 25 is considered as obese. BMI is calculated as body weight in Kg, divided by the square of body height in meters. For example, a 50 Kg person with a height of 160 cms would have a BMI of 19.5.

That is BMI = 50 / 1.62= 19.5

It is caused due to the storage of excess of body fat in adipose tissue. It may induce hypertension, atherosclerotic heart disease and diabetes. Obesity may be genetic or due to excess intake of food, endocrine and metabolic disorders.

Correct Answer is : (c) Parasitic

Crown of teeth is covered by Enamel.

Tartar/calculus/plaque.

(c) (a) and (b) both

(d) Cementum

Sir. M. Vishveshwaraiah established the Kannada Sahitya Parishad in 1915 at Mysuru.

B) TATA – Motors – Private sector enterprise

1. Though the human activities are a major cause behind climate change, there are some natural causes for climate change. They are as follows: 

2. Importance of the ocean is increasing day by day in various ways, human dependence on oceans is likely to increase manifold in the days to come. 

3. Nowadays, the oceanic waters are getting polluted on a large scale. 

4. This causes deterioration of the natural quality of ocean water. 

5. The leakages of oil from oil transporting ships, oil extraction from coastal areas, disposal of solid waste containing radioactive matter, atomic tests etc., are causing large scale pollution of oceanic waters. 

6. The effluents brought by river discharges, the disposal of waste from coastal cities, the waste from industries and many other similar factors are polluting the oceanic waters.

7. As a result, the very existence of marine life is threatened.

C) interdependent

1. The continental shelves contain the world’s largest reservoirs of natural oil and gas. 

2. The other deposits like diamonds, chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, platinum, gold and phosphorite are also found. 

3. Sand, gravel aggregates and industrial silica sand are the most important of hard minerals now extracted in the near offshore zone. 

4. The abyssal plains are often littered with nodules of manganese containing varying amounts of iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. 

5. The most common resources obtained from oceans are sodium chloride i.e. common salt. 

6. A large number of metallic and nonmetallic minerals are found on the ocean floor, e.g., potassium occurs in large quantities. 

7. Gypsum forms during evaporation of sea water. The gypsum deposits are mined and converted into Plaster of Paris and used for construction.

8. The most important minerals extracted from the sea floor are mineral oil and natural gas.

(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

1. Ocean tourism is developed along the coastal areas of seas and oceans. 

2. Ocean tourism comes in many forms like cruises, scuba-diving, fishing, beach tourism, etc. Such activities are increasingly becoming popular. 

3. Generally, water sports activities such as scuba diving, surfing, water skiing, etc., are developed along the coastline. For example, sport activities along the coast of Goa. 

4. There is beautiful scenery along the coastline due greenery of trees along the coast, huge waterbody of sea or ocean, clean air and coolness due to nearness to water, therefore many resorts, hotels, marina, etc., are developed and coastal areas have become popular for tourism.

For example, tourism along Konkan coastline. The cruise tourism is also increasing.

1. Generally, a state’s exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than 370 km out from its coastal baseline. 

2. The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 740 km apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.

3. The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial water, which ends at 22 km from the coastal baseline if following the rules set out in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea). Thus, the exclusive economic zones include the contiguous zone. 

4. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 650 km from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones. 

5. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone. 

6. The idea of allotting nations with EEZs is to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits, gained acceptance in the late 20th Century.

(b) Only R is correct.

Ocean tourism is developed along the coastal areas of seas and oceans-

Ocean tourism comes in many forms like cruises, scuba-diving, fishing, beach tourism, etc. Such activities are increasingly becoming popular. 

Generally, water sports activities such as scuba diving, surfing, water skiing, etc., are developed along the coastline. For example, sport activities along the coast of Goa. 

There is beautiful scenery along the coastline due greenery of trees along the coast, huge waterbody of sea or ocean, clean air and coolness due to nearness to water, therefore many resorts, hotels, marina, etc., are developed and coastal areas have become popular for tourism. For example, tourism along Konkan coastline. The cruise tourism is also increasing.

Our knowledge regarding the oceanic trenches is limited because-

1. At places, deep, narrow and steeply sloping depressions are found on the ocean floor. These are called ocean deeps or ocean trenches. 

. Generally, the shallow ones are called deeps whereas deeper ones are called ocean trenches. The oceanic trenches are the deepest parts of the oceans.

3. These trenches can be thousands of meters deep. For example, The Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is around 11 km deep while the Java Trench in the Indian Ocean is around 7.7 km deep. 

4. They generally occur along plate boundaries and are associated with active volcanoes and strong earthquakes. 

5. The knowledge of ocean trenches is limited because of their depth and their remoteness.

Like the land, there are landforms below the ocean too because-

1. Continental shelf is mere continuation of coastal plain, sloping gently, they resemble gently sloping low-lying areas. 

2. As there are plains formed on the surface, similar feature in form of extensive flat land is found on the ocean floor, they are called abyssal plains.

3. Mountains and ranges are found on the earth’s surface, as seamounts and ridges are found as part of ocean floor. For example, Mid-Indian Ridge.

4. Some oceanic ridges have flat and extensive tops, they are called oceanic plateaus. For example, Chagos Plateau in the Indian Ocean. 

5. V shaped valleys on the surface of the earth are similar to the deep, narrow and steep sloping depressions, they are called deeps or sea trenches. For example, Kuril Trench in Pacific Ocean in Japan. 

6. Many canyons and gorges are also found on the earth’s surface and in the oceans too.

The ocean is a storehouse of minerals because-

1. The continental shelves contain the world’s largest reservoirs of natural oil and gas. 

2. The other deposits like diamonds, chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, platinum, gold and phosphorite are also found. 

3. Sand, gravel aggregates and industrial silica sand are the most important of hard minerals now extracted in the near offshore zone. 

4. The abyssal plains are often littered with nodules of manganese containing varying amounts of iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. 

5. The most common resources obtained from oceans are sodium chloride, i.e., common salt. 

6. A large number of metallic and nonmetallic minerals are found on the ocean floor, e.g., potassium occurs in large quantities.

7. Gypsum forms during evaporation of sea water. The gypsum deposits are mined and converted into Plaster of Paris and used for construction. 

8. The most important minerals extracted from the sea floor are petroleum and natural gas.

Osmoregulation (water balance).

A fine cytoplasmic canal lined by plasma membrane and has ER.

Mg²⁺ ions help in association of two ribosomal sub-units.

Modern cell theory is also known as cell doctrine or cell principle. 

This theory states that: 

(i) The bodies of all living beings are made up of cells and their products. 

(ii) Cells are the structural and functional units of living organisms. 

(iii) Life exists only in cells because all the activities of life are performed by cells. 

(iv) Each cell maintains its individuality. It has a specific internal environment and homeostasis. 

(v) Growth of an organism involves the growth and multiplication of its cell. New cells arise from pre-existing cells through division.

Glycocalyx is the outermost mucilage layer of the cell envelope which consists of noncellulosic polysaccharides with or without proteins in prokaryotic cells.

Oxidases and catalases.

The two subunits of ribosomes are larger and smaller subunits.

The plant cell wall is a complex matrix of linked polysaccharides such as cellulose and pectin, forming a thick semi permeable rigid barrier outside the plasma membrane.

General Characters

• Viruses are non cellular, so they do not possess, Cellwall, plasma membranes, cytoplasmic organells.
• They are ultramicroscopic.
• They can be crystallized and stored inside bottle still they retain the capacity of infection.
• All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
• Chemically they have outer protein coat and inner core of genetic material DNA or RNA.
• Viruses multiply inside suitable host cells by the process of replication.
• Viruses are resistant to anibiotics.
• They undergo mutation.

Short extensions are cilia; long extensions are flagella. Cilia are short and numerous. Hair like cilia beat like tiny oars or pedals. Flagella are much longer, fewer and bring about whip-like lashing movement.

Golgi apparatus.

Plasmalemma or plasma membrane or cell membrane is a biomembrane that occurs on the outside of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Based on nutrition bacteria are classified into following types.

(1) Autotrophic bacteria : They synthesize their own food. They are further classified into two types ;

(A) Photoautotrophic bacteria :

They are autotrophs and synthesize their food by absorbing light energy. They contain bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriocidin to absorb light energy.

Example: Green sulphur bacteria like chlorobium, purple sulphur bacteria like chromatium. These bacteria use H₂S as their source of hydrogen, so O₂ is not liberated.

(B) Chemoautotrophic bacteria: 

They are autotrophs, utilizes (utilises) chemical energy for the food synthesis. They get chemical energy by the oxidation of chemical substances of nature. Example: Nitrifying bacteria, sulphur bacteria etc.

(2) Hetero trophic bacteria: They do not synthesize their own food but obtain food by two methods.

• Saprophytic method.
• Parasitic method.

The bacteria obtain their food by feeding on dead organic matter are called saprophytic bacteria. The bacteria obtain their food by living inside or outside the body of other organisms are called parasitic bacteria.

Microscopic free-floating plants or animal organisms of water are called planktons.

Lysosome is called as 'suicidal bags' of the cell.

Bacteria act as natures scavengers and play a vital role in the process of decay.

Bacteria are industrially important i.e. dairy, leather, curing, retting, etc.

They enhance soil fertility by their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.

They are used to reduce pollution levels in water especially breakdown of hydrocarbons like petroleum.

Bacteria play a vital role in the hydrometallurgical industries for the extraction of metals from their ores.

Bacteria are widely used for gene manipulation in genetic engineering experiments.

• Nostoc species are useful to increase soil fertility. They fix atmospheric nitrogen. The heterocysts contain nitrogenase enzyme that helps for nitrogen fixation. So they are called biofertilizers.
• The balls of Nos toe commune a reused as food by Chinese and South Americans. Nostoc species are oxygenic like other blue-green algae. So O₂ released during photo. synthesis.contributing to the O₂ content of the atmosphere.