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Correct answer is (a) Static load

Explanation: The static load is CONSTANT for a particular machine and it plays MINOR role in the design of a machine Foundation. The foundation AREA should be sufficient to TAKE up this load.

Right OPTION is (b) Raft foundation

The best explanation: The raft is DESIGN as an INVERTED RCC roof with uniformly distributed LOAD of soil pressure and supported by WALLS, beams and columns. This method consists of providing and RCC slab of suitable thickness and with necessary reinforcement with help in increasing the bearing power of soil.

Right CHOICE is (b) Piles

To explain I would say: Pile foundations are most appropriate when the loading of the structure is uneven. Piles are DRIVEN DEEP into the ground up to the hard Strata which helps to distribute the load EVENLY.

The correct choice is (c) END BEARING pile

For EXPLANATION: End bearing pile is used to transfer load through water or soft soil to a suitable bearing stratum. Such types of FOUNDATIONS are used in clay soil or marshy soil.

Correct CHOICE is (d) 30°

Best EXPLANATION: The HORIZONTAL spacing between two footing in case of average soil is adjusted by keeping the angle of inclination is 45°. The horizontal spacing of to footing its adjusted in such a way that the edge of bottom of new footing is not intersected by this LINE.

Correct choice is (c) Concrete

Explanation: To MAKE the foundation safe, such cavities or wells are need to be filled to AVOID uneven settlement in future. If the CAVITY is small, it is filled with concrete. But if the cavity is large enough to make the feeling of concrete EXPENSIVE, a SUITABLE arch should be provided.

The correct CHOICE is (b) Timber grillage

Easiest explanation: Timber Grillage FOUNDATION uses Timber planks and Timber beams in the place of STEEL joists. This Foundation is specially USEFUL in waterlogged AREAS where the bearing power of soil is very low.

The correct option is (d) Withdrawal of moisture from the sub-SOIL

Easy EXPLANATION: When withdrawal of moisture from the sub-soil takes PLACE i.e. water table falls, the soil particles loses Cohesion and hence, there is a shrinkage of soil, RESULTING in the cracks to the BUILDINGS.

Correct OPTION is (a) Simple STRIP FOOTING

The best explanation: In this case, the width of the footing would be very low. In this type of footing, the wall directly RESTS on the concrete base and no masonry offset are provided since spread is not REQUIRED.

Right option is (d) Raft foundation

The explanation is: The design of raft foundations require careful attention. USUALLY, the raft is so shaped and PROPORTIONED, wherever POSSIBLE, that the centre of gravity of the imposed LOAD is vertically under the centre of area of BEARING ground.

The correct choice is (C) Footing

To explain: Such spread is known as footing and the foundation is known as spread footing. Footing which contains STEPS or off sets and it is also referred to as the STEP footing. If the wall rests directly on foundation CONCRETE without any step, it is known as the simple footing.

Correct ANSWER is (c) 30°

The best I can explain: The depth of FOOTING should also be such that the rate of ANGLE of spread of the load from the WALL base to the outer edge of ground bearing does not exceed the permissible value.

Correct answer is (b) Grillage

Easiest explanation: Grillage FOUNDATION is very useful where bearing of soil is POOR. The depth of foundation is limited from 1 m to 1.5 m. The LOAD of column is distributed or spread to a very large area by means of layers of joists.

Right answer is (B) LATERAL pressure on the SUPERSTRUCTURE

Explanation: The remedial measures to prevent lateral pressure on the superstructure would be to provide a sufficient wide base and to design the foundations for the worst conditions.

The correct ANSWER is (C) Strap footing

Explanation: A strap putting comprises of two or more footings of individual columns, connected by a beam, called as a strap. The function of the strap been is to transfer a load of heavily LOADED OUTER column to the inner one.

Right option is (C) Unequal settlement of the sub-soil

For explanation I would say: Such preventive measures are adopted in CASE of unequal settlement of the subsoil which LEADS to FORMATION of cracks in the buildings, which in future, leads to SERIOUS defect.

Right choice is (d) Foundation on an OLD WELL

The explanation is: In case of old wells, all those materials should be removed from the well and the well, thus CLEARED, should be FILLED with HARD material. Then suitable beams or arches should be provided to span the well.

The correct option is (c) Vibrations

The best explanation: The foundations should be INSULATED from the vibrating machinery because it MAY cause settlements on sands and gravels. The various METHODS ADOPTED for this purpose such as by filling in sand or saw dust between the foundation BLOCK and the side soil.

Right choice is (a) Slip JOINTS

The EXPLANATION: Slip joints are situated on the boundary of the independent UNITS and they help in localising the effect of UNEQUAL SETTLEMENT in affected portion of the structure only.

Correct CHOICE is (a) Tension pile

Best explanation: Tension pile or uplift pile anchor down the structures subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic PRESSURE due to over turning moment. Such foundations are always under very HIGH tension and HENCE need to be laid very CAREFULLY.

Right choice is (d) SLOPED foundation

The BEST I can EXPLAIN: Above given FIGURE shows sloped footing for an RCC column or pier. It is an TYPE of Shallow Foundation which is commonly used for the piers of bridges with shallow depth below in water.

The correct choice is (c) Stepped FOUNDATION

Explanation: In such CASE, Stepped foundation is used to correct LEVELS of the sloping ground on which the building is to be constructed and taken and a LONGITUDINAL section is PREPARED accordingly.

The correct answer is (a) Atmospheric action

The BEST explanation: The rain and SON are the main atmospheric agents to seriously affect the FOUNDATION of a building. The rain may CARRY certain Chemicals and SALTS obtained from sewage, animal dung, etc. which reacts with the foundation and leads to its destruction.

Correct choice is (a) Unequal settlement of the sub-soil

For explanation: Due to unequal settlement of the sub-soil, the cracks are FORMED in the buildings, which in FUTURE, leads to serious DEFECTS. To PREVENT such failure, the foundations should rest on the ROCK or hard murum.

Right choice is (a) Anchor pile

The explanation is: It is an type of deep foundation. Anchor PILES provide Anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet PILING other pulling forces. Whereas, sheet piles are COMMONLY used as bulkheads, or as impervious CUT off to reduce seepage and uplift under hydraulic structures.

The correct option is (C) Unequal settlement of the masonry

The BEST I can EXPLAIN: To AVOID such Unequal settlement of the masonry, the mortar to be used in the masonry should be stiff and in line with the WORKABILITY desired. The masonry work should be raised evenly.

The correct ANSWER is (a) Strip footing

Easiest explanation: A strip footing is the one that provides a continuous longitudinal bearing. Thus, a spread footing for a continuous wall is CALLED a strip footing. The above given diagram shows two TYPES of strip footings for a wall- i) Simple strip footing WITHOUT masonry offset and

ii) Strip footing with masonry offset.

Correct option is (a) Stepped foundation

The EXPLANATION is: The above given figure contains steps or offsets and it is also REFERRED to as the stepped footing. Such type of footing are commonly used in the small buildings or single storey buildings in which LOAD is distributed STEP WISELY into the ground.

The correct answer is (b) Batter PILE

Explanation: The batter piles are USED to RESIST large HORIZONTAL or INCLINE forces. It is an type of miscellaneous piles and used in combination with sheet pile.

The correct answer is (a) SIMPLE STRIP FOOTING

Easy explanation: In that case, a simple strip footing is provided. The wall directly rest on the concrete base, and no masonry offset are provided since SPREAD is not required.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Raft FOUNDATION

The explanation is: In the case of CLAY or loose type of SOIL, Raft foundation is very helpful in increasing the bearing power of soil which becomes very useful when load coming on the soil is practically uniform.

The correct option is (a) Raft

The BEST I can EXPLAIN: Raft foundation is the method of increasing the bearing power of SOIL becomes useful especially when there is a LARGE number of openings on ground FLOOR in a structure.

Correct ANSWER is (c) Inverted arch foundation

The EXPLANATION: The inverted arch should be set in cement MORTAR. The rise of the inverted arch is about 1/5th to 1/10th of the SPAN and the inverted arch is invariably built in half brick rings.

Correct option is (b) Unequal SETTLEMENT of the MASONRY

To ELABORATE: Proper watering or curing is done to ensure the development of adequate strength of mortar joints. In this case, the masonry work should be RAISED evenly.

The CORRECT option is (b) Continuous footing

Best explanation: In this type of construction, the footings of TWO or three adjacent columns are made continuous by PROVIDING beans between the successive footings as shown in the above given figure. This type of construction is cheaper than raft foundations and it is adopted to avoid differential or UNEVEN settlement of the structure.

The correct answer is (d) Friction pile

Best explanation: Friction pile are used to TRANSFER loads to a depth of a friction load carrying Material by means of skin friction along the length of piles. Such Foundation is used where hard STRATA is not AVAILABLE to a CERTAIN depth below the soil.

Right choice is (b) CANTILEVER footing

Best EXPLANATION: A cantilever footing consist in an eccentric footing for the exterior column, the concentric footing for the INTERIOR column and a STRAP or a cantilever beam joining these TWO footing as shown in the given figure above.

Right choice is (b) Inverted ARCH

Explanation: Inverted arch FOUNDATION is a method of spreading the weight over a large AREA is not common for the construction of foundations of BUILDINGS. Hence this method is applicable for the structures of large projects like bridges.

Right choice is (c) Depth of CONCRETE bed block

The explanation is: The depth of concrete bed block depends UPON the type of concrete, the projection of block and the soil bearing pressure. It is found on the basis of the BENDING moment imposed on it, and on the basis of safe modulus of rupture. Here,d = depth of concrete block in metre, a = projection beyond the masonry face in centimetres, m = safe modulus of rupture of concrete mix, Q = net soil bearing pressure.