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Some reasons for accepting the same Constitution till today are:

(i) The Constitution of India does not reflect the views of its members alone. It expresses a broad consensus of its time. Many countries of the world have had to rewrite their constitution afresh because the basic values were not accepted to all major social groups or political parties.

(ii) The Constituent Assembly represented the people of India. There was no universal adult franchise at that time. So, the Constituent Assembly could not have been chosen directly by all the people of India. It was elected mainly by the members of existing Provincial Legislatures. 

(iii) The Constituent Assembly was dominated by the Indian National Congress, the party that led India's freedom struggle. But the Congress itself included a variety of political groups and opinions. The Assembly had many members who did not agree with the Congress.

(iv) In social terms too, the Assembly represented members from different languages, groups, castes, classes, religions and occupations.

(v) The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner.

Transport and communication for local, national and global trade :
(i) Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport.
(ii) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system.
(iii) Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other.
(iv) Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality.
(v) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.
(vi) The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy.
(vii) It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.

(i) Certain rights like right to freedom of press, right to information, and right to education are derived from the Fundamental Rights. 

(ii) Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 19 years. 

(iii) Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression. 

(iv) Constitution provides many more rights, which may not be Fundamental Rights. For example, the right to property is not a Fundamental Right, but it is a constitutional right. 

(v) Sometimes, the expansion takes place in what is called human rights. There are universal moral claims that may or may not have been recognised by law.

Advantages of Decentralization :
(i) Sharing of power between centre and states and local government reduces conflict.
(ii) Large number of problems and issues can be best settled at local level.
(iii) People have better knowledge of their own problems in their localities.
(iv) They know better on where to spend money and how to manage things efficiently.
(v) People at the local level participates directly in decision making.

In the modern world, democracy is not limited to its very narrow definition but its aspect has been widened:

(i) Democratic rights are not limited to the right to vote, to stand in elections and form political organisation. A Democracy should grant some social and economic rights to its citizens.

(ii) The very spirit of power sharing in democracy is extended to the "power sharing between governments and social groups”.

(iii) Modern democracy cannot value only the voice of majority but it respects the voice of minority as well.

(iv) The democracy has extended its scope from government and its activities to eliminating discrimination based on caste, religion and gender.

(v) Democracy has added one more feature in its scope, i.e. the “outcome of democracy”.

Soil is an important resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports various kinds of living organisms on the Earth. We cannot imagine plant and human life without soil.

Three features of black soil are:

(i) Black soil is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, potash, lime and magnesium; however, they are poor in phosphoric content.

(ii) During hot weather, they develop cracks which help in the aeration of soil. They can hold moisture.

(iii) Black soil is formed of extremely fine clayey material.

Main challenges before political parties are :
(i) Lack of internal democracy: The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties. Concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
(ii) Dynastic succession: Favour people close to them or even their family members. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
(iii) Money and muscle power: The third challenge is about growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections.
(iv) Meaningful choice: The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.

The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional and cultural diversities:

(a) They amended their constitution four times so as to work out an innovative arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in peace and harmony, i.e., there was sharing of power between the Dutch and the French both in the central government; state government and community government. They followed a policy of accommodation.

(b) This helped to avoid civic strife and division of the country on linguistic lines.

(c) On the other hand, the Sinhalese who were in majority in Sri Lanka as compared to the Tamils followed a policy of majoritarianism and adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy by passing an Act of 1956.

These measures alienated the Tamils leading to civic strife between the two communities.

(i) Development or progress does not mean one and same thing for every individual. Each individual has his/her own notion of development. 

(ii) People seek things that are most important for them, i.e. things that can fulfil their aspiration or desires. 

Examples : 

(a) Development for a farmer might be proper irrigation facilities. 

(b) For an urban youth, it may be employment. 

(c) For a landless labourer, it may be land. 

(d) For a girl, it might mean gender equality or more freedom.

Belgium is a small country in Western Europe with complex Ethnic composition. Of the country's total population 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent live in Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent speak German. In spite of these diversities the leaders decide to make an arrangement for power sharing. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their Constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The Constitution provides that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. Contrary to it, leaders of the Sinhala community in Sri Lanka sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority and refused to share power with the Tamils. The democratically elected government adopted a series of Majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.

(i) Development or progress does not mean one and same thing for every individual. Each individual has his/her own notion of development.
(ii) People seek things that are most important for them, i.e. things that can fulfil their aspiration or desires.
Examples :
(i) Development for a farmer might be proper irrigation facilities.
(ii) For an urban youth, it may be employed.
(iii) For a landless laborer, it may be land.
(iv) For a girl, it might mean gender equality or more freedom

Development of a country can generally be determined by: per capita income; average literacy level; and health status of its people.

(i) Per Capita Income means average income
generated by each person in a given group of people. Its limitation is that it does not show the disparities among the people of the group.

(ii) Amount of literacy achieved is also a measure of development. Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

(iii) Health indicators are Infant Mortality Rate, Birth Rate, etc. Lower the amount of Infant Mortality Rate, higher is the rate of people being healthy.

(iv) Net Attendance Ratio is also the indicator of economic development of a nation. It is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

(v) Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. Higher the life expectancy at birth, higher is considered the development of a nation.

Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India to transport liquids as well as solids in slurry form.

Goals of development other than income –

(i) Equal treatment

(ii) Freedom

(iii) Security

(iv) Respect for others

(v) Any other relevant point Any two points to be mentioned.

A Challenge is not just any problem. We usually call only those difficulties a challenge which are significant and can be overcome. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.

Money acts as a medium of exchange in the following ways :
(i) Overcomes the problem of double co-incidence of wants. For example, if a person needs wheat in exchange of tea, then he/she must search for a person who is ready to trade wheat for tea. Money made the need for such searches redundant.

(ii) Acts as a medium of deferred payment.

(iii) Has a store value

(i) Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Monarchs were beginning to realize that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

(ii) Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.

(iii) Thus, serfdom and bonded labor were abolished both in the Habsburg dominations and in Russia. The Habsburg rules granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

Chinese toys comparatively cheaper and have new designs. That is why they are popular in the world.

Primary Sector is the economic sector that produces goods by exploiting the natural resources because it forms the base for all the products that are associated directly with land and water.

Category of Economic Sector –

Primary Sector

Detailed Answer :

Primary Sector is the economic sector that produces goods by exploiting the natural resources because it forms the base for all the products that are associated directly with land and water.

Outsourcing means obtaining services by contract from an outside source. Outsourcing coupled with high growth of service sector turned the fortunes of India in terms of huge foreign exchange reserves, as supported by the following : 

(a) Foreign countries, in order to gather cheap raw material and cheap labour services, from a rich labour and material resource country like India are actively engaged in commercial terms with India. 

(b) Relatively less dependence on agricultural sector with growth of service sector has transgressed the national frontiers to align with international parties. Globalization has led to free movement of labour, capital, financial and other resources among nations. 

(c) Infrastructure development adhering to international standards. All of the above resulted into huge earnings in terms of foreign exchange in India, trading and collaborating with international parties.

Problems faced by the power sector are as follows: 

(a) The installed capacity of India to generate electricity is not sufficient enough to meet an annual economic growth of 7%. 

(b) The state electricity Boards (SEBs) that distribute electricity suffered a great loss of more than Rs. 500 billion due to transmission and distribution of electricity. 

(c) The wrong pricing of electricity like supply is electricity at subsidized rates to agricultural sector and theft of electricity has exaggerated the problems of power sector. 

(d) The high power tariffs and prolonged power cuts is another challenge in the power sector. 

(e) The thermal power station faces the scarcity of the raw materials to generate electricity. The following reforms have been initiated : 

(a) Privatisation in power generation sector: The government earlier had the monopoly in the generation and distribution of electricity. Now, private sector has been given the rights to generate power. 

(b) Privatisation in power transmission: The Indian government has approved Data power and Power Grid Corporation of India for constructing transmission networks in joint venture. 

(c) Power for all by 2012 : The ministry of power has set up an objective of ‘Power for all by 2012’ to achieve the target of 1000 kw./Hr. (Units) of per capita consumption of electricity in India, This objective is aligned with the objective to achieve an economic growth of 8% p.a. The main motive of this target is to improve the quality of power, improve the commercial viability of power industries and to provide power to all. 

(d) Setting up regulatory mechanism: The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) along with State Electricity Regulatory states under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act 1998. These commissions and authority regulate tariff, promote efficiency and competition. 

(e) Encouraging FDl: In order to achieve the target of power for all by 2012, the ministry of power aimed at attracting US $ 250 billion of investment (FDI and Domestic Investment Combined) into the power sector. 

(f) Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme (APDRP): APDRP has been initiated in the year 2000-01 with the motive of improving financial viability, reducing transmission and distribution losses and promoting transparency through computerization.

M-114, Mount Kailash

Kanpur

7th October, 2019

The Editor 

The News Times 

Sub: Rash driving 

Sir,

I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards rash driving of auto and bus drivers on the roads of Kanpur. Recently I became a victim of one such accident. It is causing a great problem to other people on roads.

Auto and bus drivers drive autos and buses rashly all over the city, They do not follow any traffic rules; never drive in a same lane; and always stop where they see any passenger. This is the biggest cause of accidents. The center point of Kanpur, Kanpur bus stand, is the main point where auto drivers and bus drivers always keep on blocking the road. In fact traffic police never take action against them. This is the case not only on the roads of Kanpur but on the roads of other cities too.

It is the time that the authorities should take action against these auto and bus drivers. They should strictly enforce the traffic control laws. Besides public should be made aware and asked to be cooperative.

It is earnestly hoped that concerned authorities will take immediate and urgent action against those drivers to relieve the people from these rash drivers and accidents. 

Thanking you 

Yours truly 

Navtej

Seminar On Lifestyle Diseases

By Navita

Noida, 7th October, 20xx: Kailash Hospital organized a seminar on the topic Lifestyle Disease and its Management on 7th-9th October, 20xx at the Indra Auditorium. The seminar lasted for 4 hours. Dr Vidhi Kanan, Head of Sales and Customer Engagement Natural Health, Gurgaon presented the seminar. Dr Vidhi Kanan elaborated very nicely on how our sedentary lifestyle is affecting our health badly. She also spoke at length about lifestyle diseases like diabetes, obesity, which are affecting the large number of population with special emphasis on their prevention. Vivid power point presentation made the seminar educative.

Dr T.S. Dogra, Director, Kailash Hospital made the concluding remarks. The session concluded after vote of thanks proposed by Dr. Bhuvnesh Yadav, Assistant Director, Kailash Hospital. 

The seminar was attended by eminent personalities along with the general public. 

An attendee remarked “It was a very enriching seminar.”

How to make India a safe haven for women? 

According to a survey report India is ranked as the fourth most dangerous country in the world for women. Other crimes against women include domestic violence, stalking, molestation, to name a few. 

The question is, what is India doing wrong? Is it the society that is the problem? 

The first step towards women empowerment involves breaking of the great ‘wall of shame’ in India. We are reluctant to talk about women issues. The harassment of women is not yet considered a serious offence. There is a great need in society to drive a woman-centric movement. The next step involves making women aware of their rights. The tormentors could be jailed only if some brave soul reports the incident.

Active participation of women in society is required. We need more women legislators in parliament. 

Another disturbing trend is the objectification of women. Check out any television adverisfement, a women would be associated with the product. 

The need of the hour is to train children right from the beginning to respect women and allow them their due.

(i) Data member "count" is a Class attribute whereas the data member "Author" is an Instance attribute.

Class Attributes belong to the class itself. These attributes will be shared by all the instances. Such attributes are defined in the class body part, usually at the top, for legibility.

Attributes defined for each class instance are known as Instance Attributes. These are called instance attributes and they belong to each instance/object of a class.

(ii) B.display()

BOOK.bookcount()

The feature where an operator can be used in different forms is known as Operator Overloading. It is one of the methods to implement polymorphism.

'+' operator behaves differently with different data types. With integers it adds the two numbers and with strings it concatenates or joins two strings.

For example: Print 8+9 will give 17 and Print "Python" + "programming" will give the output as Python programming.

(i) and (iv) are the possible output(s)

Minimum value that can be assigned to Y = 0

Maximum value assigned to Y = 3

Correct answer is:- (A) Primary alcohol

The output is:

[11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 4]

a. Minimum Number = 1

Maximum Number = 3

b. Line iv is not expected to be a part of the output.

The output is:

['d', 'o', 'I', 'i', 't', '@', '@', '1', '1', '2', '3', '!', '!']

Python uses two strategies for memory allocation.

(i) Reference counting

(ii) Automatic garbage collection.

(i) Reference Counting: works by counting the number of times an object is referenced by other objects in the system. When an object's reference count reaches zero, Python collects it automatically.

(ii) Automatic Garbage Collection: Python schedules garbage collection based upon a threshold of object allocations and object deallocations. When the number of allocations minus the number of deallocations are greater than the threshold number, the garbage collector is run and the unused block of memory is reclaimed.

The new string is: S1U3E5Ts

The output is:

[email protected]@

[email protected]@

[email protected]@

class District : public State

{

public :

char Dname[20];

float Distance;

long int Population;

void DINPUT( )

{

gets(Dname);

cin>>distance;

cin>>Population;

}

void DOUTPUT( )

{

cout<<Dname<<endl;

cout<<Distance<<endl;

cout<<population<<endl;

}

};

The output is:

[email protected]

The output is:

30%41

52%60

40%25

The output is:

49

25

9

1

Python uses two strategies for memory allocation- Reference counting and Automatic garbage collection:

Reference Counting: works by counting the number of times an object is referenced by other objects in the system. When an object's reference count reaches zero, Python collects it automatically.

Automatic Garbage Collection: Python schedules garbage collection based upon a threshold of object allocations and object de-allocations. When the number of allocations minus the number of deallocations are greater than the threshold number, the garbage collector is run and the unused block of memory is reclaimed.

The output expected from the program is (iii) 20#17#

Minimum Value of Alter = 10

Maximum Value of Alter = 11

100 $$ 75 $$ 10 $$

Minimum Value that can be assigned to Go is 0

Maximum Value that can be assigned to Go is 3

(iv) is the correct option.

Minimum value of Go = 2

Maximum value of Go = 3

void Diagsumboth(int A[][4], int n)

{

int sumLt=0,sumRt=0;

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

{

sumLt+=A[i][i];

else

sumRt+=A[n-1-i][i];

}

cout<<”sum of left diagonal”<<sumlt<<endl;

cout<<”sum of right diagonal”<<sumRt<<endl;

}

[email protected]@

[email protected]@ 

[email protected]@

void AddEnd4(int A[ ][4], int R, int C)

{

int I,J,sum=0;

for(I=0;I<R;I++)

{

for(J=0;J<C;J++)

if(A[I][J]%10 ==4)

sum=sum+A[I][J];

}

cout<<sum;

}

[email protected]

void Diagsumboth(int A[][4], int n)

{

int sumLt=0,sumRt=0;

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

{

sumLt+=A[i][i];

else

sumRt+=A[n-1-i][i];

}

cout<<”sum of left diagonal”<<sumlt<<endl;

cout<<”sum of right diagonal”<<sumRt<<endl;

}