11513 + Interview Questions in CBSE IN GENERAL AWARENESS Page 167 InterviewSolution

8301.	Write a function RevText() to read a text file “ Input.txt “ and Print only word starting with ‘I’ in reverse order.Example: If value in text file is: INDIA IS MY COUNTRYOutput will be: AIDNI SI MY COUNTRY
Answer» void RevText() { ifstream in (“Input.txt”); char word[25]; while(in) { in>>word; if (word[0]==’I’) cout<<strrev(word); else cout<<word; }

8301.

Write a function RevText() to read a text file “ Input.txt “ and Print only word starting with ‘I’ in reverse order.Example: If value in text file is: INDIA IS MY COUNTRYOutput will be: AIDNI SI MY COUNTRY

Answer»

void RevText()

{ ifstream in (“Input.txt”);

char word[25];

while(in)

{ in>>word;

if (word[0]==’I’)

cout<<strrev(word);

else

cout<<word;

}

Discussion

8302.	Write a function in C++ to search and display details, whose destination is “Chandigarh”from binary file “Flight.Dat”. Assuming the binary file is containing the objects of the following class: class FLIGHT{ int Fno; // Flight Numberchar From[20]; // Flight Starting Pointchar To[20]; // Flight Destinationpublic:char * GetFrom ( ); { return from; }char * GetTo( ); { return To; }void input() { cin>>Fno>>; gets(From); get(To); }void show( ) { cout<<Fno<< “:”<<From << “:” <<To<<endl; }};
Answer» void Dispdetails() { ifstream fin(“Flight.Dat”); Flight F; while (fin) { fin.read((char*)&F,sizeof(F)) if (strcmp(F.GetTo(),”Chandigarh”)) F.show(); } }

8302.

Write a function in C++ to search and display details, whose destination is “Chandigarh”from binary file “Flight.Dat”. Assuming the binary file is containing the objects of the following class: class FLIGHT{ int Fno; // Flight Numberchar From[20]; // Flight Starting Pointchar To[20]; // Flight Destinationpublic:char * GetFrom ( ); { return from; }char * GetTo( ); { return To; }void input() { cin>>Fno>>; gets(From); get(To); }void show( ) { cout<<Fno<< “:”<<From << “:” <<To<<endl; }};

Answer»

void Dispdetails()

{ ifstream fin(“Flight.Dat”);

Flight F;

while (fin)

{ fin.read((char*)&F,sizeof(F))

if (strcmp(F.GetTo(),”Chandigarh”))

F.show();

}

Discussion

8303.	Write the type of C++ tokens (keywords and user defined identifiers) from the following: (i) else (ii) Long (iii) 4Queue (iv) _count
Answer» else is a keyword. Long, 4Queue, _ count are user defined identifiers.

8303.

Write the type of C++ tokens (keywords and user defined identifiers) from the following: (i) else (ii) Long (iii) 4Queue (iv) _count

Answer»

else is a keyword.

Long, 4Queue, _ count are user defined identifiers.

Discussion

8304.	List one similarity and one difference between List and Dictionary datatype.
Answer» Similarity: Both List and Dictionary are mutable datatypes. Dissimilarity: List is a sequential data type i.e. they are indexed. Dictionary is a mapping datatype. It consists of key: value pair. Eg: L =[1,2,3,4,5] is a list D= {1:”Ajay”,2:”Prashant,4:”Himani”} is a dictionary where 1,2,4 are keys and “Ajay”,Prashant,”Himani” are their corresponding values.

8304.

List one similarity and one difference between List and Dictionary datatype.

Answer»

Similarity: Both List and Dictionary are mutable datatypes.

Dissimilarity: List is a sequential data type i.e. they are indexed.

Dictionary is a mapping datatype. It consists of key: value pair.

Eg: L =[1,2,3,4,5] is a list

D= {1:”Ajay”,2:”Prashant,4:”Himani”} is a dictionary where 1,2,4 are keys and “Ajay”,Prashant,”Himani” are their corresponding values.

Discussion

8305.	Observe the following Python functions and write the name(s) of the module(s) to which they belong: a. uniform() b. findall()
Answer» a. random b.re

8305.

Observe the following Python functions and write the name(s) of the module(s) to which they belong: a. uniform() b. findall()

Answer»

a. random

b.re

Discussion

8306.	The following C++ code during compilation reports errors as follows:Error; ‘ofstream’ not declaredError; ‘strupr’ not declaredError; ‘strcat’ not declaredError; ‘FIN’ not declaredWrite the names of the correct header files, which must be included to compile the code successfully:void main (){ofstream FIN ("WISH. TXT");char TEXT2 [] = "good day";char TEXT1 []= "John!";strupr (TEXT2);strcat(TEST1, TEXT2);FIN << TEXT1 << endl; }
Answer» Correct header files- #include → ofstream #include → strupr, strcat

8306.

The following C++ code during compilation reports errors as follows:Error; ‘ofstream’ not declaredError; ‘strupr’ not declaredError; ‘strcat’ not declaredError; ‘FIN’ not declaredWrite the names of the correct header files, which must be included to compile the code successfully:void main (){ofstream FIN ("WISH. TXT");char TEXT2 [] = "good day";char TEXT1 []= "John!";strupr (TEXT2);strcat(TEST1, TEXT2);FIN << TEXT1 << endl; }

Answer»

Correct header files-

#include → ofstream

#include → strupr, strcat

Discussion

8307.	Anil typed the following C++ code and during compilation, he found three errors as follows: (i) Function strlen should have prototype (ii) Undefined symbol cout (iii) Undefined symbol endlOn asking, his teacher told him to include necessary header files in the code. Write the names of the header files, which Anil needs to include, for successful compilation and execution of the following code:Void main (){char Txt [ ] = "welcome";for (int c = 0; c<strlen(Txt); c++)Txt [c] = Txt [c] +1;cout<<Txt<<end1:}
Answer» For strlen → For cout, end →

8307.

Anil typed the following C++ code and during compilation, he found three errors as follows: (i) Function strlen should have prototype (ii) Undefined symbol cout (iii) Undefined symbol endlOn asking, his teacher told him to include necessary header files in the code. Write the names of the header files, which Anil needs to include, for successful compilation and execution of the following code:Void main (){char Txt [ ] = "welcome";for (int c = 0; c<strlen(Txt); c++)Txt [c] = Txt [c] +1;cout<<Txt<<end1:}

Answer»

For strlen →

For cout, end →

Discussion

8308.	Rewrite the following C++ code after removing any/all syntactical errors with each correction underlined. Note: Assume all required header files are already being included in the program.void main (){ cout<<"Enter an Alphabet : "; cin>>CH;switch (CH)case 'A' cout<<"Ant"; Break;case 'B' cout<<"Bear"; Break:}
Answer» correct code is: void main () { char CH; cout<<"Enter an Alphabet : "; cin>>CH; switch (CH) case 'A' : cout<<"Ant"; Break; case 'B' : cout<<"Bear"; Break: } }

8308.

Rewrite the following C++ code after removing any/all syntactical errors with each correction underlined. Note: Assume all required header files are already being included in the program.void main (){ cout<<"Enter an Alphabet : "; cin>>CH;switch (CH)case 'A' cout<<"Ant"; Break;case 'B' cout<<"Bear"; Break:}

Answer»

correct code is:

void main ()

{

char CH;

cout<<"Enter an Alphabet : "; cin>>CH;

switch (CH)

case 'A' : cout<<"Ant"; Break;

case 'B' : cout<<"Bear"; Break:

}

Discussion

8309.	Mention the header files for the following built in functions: (a) random ()(b) exit ()(c) setprecision ()(d) gets ()
Answer» a. stdlib.h b. iostream.h or stdlib.h c. iomanip.h d. stdio.h

8309.

Mention the header files for the following built in functions: (a) random ()(b) exit ()(c) setprecision ()(d) gets ()

Answer»

a. stdlib.h

b. iostream.h or stdlib.h

c. iomanip.h

d. stdio.h

Discussion

8310.	What will be the output for the following program segments?(Consider all the necessary header files are included)(a) int a=5,b; b=a++;cout«a++<<" ";cout«++b «endl«a+b;(b) int i,j,k, a[ ] ={5,10,15,20}; a[0] =10;for (i=0; i<=2; i++)a[i] = a[0] + i;for (i=3; i>=0;i--;cout« a[i]«" ";
Answer» (a) 6 6 12 (b) Dryrun a[10]=10+0=10 a[1]=10+1=11 a[2]=10+2=12 output: 20 12 11 10

Discussion

8311.	The area of an equilateral triangle is 16√3 cm. what is the perimeter of the triangle.
Answer» Area of equilateral triangle = 16√3 cm² Area of equilateral triangle = (√3/4 x a² ) where a is the length of the side 16√3 cm² = √3/4 x a² 16√3 cm² x 4/√3 = a² 64 cm² = a² a = √64 cm² a = 8 cm Perimeter of a triangle = 3a = 3 x 8 cm = 24 cm

8311.

The area of an equilateral triangle is 16√3 cm. what is the perimeter of the triangle.

Answer»

Area of equilateral triangle = 16√3 cm²

Area of equilateral triangle = (√3/4 x a² ) where a is the length of the side

16√3 cm² = √3/4 x a²

16√3 cm² x 4/√3 = a²

64 cm² = a²

a = √64 cm²

a = 8 cm

Perimeter of a triangle = 3a

= 3 x 8 cm

= 24 cm

Discussion

8312.	What are the limitations of Ohm’s law?
Answer» Limitations of Ohm’s law : 1. Ohm’s law is valid for metal conductors, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain constant. 2. For non-linear electrical elements with parameters like capacitance, resistance etc the voltage and current won’t be constant with respect to time making it difficult to use Ohm’s law. 3. Ohm’s law is also not applicable to semi-conductors such as Germanium and Silicon.

8312.

What are the limitations of Ohm’s law?

Answer»

Limitations of Ohm’s law :

1. Ohm’s law is valid for metal conductors, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain constant.

2. For non-linear electrical elements with parameters like capacitance, resistance etc the voltage and current won’t be constant with respect to time making it difficult to use Ohm’s law.

3. Ohm’s law is also not applicable to semi-conductors such as Germanium and Silicon.

Discussion

8313.	The smell of H2S is : (a) pleasant (b) like that of rotten eggs (c) like that of burning sulphur (d) none of these
Answer» The smell of H₂S is like that of rotten eggs.

Discussion

8314.	Why is earth not a star?
Answer» Earth is not a star because: 1. It does not shine by its own light, it reflects the light of the Sun. 2. It does not radiate nuclear fusion. 3. It has cleared the area in its orbit of similar sized objects (well that pesky thing called the Moon is close to its size).

8314.

Why is earth not a star?

Answer»

Earth is not a star because:

1. It does not shine by its own light, it reflects the light of the Sun.

2. It does not radiate nuclear fusion.

3. It has cleared the area in its orbit of similar sized objects (well that pesky thing called the Moon is close to its size).

Discussion

8315.	How are earnings per share calculated? a) Use the income statement to determine earnings after taxes (net income) and divide by the previous period's earnings after taxes. Then subtract 1 from the previously calculated value. b) Use the income statement to determine earnings after taxes (net income) and divide by the number of common shares outstanding. c) Use the income statement to determine earnings after taxes (net income) and divide by the number of common and preferred shares outstanding. d) Use the income statement to determine earnings after taxes (net income) and divide by the forecasted period's earnings after taxes. Then subtract 1 from the previously calculated value
Answer» (b)Use the income statement to determine earnings after taxes (net income) and divide by the number of common shares outstanding.

Discussion

8316.	Which of the following would NOT improve the current ratio? a) Borrow short term to finance additional fixed assets. b) Issue long-term debt to buy inventory. c) Sell common stock to reduce current liabilities. d) Sell fixed assets to reduce accounts payable.
Answer» a) Borrow short term to finance additional fixed assets.

Discussion

8317.	The gross profit margin is unchanged, but the net profit margin declined over the same period. This could have happened if a) cost of goods sold increased relative to sales. b) sales increased relative to expenses. c) Govt. increased the tax rate. d) dividends were decreased.
Answer» c) Govt. increased the tax rate.

Discussion

8318.	Palo Alto Industries has a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.6 compared with the industry average of 1.4. This means that the company a) will not experience any difficulty with its creditors. b) has less liquidity than other firms in the industry. c) will be viewed as having high creditworthiness. d) has greater than average financial risk when compared to other firms in its industry.
Answer» d) has greater than average financial risk when compared to other firms in its industry.

Discussion

8319.	Kanji Company had sales last year of Rs. 265 million, including cash sales of Rs. 25 million. If its average collection period was 36 days, its ending accounts receivable balance is closest to...... .(Assume a 365-day year.) a) Rs. 26.1 million b) Rs. 23.7 million c) Rs. 7.4 million d) Rs. 18.7 million
Answer» b) Rs. 23.7 million

Discussion

8320.	A company can improve (lower) its debt-to-total assets ratio by doing which of the following? a) Borrow more. b) Shift short-term to long-term debt. c) Shift long-term to short-term debt. d) Sell common stock.
Answer» d) Sell common stock.

Discussion

8321.	Which of the following statements (in general) is correct? a) A low receivables turnover is desirable. b) The lower the total debt-to-equity ratio, the lower the financial risk for a firm. c) An increase in net profit margin with no change in sales or assets means a poor ROI. d) The higher the tax rate for a firm, the lower the interest coverage ratio.
Answer» b) The lower the total debt-to-equity ratio, the lower the financial risk for a firm.

Discussion

8322.	A firm's operating cycle is equal to its inventory turnover in days (ITD) a) plus its receivable turnover in days (RTD). b) minus its RTD. c) plus its RTD minus its payable turnover in days (PTD). d) minus its RTD minus its PTD
Answer» a) plus its receivable turnover in days (RTD).

Discussion

8323.	Uses of funds include a (an): a) decrease in cash. b) increase in any liability. c) increase in fixed assets. d) tax refund.
Answer» c) increase in fixed assets.

Discussion

8324.

Distinguish between stock and flow, in the case of net investment and capital, which is a stock and which is a flow? Compare net investment and capital with flow of water in a tank.

Answer»

Stock	Flow
Stock relates to a point of time.	Flow relates to a period of time.
Stock is not time dimensional.	Flow is time dimensional as per hour, per month, per year.
Stock influences the flow. Greater the glow of capital, greater is the flow of goods and services.	Flow influences the stock. For example: monthly increase in the supply of money leads to an increase in the quantity of money.
Example: Wealth, capital, etc.	Example: Income, capital formation.

Between net investment and capital, capital is a stock since it is measured over a point of time and net investment is a flow since it is measured over a specified period of time.

Discussion

8325.	Give one example of negative externalities.
Answer» Smoke out of chimneys of factories.

Discussion

8326.	Credit creation by commercial banks is determined by (Choose the correct alternative): (a) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR). (b) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). (c) Initial Deposits. (d) All the above.
Answer» (d) All the above

Discussion

8327.	Define aggregate supply.
Answer» Aggregate supply may be defined as the total value of goods and services available in the economy during an accounting year. Thus, Aggregate Supply = Consumption (C) + Savings (S)

8327.

Define aggregate supply.

Answer»

Aggregate supply may be defined as the total value of goods and services available in the economy during an accounting year.

Thus, Aggregate Supply = Consumption (C) + Savings (S)

Discussion

8328.	In a single day Raju, the barber, collects Rs 500 from haircuts; over this day, his equipment depreciates in value by Rs 50. Of the remaining Rs 450, Raju pays sales tax worth Rs 30, takes home Rs 200 and retains Rs 220 for improvement and buying of new equipment. He further pays Rs 20 as income tax from his income. Based on this information, complete Raju's contribution to the following measures of income (a) Gross Domestic Product (b) NNP at market price (c) NNP at factor cost (d) Personal income (e) Personal disposable income.
Answer» (i) GDP_MP = Rs.500[Barber collects from haircut] (ii) NNP_MP = GDP - Depreciation = 500 – 50 = Rs.450 (iii) NNP_FC= NNP - Sales tax = 450 – 30 = Rs.420 (iv) PI = NNP_FC - Retained earnings = 420 – 220 = Rs.200 (v) PDI = PI - Income tax = 200 - 20 = Rs.180

8328.

In a single day Raju, the barber, collects Rs 500 from haircuts; over this day, his equipment depreciates in value by Rs 50. Of the remaining Rs 450, Raju pays sales tax worth Rs 30, takes home Rs 200 and retains Rs 220 for improvement and buying of new equipment. He further pays Rs 20 as income tax from his income. Based on this information, complete Raju's contribution to the following measures of income (a) Gross Domestic Product (b) NNP at market price (c) NNP at factor cost (d) Personal income (e) Personal disposable income.

Answer»

(i) GDP_MP = Rs.500[Barber collects from haircut]

(ii) NNP_MP = GDP - Depreciation

= 500 – 50
= Rs.450
(iii) NNP_FC= NNP - Sales tax
= 450 – 30
= Rs.420
(iv) PI = NNP_FC - Retained earnings

= 420 – 220
= Rs.200
(v) PDI = PI - Income tax
= 200 - 20
= Rs.180

Discussion

8329.	State the two components of Mj measure of Money Supply.
Answer» (i) Currency with the public. (ii) Demand deposits with the banks.

8329.

State the two components of Mj measure of Money Supply.

Answer»

(i) Currency with the public.

(ii) Demand deposits with the banks.

Discussion

8330.	Which of the following would be consistent with a more aggressive approach to financing working capital? a) Financing short-term needs with short-term funds. b) Financing permanent inventory buildup with long-term debt. c) Financing seasonal needs with short-term funds. d) Financing some long-term needs with short-term funds.
Answer» d) Financing some long-term needs with short-term funds.

Discussion

8331.	Which asset-liability combination would most likely result in the firm's having the greatest risk of technical insolvency? a) Increasing current assets while lowering current liabilities. b) Increasing current assets while incurring more current liabilities. c) Reducing current assets, increasing current liabilities, and reducing long-term debt. d) Replacing short-term debt with equity.
Answer» c) Reducing current assets, increasing current liabilities, and reducing long-term debt.

Discussion

8332.	From the following data, calculate Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income.Rs (Crore)(a)Net Domestic Product at factor cost8,000(b)Net Factor Income from abroad200(C)Undisbursed Profit1,000(d)Corporate Tax1,000(e)Interest Received by Households1,500(f)Interest Paid by Households1,200(g)Transfer Income300(h)Personal Tax500
Answer» Personal Income = NDP_FC + Net factor income from abroad (NFIA) + Transfer Income - Undistributed profit - corporate tax - Net interest paid by households NDP_FC= Rs.8000crores NFIA = Rs.200crores Transfer Income = Rs.300crores Undistributed profit = Rs. 1,000crores Corporate tax = Rs.500crores Net interest paid by households = Interest paid - Interest received = 1200 – 1500 = (-) Rs.300crores So, putting the values in the above formula PI = 8000 + 200 + 300 - 1000 - 500 - (- 300) = 8000 + 200 + 300 - 1000 - 500 + 300 PI = 7300 So, Personal Income = Rs.7300crores Personal Disposable income = Personal Income - Personal Payments = 7300 – 500 = Rs.6800crores

8332.

From the following data, calculate Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income.Rs (Crore)(a)Net Domestic Product at factor cost8,000(b)Net Factor Income from abroad200(C)Undisbursed Profit1,000(d)Corporate Tax1,000(e)Interest Received by Households1,500(f)Interest Paid by Households1,200(g)Transfer Income300(h)Personal Tax500

Answer»

Personal Income = NDP_FC + Net factor income from abroad (NFIA) + Transfer Income - Undistributed profit - corporate tax - Net interest paid by households

NDP_FC= Rs.8000crores

NFIA = Rs.200crores
Transfer Income = Rs.300crores
Undistributed profit = Rs. 1,000crores
Corporate tax = Rs.500crores
Net interest paid by households = Interest paid - Interest received
= 1200 – 1500
= (-) Rs.300crores
So, putting the values in the above formula

PI = 8000 + 200 + 300 - 1000 - 500 - (- 300)
= 8000 + 200 + 300 - 1000 - 500 + 300
PI = 7300
So, Personal Income = Rs.7300crores
Personal Disposable income = Personal Income - Personal Payments
= 7300 – 500
= Rs.6800crores

Discussion

8333.	Net National Product at Factor Cost of a particular country in a year is Rs 1,900 crores. There are no interest payments made by the households to the firms/government, or by the firms/government to the households. The Personal Disposable Income of the households is Rs 1,200 crores. The personal income taxes paid by them is Rs 600 crores and the value of retained earnings of the firms and government is valued at Rs 200 crores. What is the value of transfer payments made by the government and firms to the households?
Answer» NNP_FC = Rs. 1900crores PDI = Rs.1200crores Personal income tax = Rs.600crores Value of retained earnings = Rs.200crores PDI = NNP_FC- Value of retained earnings of firms and government + value of transfer payments - personal tax 1200 = 1900 - 200 + Value of transfer payments – 600 1200 = 1100 + Value of transfer payments Value of transfer payment = 1200 - 1100 = Rs 100 crores

8333.

Net National Product at Factor Cost of a particular country in a year is Rs 1,900 crores. There are no interest payments made by the households to the firms/government, or by the firms/government to the households. The Personal Disposable Income of the households is Rs 1,200 crores. The personal income taxes paid by them is Rs 600 crores and the value of retained earnings of the firms and government is valued at Rs 200 crores. What is the value of transfer payments made by the government and firms to the households?

Answer»

NNP_FC = Rs. 1900crores

PDI = Rs.1200crores
Personal income tax = Rs.600crores
Value of retained earnings = Rs.200crores
PDI = NNP_FC- Value of retained earnings of firms and government + value of transfer payments - personal tax

1200 = 1900 - 200 + Value of transfer payments – 600
1200 = 1100 + Value of transfer payments
Value of transfer payment = 1200 - 1100 = Rs 100 crores

Discussion

8334.	Return outwards are deducted from ___________.(a) purchases (b) sales(c) capital (d) debtors
Answer» Correct option (a) Purchases.

Discussion

8335.	State whether the following statements are True of False : (1) Closing stock is always valued at market price.(2) Retirement of bill means payment of the bill before due date.(3) Share forfeited balance is transferred to Capital Reserve Account.(4) Gross profit depends upon not sales.(5) The inland bill which is drawn and payable in the same country.
Answer» (1) False (2) True (3) True (4) True (5) True.

8335.

State whether the following statements are True of False : (1) Closing stock is always valued at market price.(2) Retirement of bill means payment of the bill before due date.(3) Share forfeited balance is transferred to Capital Reserve Account.(4) Gross profit depends upon not sales.(5) The inland bill which is drawn and payable in the same country.

Answer»

(1) False

(2) True

(3) True

(4) True

(5) True.

Discussion

8336.	State and explain any 'four objectives' of analysis of financial statement from a business concern's point of view.
Answer» Objectives of Financials Statement Analysis : (i) Financial Statement Analysis help to pinpoint the areas wherein the managers have shown efficiency and the areas of inefficiencies. (ii) On the basis of Financial Statement Analysis, the solvency of the concern may be judged. (iii) Past Financial Statement Analysis help a great deal in assessing developments in future, specially the next years. (iv) Analysis of Financial Statement helps in judging the efficiencies as well as inefficiencies of the business.

8336.

State and explain any 'four objectives' of analysis of financial statement from a business concern's point of view.

Answer»

Objectives of Financials Statement Analysis :

(i) Financial Statement Analysis help to pinpoint the areas wherein the managers have shown efficiency and the areas of inefficiencies.

(ii) On the basis of Financial Statement Analysis, the solvency of the concern may be judged.

(iii) Past Financial Statement Analysis help a great deal in assessing developments in future, specially the next years.

(iv) Analysis of Financial Statement helps in judging the efficiencies as well as inefficiencies of the business.

Discussion

8337.	The basic requirement for a firm's marketable securities. a) Safety b) Yield c) Marketability d) All of the above
Answer» d) All of the above

Discussion

8338.	What is blood? State its composition function of various components.
Answer» Blood is important for regulation of the body’s pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, the circulation of nutrients and removal of waste, the distribution of hormones from endocrine glands, and the elimination of excess heat; it also contains components for blood clotting. Blood is made of several components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the plasma, which contains coagulation factors and serum. Blood consists of two main components: Plasma Formed elements or corpuscles. Plasma: Plasma constitutes almost 55% of blood. Plasma is a pale yellowish, watery substance that surrounds blood cells and carries them around the body.Plasma is a combination or mixture of nutrients, gases, proteins, hormones, salts, and wastes. Functions of blood plasma Plasma helps to regulate body temperature and maintains blood pressure. Transportation of nutrients is one of the major functions of blood plasma. When a food is digested, it breaks down into amino acids, sugars, lipids and fatty acids. These are transported throughout the body by plasma. Plasma also transports wastes like uric acids, ammonium salts etc., to kidneys, where it filters wastes from plasma and excretes it through urine. Plasma also supplies required proteins for blood clot and immunity. Formed Elements or Corpuscles Formed particles or corpuscles consists of Erythrocytes or Red blood cells Leucocytes or White blood cells Blood is a fluid that moves through the vessels of a circulatory system. In humans, it includes plasma (the liquid portion), blood cells (which come in both red and white varieties), and cell fragments called platelets. Basic functions of blood : 1) Transport of nutrients, waste products, blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) or signaling molecules 2) Immune function 3) To maintain homeostasis of water, ions or pH 4) Distribution of heat throughout the body 5) Blood clotting The main components of blood are: (i) Plasma (ii) Red blood cells (iii) White blood cells (iv) Platelets Functions of blood plasma Plasma helps to regulate body temperature and maintains blood pressure. Transportation of nutrients is one of the major functions of blood plasma. When a food is digested, it breaks down into amino acids, sugars, lipids and fatty acids. These are transported throughout the body by plasma. Plasma also transports wastes like uric acids, ammonium salts etc., to kidneys, where it filters wastes from plasma and excretes it through urine. Plasma also supplies required proteins for blood clot and immunity. Functions of Red blood cell Haemoglobin in RBC picks up oxygen in the lung tissues by forming a chemical compound with it. This oxygen is carried to the tissues where it is used in the chemical reactions to produce energy. It then combines with carbon dioxide which is produced in these reactions and returns to the lungs with the heart where the cycle starts again. Functions of White blood cell Broadly, WBC acts as a defence system in the body. There are several varieties of WBC performing specific functions such as, Neutrophils (65 to 70% of the total WBC) attack the invading bacteria and engulf them. Lymphocytes (25% of WBC) produces antibodies which protect the body against antigen and thus provide immunity against infection. Basophils secrete anticoagulant called heparin which prevents clot within the blood cells. Eosinophils and monocytes also assist in defence mechanism of the body by becoming active against specific antigens. Function of platelets: They help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) by gathering at the site of an injury.

8338.

What is blood? State its composition function of various components.

Answer»

Blood is important for regulation of the body’s pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, the circulation of nutrients and removal of waste, the distribution of hormones from endocrine glands, and the elimination of excess heat; it also contains components for blood clotting. Blood is made of several components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the plasma, which contains coagulation factors and serum.

Blood consists of two main components:

Plasma
Formed elements or corpuscles.

Plasma: Plasma constitutes almost 55% of blood. Plasma is a pale yellowish, watery substance that surrounds blood cells and carries them around the body.Plasma is a combination or mixture of nutrients, gases, proteins, hormones, salts, and wastes.

Functions of blood plasma

Plasma helps to regulate body temperature and maintains blood pressure.
Transportation of nutrients is one of the major functions of blood plasma. When a food is digested, it breaks down into amino acids, sugars, lipids and fatty acids. These are transported throughout the body by plasma.
Plasma also transports wastes like uric acids, ammonium salts etc., to kidneys, where it filters wastes from plasma and excretes it through urine.
Plasma also supplies required proteins for blood clot and immunity.

Formed Elements or Corpuscles

Formed particles or corpuscles consists of

Erythrocytes or Red blood cells
Leucocytes or White blood cells

Blood is a fluid that moves through the vessels of a circulatory system. In humans, it includes plasma (the liquid portion), blood cells (which come in both red and white varieties), and cell fragments called platelets.

Basic functions of blood :

1) Transport of nutrients, waste products, blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) or signaling molecules

2) Immune function

3) To maintain homeostasis of water, ions or pH

4) Distribution of heat throughout the body

5) Blood clotting

The main components of blood are:

(i) Plasma

(ii) Red blood cells

(iii) White blood cells

(iv) Platelets

Functions of blood plasma

Plasma helps to regulate body temperature and maintains blood pressure.
Transportation of nutrients is one of the major functions of blood plasma. When a food is digested, it breaks down into amino acids, sugars, lipids and fatty acids. These are transported throughout the body by plasma.
Plasma also transports wastes like uric acids, ammonium salts etc., to kidneys, where it filters wastes from plasma and excretes it through urine.
Plasma also supplies required proteins for blood clot and immunity.

Functions of Red blood cell

Haemoglobin in RBC picks up oxygen in the lung tissues by forming a chemical compound with it.
This oxygen is carried to the tissues where it is used in the chemical reactions to produce energy.
It then combines with carbon dioxide which is produced in these reactions and returns to the lungs with the heart where the cycle starts again.

Functions of White blood cell

Broadly, WBC acts as a defence system in the body. There are several varieties of WBC performing specific functions such as, Neutrophils (65 to 70% of the total WBC) attack the invading bacteria and engulf them. Lymphocytes (25% of WBC) produces antibodies which protect the body against antigen and thus provide immunity against infection. Basophils secrete anticoagulant called heparin which prevents clot within the blood cells. Eosinophils and monocytes also assist in defence mechanism of the body by becoming active against specific antigens.

Function of platelets:

They help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) by gathering at the site of an injury.

Discussion

8339.	What is blood? State its composition function of various components.
Answer» Answer given below: https://bit.ly/2FFK54R

8339.

What is blood? State its composition function of various components.

Answer»

Answer given below:

https://bit.ly/2FFK54R

Discussion

8340.	Why is it important for a business to have an effective sales strategy?
Answer» a. Successful strategies help the sales force focus on target market customers and communicate with them in relevant and meaningful ways. b. Sales representatives need to know how their products or services can solve customer's problems. A successful sales strategy conveys this so that the sales force spends time targeting the correct customers at the right time. c. Planning and creating an effective sales strategy requires looking at long-term sales goals and analyzing the business sales cycle, as well as meeting with sales people about their personal career goals. Going through these exercises helps business owners and managers gain a more intimate knowledge of the sales intervals, seasonal changes and what motivates the sales team. d. After creating the long-term sales strategy based on long-term goals, sales managers should create monthly and weekly sales strategies based on the long-term strategy. This allows for short-term performance measurement of the sales team.

8340.

Why is it important for a business to have an effective sales strategy?

Answer»

a. Successful strategies help the sales force focus on target market customers and communicate with them in relevant and meaningful ways.

b. Sales representatives need to know how their products or services can solve customer's problems. A successful sales strategy conveys this so that the sales force spends time targeting the correct customers at the right time.

c. Planning and creating an effective sales strategy requires looking at long-term sales goals and analyzing the business sales cycle, as well as meeting with sales people about their personal career goals. Going through these exercises helps business owners and managers gain a more intimate knowledge of the sales intervals, seasonal changes and what motivates the sales team.

d. After creating the long-term sales strategy based on long-term goals, sales managers should create monthly and weekly sales strategies based on the long-term strategy. This allows for short-term performance measurement of the sales team.

Discussion

8341.	Differentiate between the two types of sales strategy.
Answer» The two strategies are: Direct sales strategy- the sales people talk about each feature of the competitor’s product and compare it to theirs. Indirect sales strategy- in this the approach is by demonstrating features and benefits not available with the competition’s products or services without ever mentioning them by name.

8341.

Differentiate between the two types of sales strategy.

Answer»

The two strategies are:

Direct sales strategy- the sales people talk about each feature of the competitor’s product and compare it to theirs.

Indirect sales strategy- in this the approach is by demonstrating features and benefits not available with the competition’s products or services without ever mentioning them by name.

Discussion

8342.	From the following information obtained from the financial statements of Bites Ltd., calculate Return on Equity.Net Income earned - ₹ 10,00,000Equity- ₹ 5,00,000
Answer» Return on Equity= Net Income/Equity × 100 = 10,00,000/5,00,000 × 100 = 200 %

8342.

From the following information obtained from the financial statements of Bites Ltd., calculate Return on Equity.Net Income earned - ₹ 10,00,000Equity- ₹ 5,00,000

Answer»

Return on Equity= Net Income/Equity × 100

= 10,00,000/5,00,000 × 100

= 200 %

Discussion

8343.	Why are copyrights and patent important for an entrepreneur?
Answer» Copyright : It gives the creator of original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. It means apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual or artistic forms or work. For example, musical composition, literary work such as poems, plays etc. Patents: It grants an inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention.

8343.

Why are copyrights and patent important for an entrepreneur?

Answer»

Copyright : It gives the creator of original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. It means apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual or artistic forms or work. For example, musical composition, literary work such as poems, plays etc.

Patents: It grants an inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention.

Discussion

8344.	Raghav is a very creative person and has always been working on innovating products and services that can make living healthy and hygienic. He developed a design of an air conditioner with an inbuilt air purifier as well. Since he did not get any financial support from any bank, he approached Nirvana Vent (VC), a venture capitalist firm. Though VC liked the idea but it refused to help Raghav at the seeding stage and asked him to come again if needed during second round financing.Why was seed capital not given by VC when it was ready to fund the second round financing?
Answer» Venture capitalists are typically very selective in deciding what to invest in and as a rule of thumb: (1) They may invest in one in four hundred opportunities presented to it, (2) Looks for the extremely rare, yet sought after qualities, such as : (a) innovative technology, (b) potential for rapid growth, (c) a well-developed business model (d) an impressive management team. (3) Looks for an "exit" in the time frame of typically 3-7 years. (4) Is inclined towards ventures with exceptionally high growth potential. The VC do not fund for seed capital as its result and return both are not sure

8344.

Raghav is a very creative person and has always been working on innovating products and services that can make living healthy and hygienic. He developed a design of an air conditioner with an inbuilt air purifier as well. Since he did not get any financial support from any bank, he approached Nirvana Vent (VC), a venture capitalist firm. Though VC liked the idea but it refused to help Raghav at the seeding stage and asked him to come again if needed during second round financing.Why was seed capital not given by VC when it was ready to fund the second round financing?

Answer»

Venture capitalists are typically very selective in deciding what to invest in and as a rule of thumb:

(1) They may invest in one in four hundred opportunities presented to it,

(2) Looks for the extremely rare, yet sought after qualities, such as :

(a) innovative technology,

(b) potential for rapid growth,

(c) a well-developed business model

(d) an impressive management team.

(3) Looks for an "exit" in the time frame of typically 3-7 years.

(4) Is inclined towards ventures with exceptionally high growth potential.

The VC do not fund for seed capital as its result and return both are not sure

Discussion

8345.	The first step in the creative process is ‘Idea germination’. Explain the next step that follows.
Answer» Preparation: on the basis of the idea generated the entrepreneur starts looking for the answers to implement the idea. If the idea is to launch a new product or service then market research is conducted.

Discussion

8346.	State any four primary activities that are essential for a firm to have a competitive advantage as given by Porter.
Answer» Primary activities : (i) Inbound logistics : Goods being obtained from the organisation’s suppliers and to be used for producing the end product. (ii) Operations : Raw materials and goods are manufactured into the final product. Value is added to the product at this stage as it moves through the production line. (iii) Outbound logistics : Once the products have been manufactured, they are ready to be distributed to distribution centres, wholesalers, retailers or customers. Distribution of finished goods is known as outbound logistics (iv) Marketing and sales : Marketing must make sure that the product is targeted towards the correct customer group. The marketing mix is used to establish an effective strategy, any competitive advantage is clearly communicated to the target group through the promotional mix. (v) Services : After the product/service has been sold, what support services does the organization offer customers? This may come in the form of after sales training, guarantees and warranties.

8346.

State any four primary activities that are essential for a firm to have a competitive advantage as given by Porter.

Answer»

Primary activities :

(i) Inbound logistics : Goods being obtained from the organisation’s suppliers and to be used for producing the end product.

(ii) Operations : Raw materials and goods are manufactured into the final product. Value is added to the product at this stage as it moves through the production line.

(iii) Outbound logistics : Once the products have been manufactured, they are ready to be distributed to distribution centres, wholesalers, retailers or customers. Distribution of finished goods is known as outbound logistics

(iv) Marketing and sales : Marketing must make sure that the product is targeted towards the correct customer group. The marketing mix is used to establish an effective strategy, any competitive advantage is clearly communicated to the target group through the promotional mix.

(v) Services : After the product/service has been sold, what support services does the organization offer customers? This may come in the form of after sales training, guarantees and warranties.

Discussion

8347.	Idea germination is the seeding stage of a new idea in the creative process. Explain the next four stages in the process.
Answer» Preparation: On the basis of the idea, interest and curiosity the need is adjudged by the entrepreneur and he starts looking for the answer to implement the idea. If the idea is to launch a new product or service then market research is conducted. Incubation : This is the subconscious assimilation of information. This is the transition period. Illumination : In this period of illumination the idea re-surfaces in realistic way and entrepreneur comes out with viable plan to give practical shape by collecting raw-material, arranging funds, policy–making for the implementation of idea. Verification: Also called the validation or testing stage. This is where the idea is verified to prove that it has value. This is the most difficult phase of creativity as obstacles begin to appear. This is the developing stage in which knowledge is developed into application. Detailed Answer : Next four stages of idea germination : (i) Preparation : (a) This is the stage where an entrepreneur starts looking for the answer to implement the idea. (b) Market research should be done before the launch of a new product. Example : Samsung has done a lot of market research in India before launching its smart phones in the country. (ii) Incubation : (a) This is the stage where an entrepreneur starts process of studying the pros and cons of manufacturing the product. (b) This is the transition period. (iii) Illumination : (a) Practical shape is given to the idea. (b) Collection of raw material. (c) Arranging funds. (d) Policy making for the implementation of idea. (iv) Verification : (a) It is also known as testing stage. (b) It is verified that idea is valuable or not. (c) This is the stage where entrepreneur starts facing obstacles. (d) This is the stage where knowledge is developed into application. (v) Innovation : (a) Translation of idea into a successful venture. (b) To work out analytically all the details of the enterprise. (c) To develop marketing strategies. (d) To organize the finances and strategize operations.

8347.

Idea germination is the seeding stage of a new idea in the creative process. Explain the next four stages in the process.

Answer»

Preparation: On the basis of the idea, interest and curiosity the need is adjudged by the entrepreneur and he starts looking for the answer to implement the idea. If the idea is to launch a new product or service then market research is conducted.

Incubation : This is the subconscious assimilation of information. This is the transition period.

Illumination : In this period of illumination the idea re-surfaces in realistic way and entrepreneur comes out with viable plan to give practical shape by collecting raw-material, arranging funds, policy–making for the implementation of idea.

Verification: Also called the validation or testing stage. This is where the idea is verified to prove that it has value. This is the most difficult phase of creativity as obstacles begin to appear. This is the developing stage in which knowledge is developed into application.

Detailed Answer : Next four stages of idea germination :

(i) Preparation :

(a) This is the stage where an entrepreneur starts looking for the answer to implement the idea.

(b) Market research should be done before the launch of a new product.

Example : Samsung has done a lot of market research in India before launching its smart phones in the country.

(ii) Incubation :

(a) This is the stage where an entrepreneur starts process of studying the pros and cons of manufacturing the product.

(b) This is the transition period.

(iii) Illumination :

(a) Practical shape is given to the idea.

(b) Collection of raw material.

(c) Arranging funds.

(d) Policy making for the implementation of idea.

(iv) Verification :

(a) It is also known as testing stage.

(b) It is verified that idea is valuable or not.

(c) This is the stage where entrepreneur starts facing obstacles.

(d) This is the stage where knowledge is developed into application.

(v) Innovation :

(a) Translation of idea into a successful venture.

(b) To work out analytically all the details of the enterprise.

(c) To develop marketing strategies.

(d) To organize the finances and strategize operations.

Discussion

8348.	This is a market where there is an option to sell and buy new and old financial instruments. It facilitates the transferring of financial resources from surplus units to deficit units.(i) Identify and define the market.(ii) Name the function of transferring of financial resources from surplus units to deficit units.
Answer» (a) Capital Market : A capital market may be defined as an organized mechanism meant for effective and smooth transfer of money capital or financial resources from the investors to the entrepreneurs. Here, productive capital is raised and made available for industrial purposes. (b) Financial Intermediation.

8348.

This is a market where there is an option to sell and buy new and old financial instruments. It facilitates the transferring of financial resources from surplus units to deficit units.(i) Identify and define the market.(ii) Name the function of transferring of financial resources from surplus units to deficit units.

Answer»

(a) Capital Market : A capital market may be defined as an organized mechanism meant for effective and smooth transfer of money capital or financial resources from the investors to the entrepreneurs. Here, productive capital is raised and made available for industrial purposes.

(b) Financial Intermediation.

Discussion

8349.	What are the different types of acquisition?
Answer» There are four types of acquisitions: a. Friendly acquisition: Both the companies approve of the acquisition under friendly terms. There is no forceful acquisition and the entire process is cordial. b. Reverse acquisition: A private company takes over a public company. c. Back flip acquisition: A very rare case of acquisition in which the purchasing company becomes a subsidiary of the purchased company. d. Hostile acquisition: The entire process is done by force. The smaller company is either driven to such a condition that it has no option but to say yes to the acquisition to save its skin or the bigger company just buys off all its share, thereby establishing majority and hence initiating the acquisition.

8349.

What are the different types of acquisition?

Answer»

There are four types of acquisitions:

a. Friendly acquisition: Both the companies approve of the acquisition under friendly terms. There is no forceful acquisition and the entire process is cordial.

b. Reverse acquisition: A private company takes over a public company.

c. Back flip acquisition: A very rare case of acquisition in which the purchasing company becomes a subsidiary of the purchased company.

d. Hostile acquisition: The entire process is done by force. The smaller company is either driven to such a condition that it has no option but to say yes to the acquisition to save its skin or the bigger company just buys off all its share, thereby establishing majority and hence initiating the acquisition.

Discussion

8350.

Why is ‘Customer Relationship Management’ important for any business ? Explain briefly.

Answer»

(i) It can help to understand the customer in a better way

(ii) It will retain customers through better customer experience

(iii) It will help to attract new customers

(iv) Helps in winning new clients and contracts

(v) It will lead to increase profitability of the organization.

(vi) Helps in decreasing customer management costs

Discussion

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