Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

LAN(Local Area Network) 

i. Uniform Resource Locator

ii. Integrated Development Environment

a. Theatre Libre

b. Andre Antoine

c. Realism and Naturalism

Research work collaborates and includes two levels of exploration:

1. Gathering Data: To identify concerns and issues derived from curriculum, its plan and practice.

2. Reviewing Data: The review of data findings with collaborators helps them to reflect on the material from their interviews and workshops, to extrapolate the principles underpinning the project guidelines.

After Independence, in 1947, in their efforts to create an ‘Indian’ theatre that was different from the Westernized, colonial theatre, Indian theatre practitioners began returning to their ‘roots’ in classical dance, religious ritual, martial arts, popular entertainment and aesthetic theory. The Theatre of Roots - as this movement was known - was the first conscious effort at creating a body of work for urban audiences combining modern European theatre with traditional Indian performance while maintaining its distinction from both.

By addressing the politics of aesthetics and by challenging the visual practices, performer spectator relationships, dramaturgical structures and aesthetic goals of colonial performance, the movement offered a strategy for reassessing colonial ideology and culture, and for articulating and defining a newly emerging ‘India’. The theatre of Roots presents an in-depth analysis of this movement: its innovations, theories, goals, accomplishments, problems and legacies.

Indian Theatre expands the boundaries of what is usually regarded as “theatre” in order to explore the multiple dimensions of theatrical performance. From rural festivals to contemporary urban theatre, from dramatic rituals and devotional performances to dance-dramas and classical Sanskrit plays, this era is a vivid introduction to the colourful and often surprising world of Indian performance. Besides mapping the vast range of performance traditions, the book presents representative genres, including well-known forms such as Kathakali and Ramleela and little-known performances such as ‘”tamasha”, explains the historical background of the theatre form and interprets its dramatic literature, probes its ritual or religious significance, and, where relevant, explores its social and political implications.

On the basis of development, resources can be classified into four main groups: Potential resources, developed resources, stock resources and reserve resources.

Their main features are:

Potential resources: Potential resources are those resources which are found in the region but have not been used. For example, the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan have tremendous potential for the development of solar energy, but it has not been fully used till yet.

Developed resources: Developed resources are those resources whose quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.

Stock: These are resources which can satisfy human needs, but humans do not have the technical know-how to utilise these resources.

Reserves: Humans have the technology of harnessing the reserve resources, but their use has not been started.

India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. In order to strengthen the flow of information from grassroots to the higher level, the government has made special provision to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to every village in the country. 

(i) Mass Communication includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books, and films.

(ii) All India radio broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional or local languages. 

(iii) Doordarshan, the national television channel of India broadcasts a variety of programmes ranging from entertainment, education to sports etc. 

(iv) India publishes a large no. of newspapers and periodicals annually.

(v) Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects.

(vi) India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. It produces short films, video feature films, and video short films.

1. Resource accessibility: Resources should be made available to all people for optimum utilisation.
2. Skill: Upgrading to latest technologies and skills will ensure appropriate development of resources in the country.
3. Superiority of human resources: Knowledge gained by people plays an important role in resource development.
4. Past experiences of the people: People who have experienced the situations of resource scarcity in the past will clearly understand the importance and the finest consumption of resources in the future.

Roads are classified as given below: 

(i) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways reduced the time and distance between the mega cities of India. 

(ii) National Highways connect the state capitals, big cities and important ports. 

(iii) State Highways join the state capitals with district headquarters. 

(iv) District Roads connect the district centres with the major roads. 

(v) Other Rural Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns. 

(vi) Border Roads have increased accessibility in areas of difficult terrain. Projects related to Super Highways are being implemented by the NHAI.

An integrated steel plant handles multiple activities within one complex from raw materials to steel making, rolling, shaping among others which makes these steel plants to be huge in size. A mini steel plant is smaller as it produces mild and alloy steel of given requirements. Problems faced by this industry are: 

(i) The production costs are high due to high costs of basic materials such as coke coal. 

(ii) In India, there is an irregular supply of electricity leading to the loss of time and added cost of generating electricity. 

(iii) Steel Industries are located in regions with poor infrastructure, which increases cost of transportation and other utilities. Recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity of this industry is the entry of private players, which have access to private capital investments and foreign direct investments. FDI has allowed quicker expansion and increased efficiency through oversight.

Transport routes are called basic arteries of our economy: 

(i) We use different materials and services in our daily lives. 

(ii) Some of these are available in our immediate surroundings, while other requirements are met by bringing things from other places. 

(iii) Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. 

(iv) The movement of these goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transport.

(v) Roads are very significant in carrying goods from one place to another and serve for local, national and international trade.

(vi) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. Railways bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of industry and agriculture.

(vii) Pipeline transportation was used for water transportation only. Now these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertiliser, factories and big thermal plants.

(viii) Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

(ix) Air travel today is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. Pawan Hans Helicopter Ltd. provides helicopter services to oil and natural gas commission in its offshore operations to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the North eastern states and interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

Both countries have democracies. Both have various ethnic groups living in their respective countries. 

Differences: 

(i) In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feeling and interests of different communities and region. Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangement for sharing the power. 

(ii) Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

Drought Prone Area Programme: 

(I) This programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan:

 (II) Objectives 

(i) Its objectives were to provide employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets. 

(ii) It laid emphasis on the construction of labour-intensive civil works, later on, it emphasised on irrigation projects, and development programmes, afforestation grassland development and creation of basic rural infrastructure. 

(iii) Other strategies include adoption of integrated watershed development approach at micro level. 

(iv) The restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants and human and animal population should be a basic consideration in the strategy of development of drought-prone areas. 

(v) Irrigation Commission (1972) introduced the criterion of 30 per cent irrigated area and demarcated the drought-prone areas.

• There are many economic activities— 

(i) primary 

(ii) secondary 

(iii) tertiary 

(iv) quaternary

• They revolve around obtaining and utilising resources necessary for survival. 

• (i) Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. 

(ii) Cotton in the boll has limited use but after it is transformed into yam becomes more valuable and can be used for making clothes. 

(iii) Iron ore after being converted into steel it gets its value and can be used for making many valuable machines, tools etc.

The National Water Policy 2002 stipulates w ater allocation priorities broadly in an order— drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, navigation, industrial and other uses. 

Its key features are as follow: 

(i) Irrigation and multi-purpose projects should invariably include drinking water component, wherever there is no alternative source of drinking water. 

(ii) Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first priority. 

(iii) Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater. 

(iv) Both surface and groundwater should be regularly monitored for quality. A phased programme should be undertaken for improving water quality. 

(v) The efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be improved. 

(vi) Awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered. 

(vii) Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.

(i) Indians used the novel as a powerful medium to criticise what they considered defects in their society and to suggest remedies.
(ii) Writers like Viresalingam used the novel mainly to propagate their ideas about society among a wider readership.
(iii) Novels also helped in establishing a relationship with the past. Through glorified accounts of the past, these novels helped in creating a sense of national pride among their readers.
(iv) At the same time, people from all walks of life could read novels so long as they shared a common language. This helped in creating a sense of collective belonging on the basis of one’s language.
(v) Novels also made their readers familiar with the ways in which people in other parts of their land spoke their language.

Evolution of Towns in India: 

Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India. Harappa and Mohanjodaro were the example of towns of Indus Valley civilisation. On the basis of their evolution in different periods, Indian towns are classified into three as follow: Ancient towns, Medieval towns and Modem towns. 

• Ancient towns: 

(i) There are number of towns in India having historical background spanning over 2000 years. 

(ii) Most of the towns developed as religious and cultural centres. Varanasi is one of the important towns among these. Prayag (Allahabad), Patliputra (Patna), Madurai are some other examples of ancient tow ns in the country. 

• Ancient towns: About 100 of the existing towns have their roots in the medieval period. Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms. These are Fort towns which came up on the mins of ancient towns. Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Agra are the important examples.

• Modern towns: 

(i) The British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns in India – starting their foothold on coastal locations. 

(ii) They first developed trading ports, first—Surat, Daman, Goa, etc. Later, British consolidated their hold around three principal nodes-Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. British established their administrative centres, hill towns as summer resorts and added new civil administrative and military areas to them.

• Intensive subsistence farming is done in many parts of China, Japan, India etc. 

• (i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation. 

(ii) Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy, 

• (I) Characteristics of Wet Paddy cultivation 

(i) It is characterised by dominance of the rice crop. Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population. 

(ii) Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited and most of agricultural operation are done by manual labour. The yield per unit acre is high but per labour productivity is low. 

(II) Intensive subsidence agriculture is dominated by crops other than paddy:— 

(i) Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other geographical factors, it is not practical to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon area. 

(ii) Wheat, soyabean, barley and Sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea and North Japan. In India, wheat is grown in Western parts of the IndoGangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India.

(i) International trade is mutually beneficial to nations if it leads to regional specialisation, higher level of production, better standard of living, world wide availability of goods and services; equalisation of prices and wages and diffusion of knowledge and culture. 

(ii) International trade can prove to be detrimental to nations as it leads to dependence on other countries, uneven levels of development, exploitation and commercial rivalry leading to wars. 

(iii) Global trade affects many aspects of life, it can impact every thing from the environment to health and well being of the people around the world.

(iv) As countries compete to trade more production and the use of natural resources spiral up, resources get used up faster than they can be replenished. 

(v) Marine life is also depleting fast, forests are being cut down and river basins sold off to private drinking water companies. Multinational corporations trading in oil, gas mining, pharmaceuticals and agri-business keep expanding their operations at all costs creating more pollution.

Energy saved is energy produced :
India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example:
(i) As concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
(ii) Switching off electricity when not in use.
(iii) Using power saving devices.
(iv) Using non-conventional sources of energy.
(v) After all “energy saved is energy produced”.

Merits and demerits of road transport. 

Merits: 

(i) Road transport is the most economical for short distances compared to others like railways. 

(ii) Freight transport by road is gaining importance because it offers door-to-door service. 

(iii) Roads play a vital role in a nation’s trade and commerce and for promoting tourism. 

(iv) Construction of roads is not so expensive. 

Demerits: 

(i) The quality of the roads varies greatly between developed and developing countries as road construction and maintenance require heavy expenditure. 

(ii) Road are not effective and serviceable for all seasons. During rainy season they become unmotorable became handicapped during heavy rain and floods. 

(iii) The world’s road system in the developing countries is not well developed.

Energy saved is energy produced : 

India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example: 

(i) As concerned citizens, we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. 

(ii) Switching off electricity when not in use. 

(iii) Using power saving devices. 

(iv) Using non-conventional sources of energy. 

(v) After all “energy saved is energy produced”. 

Merits of Air Transport are : 

(i) It is the most comfortable mode of transport. 

(ii) It is the fastest mode. 

(iii) It is the prestigious mode of transport. 

(iv) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains and dreary deserts. 

(v) Dense forests and oceans are not problems for air transport. It covers them with great ease.

There has been a change in the nature of our international trade : 

(i) Since 2004-2005, the share of agriculture and allied products, ores and minerals, chemical and allied products, engineering goods and petroleum un products has been increasing. 

(ii) Exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. 

(iii) India has emerged as a software giant at international level. 

(iv) India is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology. 

(v) Imports : Commodities imported to India include petroleum and petroleum products–41.87% and Coal, Coke and briquettes–94.17%.

Foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries by the following ways – 

(i) Foreign trade increases competition among companies in terms of quantity, quality and price.

(ii) Foreign trade enables people to sell their produce in international market rather than only in domestic market. For example, Chinese toys in India and Indian readymade garments in other countries have resulted in connecting the markets. 

(iii) Foreign trade transport of one nation’s goods to other country facilitates the exchange of tradition and culture such as garments like saris, kurta, ghaghra, etc., sold by Indian traders and jeans jerseys jackets sold by international traders to India. 

(iv) The Indian producers can sell their produce not only in domestic markets but also compete in markets located in other countries of the world. 

(v) Foreign trade increases the exchange of foreign currency.

The Right to Constitutional Remedy is the ‘heart and soul’of the Indian Constitution was said by Dr Br Ambedkar because

(i) When any of our rights is violated, we can seek remedy through courts. If it is a Fundamental Right, we can directly approach the Supreme Court or the High Court of the state.

(ii) If any act of Legislature or Executive takes away or limits any of the Fundamental Rights, it will be invalid. We can challenge Such laws of the Central or the State Government in the court of law.

1. The non-farm activities of Palampur are dairy, small scale manufacturing and transport.
2. Nearly 25% of the people enegaged in non-farm activities. 

Non-farm activities are as follows:

• Dairy is the main non-farming activity of the people of Palampur. People have domesticated cows and buffaloes. The milk is sold to the people of Raiganj.
•  Some people are also engaged in small manufacturing units like spinning, weaving, leather making etc. Labourers are generally not hired for small manufacturing units.
•  Many shopkeepers have set up their own shops selling stationary items, toothpaste, candles etc. in the village. They buy various goods from the wholesalers in the towns.
•  Many people of the village of Palampur are also engaged in driving tractors, jeeps, bullock carts, rickshaws and trucks. They mostly transport goods from one place to another.

Answer:
The non-farm activities of Palampur are:
Dairy farming:
People feed their buffaloes with various kinds of grass, jowar, bajra that grows during the rainy season.
The milk is sold in nearby villages.
Some people have set up collection centres and chilling centres from where milk is transported to far away towns and cities.
Small-scale manufacturing:
Manufacturing in Palampur involves very simple production methods and are done on a small scale.
They are carried out mostly at home.
This is mostly done with the help of family labour. Labour is rarely hired.
Shopkeeping:
Shopkeepers buy various goods from the wholesale market in the cities and sell them in the village.
Small general stores in the village sell a wide range of items like rice, wheat, sugar, oil, biscuits, soap, batteries, candles, toothpaste, pens, pencils, notebooks, and even some clothes.
Some families whose houses are closer to the bus stand have used a part of the space to open small shops. They sell eatables here.
Transport:
Rickshawallahs, tongawallahs, jeep, tractor, truck drivers and people driving the traditional bullock carts and bogeys are the people in transport services.
They carry people and goods from one place to another and in return get paid for it.
The number of people in transport services have risen over the last several years.
Self-employed:
Some people have opened coaching institutes for various kinds of arts like computer training centres or stitching classes, etc. to obtain profit from a non-farm activity and train more and more people for better opportunities in their lives.

(i) World Bank classifies countries according to the Per Capita Income. 

(ii) Countries with PCI of more than US $ 12616 per annum and above are called rich countries. 

(iii) Countries with PCI less than US $ 1035 are called poor countries. 

(iv) Countries with income between US $ 1530 per annum are called low middle income countries.

The limitations of this report are : 

(i) It considers only income and not other aspects such as literacy, health, life expectancy, etc. 

(ii) World Development Report (WDR) only tells about income and not how it is distributed among the citizens. 

Let the smaller and larger of two parts be x and y.

According to question

y² = 18x

Sum of the squares of the two parts is 208.

x² + y² = 208

x² + 18x - 208 = 0

x² + 26x - 8x + 208 = 0

x(x + 26) - 8(x + 26) = 0

(x - 8)(x + 26) = 0

x = 8 or x = -26 (rejected as part of pice never be negative)

y = √18x

=√18 x 8

= √144

= 12

Hence, the no. is 8 + 12 = 20

• Tissue culture 
• Meristem apical or axillary is excised.
• Explant grown in a test tube under sterile condition/special nutrient medium

A is more reactive

2'-OH group present in the pentose sugar

Makes it more labile/ catalytic and easily degradable.

Control crosses cannot be performed in human beings, Alternate method-Pedigree analysis (study of the traits in several generations of a family).

CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 

Cu ions released suppresses sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.  

Gemmule - asexual reproductive structure in sponges.

Conidia - asexual reproductive structure in Penicillium.

(i) This belt extends over Karnataka. Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala. It is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. 

(ii) It contains high grade iron ore, manganese and limestone. This belt lacks in coal deposits except Neyveli lignite. 

(iii) This belt does not have as diversified mineral deposits as the north-eastern belt. Kerala has deposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite and clay. Goa has iron ore deposits.

Human values 

(i) To provide equal access to opportunities 

(ii) Access to resources, health and education 

(iii) To empower the people to make choices.

(i) Location of industries is influenced by several factors like access to raw materials, power, market, capital, transport and labour. There is strong relationship between raw material and type of industry. Eastern India is the most rich region in the context. 

(ii) The other raw materials besides iron ore and coking coal for iron and steel industry are limestone, dolomite, manganese and fine clay. All these raw materials are gross. So, the best location for iron and steel plants is near the source of raw materials. 

(iii) It is a crescent shaped region comprising parts of Chhattisgarh, Northern Odisha, Jharkhand and western-West Bengal, which is rich in high grade iron ore and coking coal and other supplementing raw material, power and water.

The answer is (B) India’s landmass

The upper class people preferred to use hand products In the Victorian period because :

(i) In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of labour and vagrants moved to the cities in large numbers in search for jobs.

(ii) Wages were low. So industrialists had no problems of labour shortage, or cost of wages.

(iii) They did not introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.

(iv) A range of products could be produced only by manual labour. These required human skill. Among the upper class people there was demand for such products.

(v) The upper class aristocrats and bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand which symbolised refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed for them.

(i) The higher growth rates have helped significantly in the reduction of poverty. In the 1980s, India’s economic growth was one of the fastest in the world. The growth rate rose from the average of about 3.5% a year in the 1970s to about to 6 % during the 1980s and 1990s. 

(ii) The higher growth rates have helped significantly in the reduction of poverty. Therefore, it is becoming clear that there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction.

(iii) Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in human development. This also encourages people to send their children (including gjrls), to schools in the hope of getting better economic returns from investing in education. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction.

Baba Ram Chandra was an Indian trade unionist who organised the farmers of Awadh and united them to fight against landlords. He went to Fiji islands as an indentured labourer. By October the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru , Baba Ramchandra & a few others.

• He was a sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.
• He started the movement against talukdars and landlords, who demanded high rent and taxes from the peasants.

Characteristics of Democracy :
(i) Promotes equality among citizens.
(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual.
(iii) Improve the quality of decision making.
(iv) Provides a method to resolve conflicts.
(v) Allows room to correct mistakes.
(vi) Democratic government is a legitimate government.
(vii) Democracy's ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.

The main functions of political parties are :
(i) Parties contest elections: In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties.
(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.
(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
(iv) Parties shape public opinions. They raise and highlight issues.
(v) Parties form and run governments.
(vi) The parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power. Opposition role is important in a democracy as it voices different views and criticizes the government for its failures or wrong policies.
(vii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments.

The merits of electoral competition are given below: 

(i) Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders. They know that if they raise issues that people want to be raised, their popularity and chances of victory will increase in the next elections. But if they fail to satisfy the voters with their work they will not be able to win again. So, if a political party is motivated only by desire to be in power, even then it will be forced to serve the people. 

(ii) Political competition may cause divisions and some ugliness, but it finally helps to force political parties and leaders to serve the people.

Demerits:

(i) An electoral competition creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality.

(ii) Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.

(iii) Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.

Sectional Interest Group: 

i. They are sectional because they represent to a section of society: workers, employees, businesspersons, industrialists, followers of a religion, caste groups, etc. 

ii. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not society in general. 

iii. Illustration 

Public Interest Group: 

i. They represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended and promote collective rather than selective goods. 

ii. The members of the organization may not benefit from the cause that the organization represents as they aim to help groups other than their own members.

Multipurpose projects,launched after the independence with their integrated water resources management approach which served numerous objectives like irrigation, soil conservation, flood control, generation of hydroelectricity, domestic n industrial use, fish breeding etc. that's why  jawaharlal nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the "temples of the modern India".

The length of road per 100 sq km of area is known as density of roads.

Advantages of roadways over railways are:

(i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway lines.

(ii) Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and undulating topography.

(iii) Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of transport, as they provide a link between railway stations, air and seaports.

(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. Thus, it can be concluded that roadways still have an edge over railways in India

(v) Roads today connect even the smallest village to a large town. Railways have yet not been able to connect villages to cities.

i. Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines. 

ii. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. 

iii. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas. 

iv. Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. 

v. It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower. 

vi. Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.

Characteristics of Kandla Seaport : 

(i) First port developed soon after India got independence. 

(ii) Reduced the volume of traffic on Mumbai port.  

(iii) Tidal port. 

(iv) Caters exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrialised states. 

(v) Free trade zone.

Transport and communication for local, national and global trade : 

(i) Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport. 

(ii) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system. 

(iii) Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other. 

(iv) Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. 

(v) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.