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The output expected from the program is

(iii)  20#17# 

Minimum Value of Alter = 10

Maximum Value of Alter = 11

A copy constructor is an overloaded constructor in which an object of the same class is passed as reference parameter.

class X

{

int a;

public:

X()

{

a=0;

}

X(X &ob) //copy constructor

{

a=ob.a;

}

};

(i) Start(), Schedule::View(), Commence(), Programme::View()

(ii) DD,MM,YYYY, Schedule::View()

Title, Commence( ), Programme::View()

Fname, Enter(), Show()

(iii) S.Programme::View( );

(iv) Programme( ), Faculty( ), Schedule( )

class District : public State

{

public :

char Dname[20];

float Distance;

long int Population;

void DINPUT( )

{

gets(Dname);

cin>>distance;

cin>>Population;

}

void DOUTPUT( )

{

cout<<Dname<<endl;

cout<<Distance<<endl;

cout<<population<<endl;

}

};

A copy constructor is an overloaded constructor in which an object of the same class is passed as reference parameter.

class X

{ int a;

public: 

 X()

{

a=0;

}

X(X &ob)   //copy constructor

{

a=ob.a;

}

}; 

The output is:

####

71421

Polymorphism

OR

Function Overloading

class Ele_Bill

{

char Cname[20];

long Pnumber;

int No_of_units;

float Amount;

void Calc_Amount( );

public:

void Accept();

void Display();

};

void Ele_Bill : : Calc_Amount( )

{

if(No_of_units<=50)

{

Amount=0;

}

else if(No_of_units<=150)

{

Amount=(No_of_units-50)*0.80;

}

else if(No_of_units<=350)

{

Amount=80+(No_of_units-150)*1.00;

}

else

{

Amount=80+200+(No_of_units-350)*1.20;

}

}

void Ele_Bill :: Accept( )

{

gets(Cname);

cin>Pnumber>>No_of_units;

Calc_Amount( );

}

void Ele_Bill :: Display( )

{

cout<<Cname<<Pnumber<<No_of_units<<Amount;

}

####

71421

Polymorphism

OR

Function Overloading

(i)  Start(), Schedule::View(), Commence(), Programme::View()

(ii)  DD,MM,YYYY, Schedule::View()

Title, Commence( ), Programme::View()

Fname, Enter(), Show()

(iii)  S.Programme::View( );

(iv)  Programme( ), Faculty( ), Schedule( )

Steps we should follow while writing a program: 

(i) Program definition: Identify inputs and outputs. 

(ii) Problem Analysis: fragment the problem into smaller parts 

(iii) Design: Express the problem as algorithms and flowcharts. 

(iv) Coding: translating the algorithm into a programming code. 

(v) Testing and Debugging:  Detecting and correcting errors.

Characteristics of a good program:

(i) clarity and simplicity of expressions

(ii) commends and declarations

(iii) Naming identifiers

(iv) Indentation

(v) Robustness

Pretty printing : The process of formatting the output to make it more readable and descriptive.

Commends describe the function of the code Whereas, indents are spaces at the beginning of statements. They demonstrate program logically.

 Operating system is a master program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware. 

Function: 

(i) Processor management / scheduling

(ii) Memory management

Given program will give error, i.e. Multiple declaration for ‘L’. 

If we remove int from 2nd for loop then output will be:

12*63*73*15*93*10*

Output 

35 & 4

38 # 3

38 # 9

Output:

Option (a) & (c)

Maximum value of Pick will be 8

Minimum value of Pick will be 1

Output:

B:380

A:350

C:275

Implicit data conversion, the complier automatically converts the data types.(eg) float f; int a; g = a+f it transforms into float

Explicit type casting is done by the user. (eg) char c=’a’, cout << (int) c; Its output would be 97

(i) Constructor overloading feature is illustrated by the Member Function 1 and the Member Function 2 together in the class TEST.

(ii) Statement 1

TEST T1; //TO execute Member Function 1

Statement 2

TEST T2 = T1; //To execute Member Function 1

Private visibility A member declared as private can be accessed only in class. It cannot be accessed outside the class.

Protected visibility A member declared as protected can be accessed inside the class as well as outside the class that is subclass of the class in which member is declared.

e.g class Super

{

Private :

int x;

protected :

int y;

};

Class Sub : protected Super

}

private :

int z;

public :

void disp ()

{

count<<x<<y<<z;

/*Here y and z can be accessed but x cannot be accessed because it is a private member of Super class */

}

};

Konstantin Stanislavsky.

i. Person vs nature

ii. Person vs self

In the early stage of developing a play.

To conduct workshops and programs for adults and children.

From modern, classical, folk and tribal theatre.

Theatre existed even before any play was ever written. Even at that time, theatre was happening somewhere; perhaps a clearing in front of caves or elsewhere in a dark starry night around a burning fire, more for keeping wild animals at bay than entertaining the crowd gathered around the burning fire. There was no script, no story and no protagonist.

However, it is clear that theatre happens in a particular and a designated place, which in modern times, consists of an auditorium for the viewers and a stage for the action to happen.

Now the stage can be any place; a piece of land in the field, a street corner, arising on the hill side, a raised mound somewhere, in front of a temple or a church or a wooden floor raised to some height, theatre is possible as long as there are actors and audience.

Documentation of various Folk and Tribal Art forms especially those which are rare and on the verge of vanishing, is one of the main thrust areas of the ZCCs. Under the National Cultural Exchange Programme (NCEP), exchange of artists, musicologists, performers and scholars between different regions in the country take place to promote different tribal and folk art forms in different parts of the country, and thus a very useful expression of the concept of unity within diversity of our country.

The Theatre of Roots - as this movement was known - was the first conscious effort at creating a body of work for urban audiences combining modern European theatre with traditional Indian performance while maintaining its distinction from both.

Choosing a play: Directors spend a great deal of time in choosing a play, because they realize that their judgment will affect the participation of actors, the potential audience and themselves. It is a responsibility not to be taken lightly and only the director can make the final decision. Choosing a play is an endless process for director, because he/she must not only read critically the current output of the play but also continue to broaden their background by reading the dramatic literature of all periods of theatre history.

A good play should provide all theatre participants like actors, audience, technicians and director with an interesting, a worthwhile experience. It should involve all concerned with its emotional and intellectual content. A play should challenge the actors. Public taste cannot be altered overnight, nor can people be forced into changing them. Choosing a play cannot be done in a vacuum. It cannot be done satisfactorily by a group of people. It must be the decision of the director, who is duty bound, honour bound, to fulfil the responsibilities of a worthwhile educational theatre programme. While choosing the plays, a director focuses on various elements of the play.

Costume designer

Since independence, India followed the mixed economy framework by combining the advantages of the market economic system with those of the planned economic system. But over the years, this policy resulted in the establishment of a variety of rules and laws which were aimed at controlling and regulating the economy and instead ended up hampering the process of growth and development. The economy was facing problems of declining foreign exchange, growing imports without matching rise in exports and high inflation. India changed its economic policies in 1991 due to a financial crisis and pressure from international organisations like the World Bank and IMF. 

These reforms concentrated on : 

(a) Introduction of “free of control” economy. 

(b) A shift from public to private sector. 

(c) Free entry to foreign private investment.

Thus, the basic pillars of new economic policy are Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG). The Economic Reforms are seen by some as an opportunity in terms of greater access to global markets, high technology and increased growth rates. The assumption was that the greater participation of the private sector would stabilize the Indian economy which was on the brink of collapse in 1990. Some arguments have been given in favour of New Economic Reforms which are as follows : 

(a) In spite of heavy investments by the public sector in 1990, our domestic production increased by 4% per capita income which showed an increase of just over 1%. It was assumed that the new economic reforms would foster greater rate of economic growth. 

(b) Reduction in fiscal deficit which had been continuously mounting has made new reforms inevitable. 

(c) The fall in tax rates, controlled supply, higher production, and other liberalization measures will bring prices under control which hampered the development process. 

(d) The balance of payment problem will be tackle with rising exports due to removal of trade and investment barriers.

(e) It is expected that the efficiency of industries will increase due to competition from foreign industries and it would also create a favourable atmosphere for the development of small scale industries.

Women workers accords highest-priority to self-employment because mobility of female labour work force is less in urban as well as rural areas. 

(a) Lesser women are found in regular salaried employment as compared to men because a larger proportion of women are engaged in the economic activities without stable contracts and steady income. The stable contracts and steady income are two features prevalent in the regular salaried employment. 

(b) Women are engaged in informal segments of the economy, where they are not entitled to any social security benefits. 

(c) Women work in more vulnerable situations than men and have lower bargaining power and, consequently are paid lesser than the male workforce. Thus, the women workers are more likely to be found in the selfemployment and casual work as compared to men rather than regular salaried employment.

There are three reasons :

(1) Wants of the people are unlimited.

(2) Resources are limited.

(3) Resources have alternative uses. 

'For Whom to Produce' means that how should output produced be distributed among people. How much output will each person get depend on the income of the person,  Therefore, the problem amounts to how should income be distributed in the society. 

Detailed Answer:

Central problems of an economy arises due to the following reasons :

(a) Limited or Scarce Resources: Resources are scarce in relation to our wants and economy cannot produce all that people want. It is the principal reason for the existence of economic problems in all economies. 

(b) Alternative uses: Resources can be put to alternative uses. For example, the land is used not only for the production of crops but also for construction buildings and factories. As a result, the economy has to make a choice between the alternative uses of the given resources. 

(c) Unlimited wants: Human wants are unlimited in number. They are never ending and they can never be fully satisfied. 

For Whom to Produce: This problem is concerned with the distribution of income in an economy. It is concerned with whether to produce goods for high-income groups or low-income groups. The capacity of people to pay for goods depends upon their level of income. Thus, this problem is concerned with the distribution of income among factors of production who contribute in the production process. 

It has two aspects : 

(i) Personal distribution: 

It means how the national income of an economy is distributed among different groups of people in the society.

(ii) Factorial distribution: It relates to income share of different factors of production such as wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land etc

There are three reasons :

(1) Wants of the people are unlimited.

(2) Resources are limited.

(3) Resources have alternative uses. 

'For Whom to Produce' means that how should output produced be distributed among people. How much output will each person get depend on the income of the person,  Therefore, the problem amounts to how should income be distributed in the society. 

Detailed Answer:

Central problems of an economy arises due to the following reasons :

(a) Limited or Scarce Resources: Resources are scarce in relation to our wants and economy cannot produce all that people want. It is the principal reason for the existence of economic problems in all economies. 

(b) Alternative uses: Resources can be put to alternative uses. For example, the land is used not only for the production of crops but also for constructionbuildings and factories. As a result, the economy has to make a choice between the alternative uses of the given resources. 

(c) Unlimited wants: Human wants are unlimited in number. They are never ending and they can never be fully satisfied. 

For Whom to Produce: This problem is concerned with the distribution of income in an economy. It is concerned with whether to produce goods for high-income groups or low-income groups. The capacity of people to pay for goods depends upon their level of income. Thus, this problem is concerned with the distribution of income among factors of production who contribute in the production process. 

It has two aspects : 

(i) Personal distribution: 

It means how the national income of an economy is distributed among different groups of people in the society.

(ii) Factorial distribution: It relates to income share of different factors of production such as wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land etc

There are three reasons :

(1) Wants of the people are unlimited.

(2) Resources are limited.

(3) Resources have alternative uses. 

'For Whom to Produce' means that how should output produced be distributed among people. How much output will each person get depend on the income of the person,  Therefore, the problem amounts to how should income be distributed in the society. 

Detailed Answer:

Central problems of an economy arises due to the following reasons :

(a) Limited or Scarce Resources: Resources are scarce in relation to our wants and economy cannot produce all that people want. It is the principal reason for the existence of economic problems in all economies. 

(b) Alternative uses: Resources can be put to alternative uses. For example, the land is used not only for the production of crops but also for constructionbuildings and factories. As a result, the economy has to make a choice between the alternative uses of the given resources. 

(c) Unlimited wants: Human wants are unlimited in number. They are never ending and they can never be fully satisfied. 

For Whom to Produce: This problem is concerned with the distribution of income in an economy. It is concerned with whether to produce goods for high-income groups or low-income groups. The capacity of people to pay for goods depends upon their level of income. Thus, this problem is concerned with the distribution of income among factors of production who contribute in the production process. 

It has two aspects : 

(i) Personal distribution: 

It means how the national income of an economy is distributed among different groups of people in the society.

(ii) Factorial distribution: It relates to income share of different factors of production such as wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land etc

Infrastructural facilities.

Haldia Seaport was set up as a subsidiary port to relieve growing pressure on Kolkata port.

One cannot refuse a payment made in rupees because it is accepted as a medium of exchange. The currency is authorized by the Government of India. 

A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge, we go up to a higher level than before. For example, Nepal was under Monarchy till recent times, now Nepal has changed to democratic system. 

In the following ways intensive industrialisation and urbanisation are responsible for water scarcity: 

(i) The ever increasing number of Industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing pressure on existing freshwater resources. 

(ii) Industries apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power. 

(iii) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem. 

(iv) In housing societies or colonies, we would find that most of these have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. 

(v) With the result, fragile water resources are being overexploited and have caused their depletion in several cities.

Subsistence agriculture:

1. The predominant type of Indian agriculture is subsistence farming.

2. In this type nearly half of the production is issued for family consumption and the rest is sold in the nearby markets.

3. The farmers concentrate on staple food crops like rice and wheat.

Commercial agriculture:

1. Crops in great demand are grown in commercial agriculture.

2. In this type crops are raised on a large scale with the view of  exporting them to other countries and for earning foreign exchange.

Example: Cereals, cotton, sugarcane, jute etc.

(a) Forage 

(b) invented 

(c) success.  

Indulekha is the first novel in Malayalam.

1. It depicts the trend of expanding population with large population in the lower age group: 0-4 years.

2. (i) A triangular shaped pyramid with a wide base 0-4 age group is in large number.

(ii) It belongs to less developed countries. After the age group, 30-34, it moves in decreasing order.

Kerala, 0.790