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mical bond which involves the TRANSFER of “one or more” electrons from one ion to another called ionic bond. These two ion have OPPOSITE charges. Example: The following factors are influence the ionic bond. · “Low ionization” energy of metal atom · The ions which are involved in bonding MUST be a different. · High electron gain enthalpy of a non-metal atom. · High lattice energy of compound  · The ELECTRONEGATIVITY difference of ions which are involve in ionic bond must be GREATER than 1.7

es have the general formula as the repeating UNITS. They are organo silicon polymeric compounds contains the Si–O–Si linkages. In order to manufacture silicones, the starting material may be alkyl or aryl substituted chlorides  In order to produce straight or LINEAR silicones i) hydrolysis of dimethylchlorosilane. i.e. (CH3)2SiCl2  II) the hydrolysed product is followed by condensation iii) the condensed product on polymerization yields straight chain or linear POLYMERS.

y” is a measurment of lack of thermal ENERGY of any mechanical work system. It also represents the system's randomness. As randomness increases, the system entropy also increases. Entropy of the system is “directly proportional” to the randomness. After HYDRATION of IONS are DISSOLVED in water, it leads to “increase” in the randomness. Increase in the randomness increases the entropy. Therefore, after hydration increases the entropy.

d   orbitals have same shape and they both lie in the same xy plane. They both DIFFER only in their orientation i.e.  LIES ALONG the axes x and y whereas xy lies between these axes and the xy plane rotate 45° relative to .The TWO orbitals have the same shape, and they lie in the same plane (the xy plane). They differ in their exact orientation:   lies along the x and y axes, whereas xy lies between these axes (so ROTATED 45° relative to x²-y²).

elier's PRINCIPLE:“When an reaction in equilibrium state is subjected to change in either “concentration” or “temperature” or “external pressure”, the equilibrium will SHIFT in forward or REVERSE direction in which the CHANGES are nullified”.According Le Chatelier's principle equilibrium shifts to the HIGH pressure side.

that the MOLAR mass of sodium carbonate is 106  Molar mass of = (2 × 23) + 12.00 + (3× 16) = 106 g MOL 1 MOLE of    = 106 g  0.5 mol of  = (106/1mole) x 0.5 mol   = 53 g   ⇒ 0.50 M of    = 0.50 mol/L    Hence, 0.50 mol of    is present in 1 L of water or 53 g of    is present in 1 L of water.

mposes into COPPER OXIDE and CARBON DIOXIDE

s more covalent DUE to HIGH POLARIZATION and SMALL size of Be.

small SIZE and high POLARIZATION POWER of Be it forms COVALENT COMPOUND

metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to form deep blue colour solutions. They form ammoniated CATION and ammoniated electron............ These ammoniated ELECTRONS are conducting in nature and it absorb energy in the visible region of light and imparts blue colour to the solution

lent bonds are formed by sharing of E-... So they do not have free e- that is REQUIRED for electricity transfer....... Thus they are BAD conductor

given REACTION is as follows,b) (i) On increasing the pressure unchanged. According to LE Chatelier's principle equilibrium will shifted to the backward DIRECTION.(ii) Increase in the TEMPERATURE, increases the value of endothermic reaction. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium shifted will shifted to forward direction.(iii) Equilibrium does not existed in the reaction but equilibrium is attained. If we use the catalyst, the equilibrium is attained QUICKLY.

ctronic configuration of helium is but it is placed in GROUP 18 because it is a non-metallic GAS and its physical & chemical properties are similar to that of the group 18 elements. So, it is placed in p-block elements. These group elements are termed as NOBLE gases.They have a completely filled ELECTRONIC configuration and have zero valence electron.By possessing such a configuration, they tend to be highly stable.

nt of SALT)/(AMOUNT of SOLUTION)]*100= [1 mL/20 mL]* 100=5%

metals are Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs, and Fr where these are “first group” of the “periodic table”.The following properties will show Hydrogen resembles alkali metals1. “Electronic configuration”:  The “alkali metals” and “hydrogen” have one electron in their outmost shell.Example:2. “Electropositive character”:Hydrogen and alkali metals readily LOSE their one electron and forms positive ions. Both these are elements exhibit electropositive character3. “Oxidation state”: Hydrogen and alkali metals exhibit +1 oxidation state.4. “COMBINATION with non-metals”: Alkali metals and hydrogen are REACTS with non-metals like oxygen, sulphur and halides to form respective OXIDES, halides, and sulphides.5. “Liberation at the CATHODE”: Both Alkali metals and hydrogen are liberated at cathode during the process of electrolysis.6. “Reducing character”: Both “Alkali metals” and “hydrogen” act as agent of reduction.

one equivalent is known as GRAM equivalent or equivalent weight that is the of a given substance associate with or disturb a fixed QUANTITY of ANOTHER substance.The balanced reaction given in the question is If the number is authorized to an atom of the substance then the number is known as oxidation number.  The number of the oxidation could be “positive, NEGATIVE or zero” which points out the gained and lost of electrons.   Oxidation number of Mn in (+1) + (X) + 4(-2) = 0  1 + x - 8 = 0  x = 7  Oxidation number of Mn in  2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0  2 + x - 8 = 0  x - 6 = 0  x = 6  Change in oxidation number of and = 1The formula to find the gram equivalent =  Molecular weight of  is 158 g/mole.Equivalent weight of = = = 158g/eq.Therefore, the gram equivalent of is 158g/eq.

n molecular weight of hemoglobin is 67200 It contains nearly 0.33% iron by weight Atomic weight of FE is 56 ASSUME in 100g hemoglobin, only 0.33% grams of Fe is present  Therefore, 100 – 0.33 = 99.67 Moles of hemoglobin = 99.67/67200 = 0.00148 Moles of iron present in the hemoglobin = 0.33/56                                                                               = 0.00589 Now consider z/67200 moles of Hemoglobin contains 0.00589 moles Therefore the   number of moles of iron present in ONE molecule of hemoglobin is equal to = = 3.9 = 4 ii) The hemoglobin present in the RBC of our body binds with oxygen in the lungs and distributes oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin has a higher affinity towards oxygen. The carbon monoxide occupies the three binding sites of oxygen in hemoglobin and inhibits the distribution of oxygen throughout the body which makes blood cells dead.

dation NUMBER of the ELEMENT in the FREE STATE is ZERO.

anes increase, the conformation possibilities also increases. The lowest energy CONFIGURATION, called the anti-periplanar (or anti)configuration, is the one in which the two large methyl groups are as far apart as possible. When ROTATION occurs around the C(2)-C(3) bond, another eclipsed (anti-clinical) conformation is achieved in which two Me-H interactions and one H-H INTERACTION OCCUR.  The syn-periplanar configuration is less stable whereas the anti-periplanar configuration is more stable."

ium nitrate REACTS with WATER it dissociates to form Lithium ion and nitrate ion with the liberation of hydrogenLiNO(aq) + HO(L) ---------> Li(aq) + NO(aq)ii) When sodium nitrate (NaNO) is dissolved in water, the resulting solution is neutral.  NaNO = NA + NONO is the conjugate base of the strong acid HNO will not react with water so the resulting solution is neutral

and , the later will react with water. is a nonpolar covalent compound which will form the lower layer when added to water. This un-reactive nature is due to the size of carbon and chlorine. The bigger size of the chlorine atoms PREVENTS the lone pair of oxygen in water MOLECULE attacking the smaller carbon atom. Also, the lone pair of ELECTRONS is in need of an empty orbital to occupy. It is not available in the case of carbon. In the case of , Si atom is bigger and has available 3d vacant orbitals for the lone pair to occupy. Hence, before Si-Cl bond breaks oxygen atom is able to bond with SILICON and the whole process is energetically favoured. Hence, the following REACTION takes place. "

️ 1 second6.022×10²³ ➡️ X secondSo, x = 6.022×10²³/10^10= 6.022×10¹³ SECONDS.

: Compounds having ""same"" ""molecular formula"" but EXHIBIT DIFFERENT structures.Chain isomers: It is a KIND of ""structural isomerism"" in which the isomers have the ""same"" molecular formulation but ""differ"" in the order in which the carbon atoms are linked.POSITION isomers: This isomers are ""constitutional isomers"" with the same ""carbon SKELETON"" and ""functional groups"" but differ from each other when the functional groups are located on or in the carbon chain.The possible isomers of is as follows.From the above “b” and “c” are position isomers, and “d”and ”f” are chain isomers.

rom the question, The electrode potential of each element is as FOLLOWS: K = -2.93 Ag = 0.80 Hg = 0.79 Mg = -2.37 Cr = 0.74 The largest negative VALUE of standard electrode potential represents the element has highest reducing ability. The largest positive value of standard electrode potential represents the element has highest OXIDIZING ability. Such that, the increasing order of reducing power for the given ELEMENTS is as follows,  Cr< Hg< Ag< Mg< K.

All the alkali METALS are paramagnetic because of the presence of one VALENCE electron in the valence shell. ... Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+ all are diamagnetic because of absence of unpaired electrons. Therefore, their salts do not show paramagnetic property.Hope it HELPS you:)Please mark me as brainliest:)

rogen isotope consists one “neutron” and one “proton” called DEUTERIUM. The Deuterium reacts with DIOXYGEN to FORM deuterium oxide. Deuterium oxide is called “heavy water” and the reaction is as follows. The reactivity of and   is different towards OXYGEN because H-H bond weaker than D-D bond. Therefore, is more reactive than towards reaction with oxygen.

is placed in in right of periodic table because it is NOBEL gas it's valency is 0 so it is placed in zero GROUP and zero group is FAR right of the table

s having atomic no 20&17is CALCIUM and CHLORINE . hydrogen is more electro positive or show more mettalic character than both.hydrogen show valency +1ca show+2cl show -1

)⁻² is possible but (CF)⁻² not possible ii) Carbon doesn't have EMPTY d- orbitals it cannot accommodate more electrons in it iii) Carbon valence  is maximum  4 electons while in case of silicon it can be beyond 4 or may be 6 For this reason only (SiF)⁻² anion is possible whereas (CF)⁻² anion is not possbile .THOUGH there are six fluorine ions in each compounds, the IONIC characteristics depends on the valency of the molecule to which they make bonds as well as to the type of formation.

the intermolecular force and boiling points are directly related.  ii) If the intra-molecular forces are high then more amount of ENERGY is required to break the bond hence the external energy required in the form of heat; when boiling the substances, the stronger bond have higher boiling points .iii) Given, boiling points for the substances- = 46.3°C; = 100°C; = 77°C.  iv)  Here the weakest intra-molecular forces are exhibited by the substance in increasing order is < <.v are="" carbon="" compared="" for="" forces="" intra-molecular="" stronger="" tetrachloride="" the="" to="" water="">DISULPHIDE hence their boiling POINT of water is higher compared to others.

ides of beryllium have high ionization enthalpy and so their halides are covalent in NATURE. WHEREAS the halides of barium have low ionization enthalpy and so their halides are ionic in nature.  We know that covalent COMPOUNDS are soluble in organic SOLVENTS which is not EXHIBITED by ionic compounds. Hence, the halides of beryllium which are covalent in nature soluble in organic solvents whereas the halides of barium which are ionic in nature and do not dissolve.

when 1mole of NACL dissolved in WATER at 25℃;Lattice energy of NaCl = 777.8 KJ/molHydration energy of NaCl = -774.1 KJ/molWe know that, We know that, Where,

Consider that one-gram molecule of a perfect gas is taken in a cylinder ii)        Let the cylinder be placed on a source of heat at temperature T°A. iii)        If the piston is now moved slowly outwards, the gas expands, does some WORK and tends to cool but it absorbs required amount of heat from the source to keep it at the same temperature. iv)        The expansion is thus isothermal.Here piston of area of cross-section A move through a small distance dx. so that the gas expands by a small amount dV. As the expansion is small, the pressure of the gas remains, practically, constant, SAY P.Then the force acting on the piston, F = P×Asmall work done by the gas,DW = F dx       = PA dxdW = P dV        [Since, A dx = dV]The net work done to expand the gas from a volume to volume will be,W = Area ABDCThus, area occupied below the curve in between AB and CD GIVES the required value of work done.The isotherm PQ for the process is given in the figure.

that if the process is spontaneous, ∆G is less than 0. We also know that ∆G = ∆H - T∆S --------1 Where the formula for ENTROPY MIXING is given by, ∆S =  =−nR()-----2 In the above equation lnx is always negative and the value of X is between 0 to 1 and ∆S is always positive. In the equation 1, if ∆S is positive MEANS then ∆H is zero and ∆G is always negative. It is concluded that at any temperature the process is spontaneous.

ration of HNO3 = 15.44 mol/LExplanation:Mass PERCENT of HNO3 GIVEN in the Sample = 69 %Thus, 100 g of HNO3 contains 69 g of HNO3 by mass. Molar mass of HNO3:= { 1 + 14 + 3(16)} g mol ^ - 1= 1 + 14 + 48 = 63g mol^{-1} No. of moles in 69 g of HNO3:= = 1.095 mol es  Volume of 100g HNO3 solution:= = = 70.92mL = 70.92 * L= 15.44mol/L Therefore, Concentration of HNO3 = 15.44 mol/L

ments which have the same number of electrons are DEFINED as iso-electronic CONFIGURATION. The electronic configuration of is (which has 8 electrons in the OUTERMOST shell) Its configuration is equal to the NEAREST inert gas configuration NEON. The electronic configuration of neon is which has 8 electrons in the outermost shell. So the  elements which has 8 electrons in the outermost shell are iso-electronic with .Thus  having iso-electronic configuration with The electronic configuration of Na+ is  .

t is a modern TECHNIQUE used to soften the HARD water. “Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate” is called “permutit”. These “complex salts” are also known as “zeolites”.The water softening process is carried out in a high cylindrical VESSEL packed with gravel sand and permutit. Durable water is INTRODUCED via an inlet. Water reaches the bottom of the vessel. The separation of impurities is done by the gravel layer.  It then comes in contact with permutit that replaces and ions with ions in tank water.Therefore, free and ions water are collected from outlet.The chemical reactions are as follows.Where,

en reaction is as follows (a) ACCORDING to the Lechatelier's principle, on ADDITION of , the “equilibrium” of the reaction given will “SHIFT” in the “forward reaction”. (b) On adding of , the “equilibrium” will CHANGE in the “backward DIRECTION”. (c) On removing CO, the “equilibrium” will change in the “backward direction”. (d) On removing , the “equilibrium” will change in the “forward direction”.

erlap of atomic orbits leads to the development of a chemical bond because of the overlap, ELECTRONS are located in the bond region. It describes the “ELECTRONIC structure” of molecules.Postulates:· The “overlap” of two half-filled “VALENCE orbitals” of different atoms leads to COVALENT bond FORMATION. It stabilises the molecule.· If the atomic orbitals have more than one “unpaired electron”, more than “one bond” are formed and “electrons” coupled in the “valence shell” cannot participate in the formation of such a bond.· There are two types of “covalent bonds” according to the overlap pattern such as sigma and pi. The covalent bond formed by the side-overlapping of atomic orbitals is known as the pi bond while the bond formed by atomic orbital overlapping along the “inter-core axis” is known as the sigma bond.· It is directional."

l GAS depends on the following molecular properties.  1. The gas molecules do not “ATTRACT or repel” each other.  2. Every molecule in the gas does not take up any volume, although the entire gas system still has a volume.  No gas is really ideal. The “ideal gas law” relates the pressure (P), TEMPERATURE (T), and volume (V) of an ideal gas by the following formulation. We know, R = 0.08206 L ATM/ K mol  Substitute the 'n' value in Ideal gas equation Rearrange the above equation as follows

rom the question, density of WATER is 1g/ml.To calculate the its density in We know that density of any matter = mass/volumeWe ALSO know that,1Kg = 1000g; and = 1000LSubstituting the VALUES, thenDensity = 1000g/1000ml = 1g/LWe know that L = 1000ml or mlSo, Density = 1000g/1000ml = 1g/mlWe know that the density varies with temperature. It is not absolute all the time.