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der:It is defined as the total number of covalent BONDS in the covalent molecule. In other words, it is equal to the half the DIFFERENCE between number of electrons which are INVOLVED in BONDING and anti-bonding in the molecular orbitals.We know that,  To calculate the bond order of The electronic configuration of Here the number of bonding electrons = 8The number of anti-bonding electrons = 3Bond order

c cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy and it CONSISTS of two HALF cells, they are ANODE and cathode.  The given Galvanic cell representation is as follows.i) Zn ELECTRODE is anode because it is negatively charged.ii) In the cell, current carried by ions, the flow of current from silver to zinc.iii) The reaction taking PLACE at the anodeThe reaction taking place at the cathode

that nitric acid HNO3 is strong acid and it DISSOCIATES completely. It is represented in the EQUATION as follows,If the concentration of GIVEN is 0.15M, then obviously is also 0.15MWe KNOW that, So, For Consider if is 0.01M then [OH-] is equal to

to the small size of the fluorine atom there exists inter ionic repulsion between the electrons in the 2p orbitals, so the incoming electrons in the fluorine atom does not show much attraction. So, fluorine has less negative ELECTRON gain enthalpy than CHLORINE b) The noble gases already have most stable electronic configuration. They do not tend to lose or gain electron to attain stable configuration. Hence, they are less reactive or inert in NATURE c) The electronic configuration MAGNESIUM is whereas the electronic configuration of sodium is  .During first ionization the electron removed from the outer shell is from the 3s orbital in both the cases. Here the charge of Magnesium is (+12) whereas it is (+11) for sodium. So, the first ionization ENERGY of magnesium is higher than that of sodium. Then for removal electron during second ionization, the electron is removed from 3s orbital for magnesium whereas in case of sodium it attains the inert gas configuration. So, more energy amount is required to remove an electron from sodium during second ionization. Hence first ionization enthalpy of magnesium is more than sodium whereas the second ionization enthalpy of magnesium is less than that of sodium .

hydrogen COMBINE with METAL surface, it liberates HEAT. Therefore, hydrogen is used in the welding/cutting torch.ii) In the exsistence of metal catalyst, hydrogen combine with unsaturated oils to form saturated organic compounds. In the exsistence of Nickel catalyst, hydrogen are mixed with unsaturated organic oils to produce vanaspati ghee.Due to this property, hydrogen is WIDELY used in the manufacturing of edible oils like soyabean OIL, seed oil, etc.iii) Under the specific conditions nitrogen combines to hydrogen to form ammonia. The reaction is as follows.

10 L of well water contains 1.62 gram of Calcium Bicarbonate Therefore, totally 50,000 L of well water contains 8100 of We know that, MOLAR Mass of Calcium Bicarbonate Molar Mass of lime water Then, NUMBER of moles of = Number of moles of m = 3700 G Therefore, the required mass of lime is 3700 g.

der WAAL's radius is half the distance between two unbonded atoms when the electrostatic forces are balanced between them.  The dimensions of Van Der Waal's forces are PICOMETERS (pm). The distance between two atoms reflects the action of intermolecular forces(e.g. dipole and dispersion forces) and is linked to the INTERACTIONS between Van der Waals. Vander Waals radius is HELPFUL in predicting the distance between two atoms which are LIES in the solid.

the two energy of RADIATIONS with wavelength and We know that, E = energy h = PLANCK’s constant ν = frequency and C = Speed of light We also know,   SUBSTITUTE in the equation, For For Finally, the wavelength is inversely PROPORTIONAL to energy, where the radiation with wavelength 400nm is higher than the radiation with wavelength 800nm.

en chemical reaction is as follows.Electronic configuration of AlGround state electronic configuration =Excited electronic configuration =Hence in , Al undergoes hybridization to GIVE  planar TRIANGULAR structure. In , the EMPTY 3p orbital is also INVOLVED so that there is hybridization in and its shape is tetrahedral.

ulating the mass of HCl in 25 ML of 0.75M HClWe know that,Mass of HCl = 0.6844 g  II) Calculating of mass of From the above equation we know that,  2 mole of HCl reacts with 1 mole of . of HCl reacts with 100 g of .73 g of HCl reacts with 100 g of .1 g of HCl reacts with  of .0.6844 g of HCl reacts with 0.9375 g of is required to react completely with 25ml of 0.75M HCl.

n TENDS to produce monomeric covalent halides due to its “SMALL size” and “high electronegativity”. These halides have a triangular planar geometry. This triangular shape consists of the overlap between three HYBRIDIZED boron orbitals and the sp orbitals of three HALOGEN atoms. Boron have hybridization.(ii) The hybridization of boron-hydride ion is and geometry of is tetrahedral.

bs free energy combines enthalpy and entropy in one value. It is the energy associated with a chemical REACTION that can be useful. It is EQUIVALENT to subtraction of enthalpy from temperature and system entropy. Free energy REFERS to the amount of energy available during a chemical reaction to do cellular work. Gibbs free energy equation If is negative, thus it is a forward reaction and is spontaneous. If is zero, the system is at equilibrium. If is POSITIVE, the reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.

t's CORRECT...........................

Distillation is the method which is USEFUL to SEPARATE the components from Acetone and water.Simple distillation is used to separate two immiscible LIQUIDS or a mixture of two liquids.Simple Distillation separate two MIXTURES of liquid by the help of their boiling POINTS. Both the liquid have their different boiling points.according to their boiling points, these two liquids are separated from mixture of immiscible liquids.

nitial CONCENTRATION of the MIXTURE At EQUILIBRIUM, Where, given at 500K is 32So, By simplifying the above equation, we GET 5.60At equilibrium,

ytical and organic chemistry, elution is the process of extracting ONE material from another by washing with a solvent; as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions.In a liquid chromatography experiment, for example, an analyte is generally adsorbed, or "bound to", an adsorbent in a liquid chromatography column. The adsorbent, a solid phase (stationary phase), is a powder which is coated onto a solid support. Based on an adsorbent's composition, it can have varying affinities to "hold" onto other molecules—forming a thin FILM on its surface. Elution then is the process of removing analytes from the adsorbent by running a solvent, called an "eluent", past the adsorbent/analyte complex. As the solvent molecules "elute", or travel down through the chromatography column, they can either PASS by the adsorbent/analyte complex or they can displace the analyte by binding to the adsorbent in its PLACE. After the solvent molecules displace the analyte, the analyte can be CARRIED out of the column for analysis. This is why as the mobile phase passes out of the column, it typically flows into a detector or is collected for compositional analysis.Predicting and controlling the order of elution is a key aspect of column chromatographic methods.PLEASE MARK IT AS BRAINLIEST.

ideal gas,From the given data,DENSITY = 5.46 PRESSURE = 2 atmTemperature = 300 K ............(1)At STP,..........(2)From (1) and (2) We get,Therefore, the density of the gas at STP will be

ting point is DIRECTLY depends upon the intermolecular bonds that are present in the COMPOUND.  The melting point of is 1290℃ and is 178℃.  i) Aluminium fluoride is ionic in CHARACTER, due to its low polarisability of the fluoride ion, so it has a high melting point.  ii) Aluminium chloride is COVALENT in nature due to the high polarising power of aluminium, so it has a low melting point.  III) Aluminium chloride does not have a melting whereas it sublimes.

e KNOW that,  By simplifying, we GET Kc the equilibrium CONSTANT VALUE

mplest hydrocarbon having all the FOUR types of carbon atom is as FOLLOWS, Assume Methane, it has a chemical formula of CH4. The four hydrogen in the methane is REPLACED by methyl GROUP then the resulted structure is a hydrocarbon.  The IUPAC name of the above-mentioned compound is NEOPENTANE. This can also be named as (2, 2) Dimethylpropane. The structure is as follows;

energy defined as the release of energy when a mole of CRYSTALLINE solid is formed by the combination of opposite charged ions under standard conditions.  i)  The INCREASE in magnitude of the charge on an ion will increase the force of inter-ionic attraction and HENCE, the value of lattice energy will be GREATER. ii)  The SMALLER the size of ions, the inter-nuclear distance and the lattice energy will be higher.

imum temperature is a temperature at which the gas is CONVERTED into liquid by increasing the pressure is CALLED its critical temperature.  This MEANS that the attractive intermolecular FORCES between the gas molecules are directly proportional to their critical temperature.  Critical temperature for carbon dioxide and methane are 31.1°C and - 81.9°C respectively. Intermolecular forces are high in carbon dioxide than compared to the methane. Therefore, carbon dioxide has high value of critical temperature.

t BONDS are called directional bonds WHEREAS ionic bonds are called non-directional? ... Hence covalent bond is directional. In ionic compounds, each ION is surrounded by a number of oppositely charged ions and hence there is no definite DIRECTION.

les which are having the same number of electrons are termed as iso-structural SPECIES. The number of valence electrons in anion is 24 The valence electrons for N is 5 =5 The valence electrons for O is 6 so 6 x3 = 18 Anion = 1 TOTAL = 24 electrons The number of valence electrons in molecule is 24 The valence electrons for B is 3 = 3 The valence electrons for F is 7 so 7 x 3= 21 Total = 24 electrons is iso-structural with .

he EQUATION skeleton.Assign oxidation numbers.Identify the redox couplesCombine redox couplesBalance all ATOMS expect hydrogen and OXYGEN atoms.Balance the chargeBalance oxygen atomsMake ELECTRON GAIN equivalent to electron lostAdd half cell reactionsSimplify the equationFinal equation is

copper is compensated when an EQUAL amount of copper is DEPOSITED in the electrolytic solution as well as on the pure copper CONNECTED on the cathode.

elements DISSOLVE in water to form ALKALIS and so they are called ALKALI metals.Group 17 elements are called halogens because they are "salt formers" and they have 7 VALENCE electrons in their outermost shells.HOPE IT HELPS YOU ✌

it is LEFT in the periodic table than aluminium.Thus it has SMALLER atomic radiiHope this HELP BRAINLIEST

ucture of ALKENE is isobutylene is in the figure. It has three carbon atoms and METHYL group have double BONDED to the center carbon atom.  The ADDITION of HBr to isobutylene in the presence and absence of peroxide is given below:In the absence of peroxide: the bromine atom bonds with the center atom by BREAKING the double bond.In the presence of peroxide: the bromine atom bonds with the extreme atom and also breaking the double bond.

-Markovnikov's rule:This rule describes regiochemistry in which the “substituent” is connected to a "less SUBSTITUTED carbon" instead of a more substituted carbon. This rule's process is a unusual process, as carbon cations that are COMMONLY FORMED during "alkene" or "alkyne" reactions tend to favour the carbon that is substituted.ii) Decarboxylation:It is a "chemical reaction" that removes a "CARBOXYL GROUP" in an organic compound and releases “carbon dioxide”.

ectric effect:When LIGHT HITS a metal surface, an electrical potential can be generated. This is KNOWN as photoelectric effect. This concept is used to produce electricity from light energy directly. Working of solar panels is based on this concept as a source of power and also used as a light source for our homes.Blackbody RADIATION:The term black body radiation or cavity radiation denotes to an object or body that ABSORBS all radiation incidents and re-radiates energy which is the only characteristic of this radiation system, not dependent on the type of radiation that occurs.

metal when burns with nitrogen to form calcium nitride along with trace of calcium oxide is also formed which further ABSORBS moisture in the water to form AMMONIA gas and alkaline solution, calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide which on further exposure to air to form THIN solid SURFACE of calcium carbonateA: Ammonia gasB: Calcium hydroxideC: Calcium carbonate

d formed between any two atoms is not a purely IONIC bond. All BONDING INTERACTIONS have some covalent character because the electron DENSITY remains SHARED between the atoms. ... Bonds that fall in between the two extremes, having both ionic and covalent character, are classified as polar covalent bonds.

ccurs naturally in two isotopic forms. The natural abundance of BORON-10 is 19.9% with 10.013 AMU and Boron-11 is 80.1% with 11.009 amu.The atomic weight of Boron is 11In ORDER to CALCULATE the average atomic weight,

equations, ions are REDUCING AGENTS while and are oxidizing\quad agents. oxidizes more than . A stronger oxidizing AGENT is capable of bringing about the HIGHER OXIDATION state.Therefore, and react with differently.

∆SSo,∆S = ∆H/T26000/308= 84.4 JOULE PER KELVIN.

s-orbitals – It is formed when a pair of ELECTRONS is shared AMONG two s-orbitals thus by making a sigma BOND ORBITAL between them.b) two p-orbitals (side by side) – it is an orbital formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two p-orbitals thus by making a pi-bond orbital.  Also, the s-s orbital and p-p orbital overlap is given in the below figure

he FIRST experiment2.19 g of CuO contained 1.75 g of Cu100 g of CuO ------?b) In the second experiment1.43 g of CuO contained 1.14 g of Cu100 g of CuO ------?c) In the third experiment1.83 g of CuO contained 1.45 g of Cu100 g of CuO ------?From the above three experiments, nearly same AMOUNT of COPPER oxide.Hence, the above data ILLUSTRATE the Law of constant composition.

with water to form boric acid and it easily UNDERGOES HYDROLYSIS being a LEWIS acid.But do not undergoes hydrolysis because of lack of vacant orbital in CARBON atom. Therefore, it does not readily accept the electrons from the water to form an intermediate.If we mixed with to form TWO different layer. Therefore, these are called as immiscible liquids.

pression factor is the ratio of the molar gas volume to the IDEAL gas volume. It is the measurement of the amount of gas deviates at similar pressure and temperature from its perfect behaviour. It is an important thermodynamic property used to change the law of ideal gas to TAKE the behaviour of real gas into ACCOUNT. When the gas is CLOSER to the change in phase, the DIFFERENCE between the gas and its ideal behaviour becomes more important. (i) Z = 1 for ideal gases  (ii) For real Gas, Z > 1 above Boyle's temperature.

d FORMED by the mutual sharing of one or more PAIRS pairs of ELECTRON is called covalent bond.For EXAMPLE - HCL

tion on nitrate salts Most METAL nitrates break down to produce metal OXIDE, oxygen, and NITROGEN dioxide.In the PRESENCE of heat CALCIUM nitrate produce calcium oxide.In the presence of heat sodium nitrate produce sodium nitrite.

quation skeletonAssign oxidation numbersIdentify the redox couplesCombine the redox couplesBalance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogenBalance the chargeBalance the oxygen atomsMaking electron GAIN EQUIVALENT to electron lostAdd the half-cell reactionsSimplify the equationFinal reaction is as FOLLOWS,

Yellow wavelength having radiation of 5800 λ.We know that, Frequency  Where, If we APPLY the VALUES in the FORMULA then,Frequency  Frequency  To find WAVE number,

compounds of LITHIUM are covalent in nature and the other alkali metals are "ionic in nature". Hence the lithium compounds are less soluble in water ii)  From its highest Ionization energy, we MAY ASSUME that lithium is the weakest reducing agent of the alkali metals, but it has a strong standard electrode potential to ACT as a reducing agent iii) Due to small size, the lithium atom has high ionization energy. Such that, it stays inactive to air without moisture, slowly reacts with water, liquid bromine and forms a highly stable hydride unlike other alkali metals.  iv) Lithium nitrates, carbonates and hydroxides decomposes readily on heating because they are less stable to heat and forms oxides readily with the liberation of carbon dioxide V) Alkali and some alkaline earth metals impart color to the Bunsen flame due to their low ionization enthalpies.

will be more SUITABLE as zinc is REACTIVE and will READILY react with HCL to FORM ZnCl

alkali earth metal hydroxides are less soluble in water COMPARED to the alkali metal hydroxides. Due to the higher enthalpies, smaller IONIC size and greater lattice energy the alkaline earth metal hydroxides are less basic than alkali metal hydroxidesii) Alkali & alkaline earth metal hydrides are ionic in nature because these compounds most actively FORM bond with hydrogen to form metal hydrides. These metal hydrides are also known as saline hydrides or pseudo-halidesiii) When the group I ELEMENTS react with water they form strong alkalis. Hence the six elements are grouped.iv) Due to the similarity in size of their ions, charge and radius ratio beryllium and aluminum show similar properties and they exhibit diagonal relationship.v) The chlorides, iodides and BROMIDES of alkaline earth metals are ionic in nature and hence they are soluble in water. Due to high lattice energy and low anion size of fluorides, it is relatively less soluble compared to other halides.

ures of all alkyl groupsAlkyl group: It is a functional group that has a carbon atom BONDED with hydrogen atom with a FORMULA .Primary alkyl groupsThe carbon which is bond to only ONE carbon is called primary carbonSecondary alkyl groupsThe carbon which is bond to two carbon ATOMS is called secondary carbonTertiary alkyl groupsThe carbon which is bond to three carbon atoms is called tertiary carbon