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• An in-depth understanding of the socio – cultural life of the Indians was essential to strengthen the British rule. 
• The realisation that people’s support is essential to implement administrative reforms and to continue the administration 
• To prepare a generation that would be loyal to the British. 
• The realisation that these could be accomplished through the introduction of English education.

Role of painters: Painters played a vital role in the emergence of Indian nationalism. Raja Ravi Varma visualised various scenes from Indian epics and literature following the western style. Nandalal Bose protested against ‘Sati’.

Abanindranath Tagore pictured Bharath Matha giving goods, cloth and knowledge to Indian masses. Painters played an important role to be free from western style and to promote Indian culture and nationalism.

Role of Literature: Literature motivated Indian nationalism. Protest against British grew as a result of hatred. But literates and middle class showed different ways towards them. They showed their resentments through articles, novels, plays and news papers.

Subrahmania Bharathi, Tagore, Premchand, Althaf Hussai Ali were the writers at that age. They wrote about the agonies and atrocities faced by the people.

Role of Newspaper: The newspapers during the freedom struggle functioned with the aim to create awareness on social issues, to help them to participate in the national movement and to treat any problem any where as a national problem. Indian leaders depended on new papers to promote nationalistic ideologies.

Journalism was a social service. They criticized the British policies. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first to launch the news paper with the national perspective. His Sambath Kaumudi in Bengali, Mirat-ul-Akbar in Persian focused on social reformation, democracy and nationalism. Following the same, many reformers and national leaders published newspapers in regional languages.

The British imposed strict measures to control the power of press. The Vernacular Press Act by Lord Lytton in 1878 was one among them. As it restrained the freedom of  press in regional languages, the British withdrew the act after a massive protest. The protection, circulation and reading were a part of freedom struggle during those days.

Role of Education: It was education that helped India to fight against the British colonial supremacy and social inequality that existed in India. Thus education created a nationalist perspective among the Indians. The establishment of national educational institutions was the important one to inculcate nationalism.

Through this, secular education was imparted.

Role of Social reform movements: Liberal outlook, passion for modernization and rationalism that nurtured in India society in the 19th century paved the way for the emergence of various social reform movements. 

They had two main objectives.

• To eradicate evils and superstitions that existed in the Indian society.
• Ensure civil right to education, travel and dress code.
• The socioeconomic situation in India was not favorable to achieve these goals. So, proposals were advanced by the reformers to bring about fundamental changes in the society.
• Eradicate caste system . 
• Protect the rights of all .
• Eliminate discrimination against women. 
• Provide education to all.
• Promote widow remarriage. 
• Abolish child marriage and eliminate the supremacy of the clergy.

• Compulsion to work with low wages.
• Impose interest towards British culture.
• To make people work under the British rule.

• Eradicate caste system. 
• Provide education to all. 
• Abolish child marriage and eliminate the supremacy of the clergy. 
• Eliminate discrimination against women.
• Promote widow remarriage. 
• Protect the rights of all.

• They tried to occupy the wealth of third world countries. 
• A new consumer culture developed. 
• Developing nations became the markets of the multinational companies. 
• Indigenous economy collapsed. 

World Bank, International Monetary Found, World Trade Organisation

• The intervention of multinational companies challenged the concept of nation state.
• Led to the destruction of indigenous culture. 
• Natural resources were looted. 
• Public sector undertakings were destroyed. 
• Price of agricultural products plunged. 
• Government withdrew from social service sectors.

Nandalal Bose 1

• To nurture a fraction of Indian society that would support Britain. 
• To prepare a generation that favours English lifestyles. 
• To create a class of persons Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect.

It was education that helped India to fight against the British colonial supremacy and social inequality that existed in India. Thus education created a nationalist perspective among the Indians. The establishment of national educational institutional the important one to inculcate nationalism. Through this, secular education was imparted.

The Oeccan Education Society founded in 1884 in Pune by G.G. Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Thilak and Mahadev Govinda Ranade was one of such educational institutions established with a nationalistic perspective.The Swadeshi Movement in 1905, after the partition of Bengal founded many educational institutions. D.K. Karve started the first Indian women University in Maharashtra in 1916.

It was started for women empowerment. Many educational institutions also developed for promotion of nationalism opposition to social aids and rejection of western education. Visvabharathi, founded by Rabindranath Tagore focused on Universal brotherhood. Tagore aimed at a system that would bridge western and eastern cultures.

When the national movement became strong, under Mahatma Gandhi, a team led by Maulana Mohammed Ali, Shoukath Ali, Dr, Zakir Hussain and M. Ansari founded Tamia Millia Islamia in Aligart. It was to strengthen national movement through secular education. Intrusion of western arts and education ruined Indian traditional arts.

Initiatives were taken to defend the cultural invasion and promote traditional arts. Kerala Kalamandalam in Cheruthuruthy village of Thrissur established by Mahakavi Vallathol Narayana Menon aimed at this.In 1937, Mahatma Gandhi proposed Wardha education plan on vocational education. He dreamt that it would build up a good future, a generation to defend the British.

• Ente Gurunathan 
• Bappuji 
• Indiayude Karachil

A peace conference was convened at Paris in 1919 to discuss post war situation under the leadership of the winning allies, Britain and France. They signed different treaties with the defeated nations. The treaty of Versailles, the important one was signed with Germany in 1919.

German colonies were divided among the victorious powers and Germany was forced to pay a huge amount as war intensity. Germany had to accept the whole. Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey also signed treaties. Treaty of Versailles stood only for the interests of winning allies.

• Led to the destruction of indigenous culture.
• The intervention of multinational companies over the concept of nation state. 
• Price of agriculture products plunged. 
• Natural resources were looted. 
• Government withdrew from social service sector. 

• People who became pauper as a result of the war, could not purchase commodities. 
• Goods were kept unsold in factories. European nations failed to repay their debts to the USA. 
• Banks collapsed.
• Inflation became uncontrollable.
• Acute unemployment and poverty. 

i. A. Vallathol Narayana Menon: Malayalam. 

B. Altaf Husain Hali : Urdu. 

ii. A. Bharat Mata : Abanindranath Tagore. 

B. Sati : Raja Ram Mohan Roy. 

iii. A. Anandamath : Novel. 

B. Nil Darpan : Drama. 

iv. A. Arya Samaj : Swami Dayananda Saraswati. 

B. Rama Krishna Mission: Swami Viveka nandan.

• Emergence of Fascism and Nazism. 
• Formation of league of Nations. 
• Nationalism. 
• Poland invasion of Germany.

• German colonies were divided among allied powers. 
• Germany was forced to pay a huge amount as war indemnity. 
• The allies occupied the rich mines. 
• The war guilt was imposed on Germany and she was disarmed. 

• The Treaty of Versailles led to another war. 
• The Treaty of Versailles signed with Germany disarmed her. 
• War guilt was imposed on her. 
• Germany was forced to pay a huge amount as war indemnity. 
• German colonies were divided among allies. 
• The allies occupied the rich mines of Germany. 
• The Treaty humiliated the Germans.

They were agitated and yearned for a leader who could avenge this unfair treatment. The Germans sought someone who could restore the economic progress of Germany. It was in this circumstance that Hitler promised to save Germany from all humiliations. The measures taken by Hitler in Germany after assuming power led to the Second World War.

• The victorious powers signed the Treaty of Versailles with Germany in 1919.
• The Treaty imposed all war guilt on Germany and she was disarmed. 
• Germany was forced to pay a huge amount as war indemnity to victorious powers. 
• German colonies were divided among the victors. 
• The allies occupied the rich mines of Germany. 
• Germans felt humiliated when the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were imposed on them. They were agitated and yearned for a leader who could avenge this unfair treatment and lead the country to economic progress. 
• It was under these circumstances that the Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler gained popular support and came to power.

• The Indians who got English education found it necessary to resist the intrusion of the British.
• Those who had English education started national educational institutions.
• Encouraged secular education. 
• Jointly worked together against the inequalities of Indian society.

Education and nationalism : 

India witnessed the conflict of two diversive interests in the 19 century. They were the British interest to gain political, economic and cultural hegemony over India and the Indian interest to free the country from political, economic and cultural domination of the British. Education was the major field which witnessed this conflict of interests.

The English educated Indians found it necessary to resist the intrusion of the British. They started national educational institutions. Encouraged secular education. Education helped Indians fight against the British colonial hegemony over India as well as the social inequality that existed in India. Thus, education created a nationalistic perspective among Indians.

• Establishing national educational institutions was the main means adopted for inculcating nationalism. They imparted secular education to all sections of the society. The Deccan Education Society founded in 1884 in Pune by GG Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahadev Govind Ranade was such an institution.
• The Swadeshi Movement started in 1906 founded many educational institutions for the propagation of national education.
• Visva Bharati, the University founded by Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal aimed at a system of education that would bridge western and eastern cultures.
• A team led by Maulana Mohammad Ali, Shoukath Ali, Dr.Zakir Hussain and M.A.Ansari founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh to strengthen national movement through secular education. 

All these have helped for the evolution of Indian nationalism.

Correct option is C) In September

Correct option is B) had

Correct option is B) is going

Correct option is A) that

Correct option is D) not sold

Correct option is B) that are

Correct option is B) have

Correct option is B) had lost

Correct option is B) had won

Correct option is D) not sold

Correct option is B) that is 

Correct option is A) saw

Correct option is C) come to

Correct option is C) will

The starts is taken as under

On Your Marks Set
Gun or Pistol Fire.

That Track is known as standard track which consists of Eight lanes, but in general six lane tracks are also used.

Correct option is A) events

Correct option is A) saw

100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, 10,000 metre races are included in track events.

The breadth of lane in these races is 1.25 metre or 4′.1″.

In races points are awarded as under :

1. First Position = 5
2. Second Position = 3
3. Third Position = 1

If there are Relay Races then the points are awarded as follows:

1. First Position = 10
2. Second Position = 6
3. Third Position = 2

Relay Races are Team Races in which each team member runs an equal distance. In short relay races sprinters run at full speed as in sprint races. A team consists of four members and a baton is exchanged during races.

Periodic changes in osmotic pressure of living cells of the xylem parenchyma and medullary ray act as a pump for the movement of water.

1. Mg 

2. Boron 

3. Carrier concept 

4. Munch

1. Magnesium 

2. Manganese 

3. Molybdenum and iron 

4. Calcium